ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the effects of early-life maternal deprivation on depressive-like behavior and neurogenesis in the granular layer of hippocampus in adolescent rats (6-7 weeks old).Methods:Neonatal rats were randomly divided into maternal deprivation group and control group, with 3 litters in each group.Rats in the maternal deprivation group were given maternal deprivation from 1 to 14 days after birth and rats in the control group were caged with the mother rats and raised normally.The body weight of rats at 5-6 weeks old was recorded and the increased body weight was calculated.When the rats were 6 weeks old, the sucrose preference test was carried out.Then the rats were killed and immunofluorescence histochemistry was applied to compare the expression of Ki67 and Nestin positive cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus.SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.The data of the two groups were tested to conform to the normal distribution, and then t-test was carried out. Results:There was significant difference in body weight growth between the two groups at the age of 5-6 weeks.Compared with the control group, rats in the maternal deprivation group had lower body weight growth ((20.57±2.19) g, (30.57±1.25) g, t=3.96, P<0.01)) and lower sucrose preference rate((58.38±53.14)%, (73.88±3.67)%, t=3.21, P<0.01). The results of immunofluorescence showed that the number of Ki67 positive cells in the granular layer of hippocampus in the maternal deprivation group was less than that in the control group ((5.13±0.31), (7.60±0.38), t=5.09, P<0.01), and the number of Nestin immunofluorescence positive cells was more than that in the control group ((16.65±0.79), (7.64±0.70), t=8.51, P<0.01). The Nestin immunofluorescence positive cells in the maternal deprivation group had more protrusions and branches, and the morphology was similar to astrocytes, while the immunofluorescence positive cells in the control group had fewer protrusions, and the cell body was oval. Conclusions:Early-life maternal deprivation leads to depressive-like behavior in adolescent rats, which may be associated with the decrease of neurogenesis and activation of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
ABSTRACT
The initiation of lactation is the critical initial event contributing to breastfeeding. It is of great significance for maternal lactation and neonatal access to breast milk. However, various factors limit the successful initiation of lactation and increase the risk of poor neonatal prognosis. We provide an overview of the mechanism, significance, method, time, and factors that influence lactation initiation behavior, and summarize related guidelines aiming to gain more insight into the lactation initiation behavior to promote maternal lactation and improve neonatal prognosis.
ABSTRACT
In Chile, most of infants whose biological family is not able to offer them a proper care are referred to a national child protection system and are early institutionalized. During their stay in the hospital and into childcare institution these infants lack of an exclusive and stable affect figure. This situation jeopardizes the child proper neurologic, affective and social development, commonly resulting in Chronic Emotional Deprivation. In this article the authors show a concise review of this concept and propose a novel foster family program, in an attempt to prevent and mitigate the occurrence of this disorder. The proposed program offers psychotherapeutic support and is based on the existence of a foster family having a one-time-only experience with exclusive dedication to just one child. This temporary family does not receive economic retribution and has the possibility to maintain contact with the child after his incorporation to a definitive family. The theoretical differences of the proposed program with the currently ongoing programs are explored and a clinical vignette is shown.
En Chile, la mayor parte de los recién nacidos que no cuentan con los cuidados de su familia de origen son derivados al sistema de protección y sometidos a una institucionalización temprana. Durante el periodo de internación -primero en el recinto asistencial y luego en una residencia para lactantes- el bebé carece de una figura de afecto exclusiva y estable. Esta situación compromete significativamente su desarrollo, siendo habitual en estos casos la presencia de un cuadro de Carencia Afectiva Crónica. Los autores brindan una breve revisión sobre este concepto e introducen un innovador programa de Familia de Acogida Temporal (FAT) que busca mitigar y prevenir el desarrollo de este cuadro. A diferencia de los programas actualmente en curso, se entrega un apoyo psicoterapéutico y se promueve que la familia de acogida temporal realice una única experiencia con dedicación exclusiva a un recién nacido, sin recibir remuneración económica por esta labor y con la posibilidad de mantener el vínculo con el infante después de su integración a una familia definitiva. Para dar cuenta del proceso psicoterapéutico, los autores entregan una viñeta clínica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child Care , Institutionalization , Maternal Deprivation , Psychosocial Deprivation , Object AttachmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Early adverse life events (EALs) are relevant to irritable bowel syndrome in adulthood. Maternal separation (MS), as one of the EALs, has proved to induce visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats. However, the effect of MS on visceral hypersensitvity from the post-weaning period to adulthood remains unknown. METHODS: One hundred and ten neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: rats in the MS group were exposed to 3 hours daily MS on postnatal day (PND) 2–14; the normal control (NC) group remained undisturbed. Visceral sensitivity was determined by measuring the visceromotor response to colorectal distention on PND21, 35, and 56. Anxiety-like behaviors were measured by the open field test. RESULTS: Compared with NC rats, MS rats showed significant visceral hypersensitivity from the post-weaning period to adult. The proportion of visceral hypersensitive rats decreased with age from 87.5% to 70.0% in the female MS group and from 90.0% to 66.7% in the male MS group. The relative VMR ratio of MS and NC on PND21 was higher than PND35 and PND56. MS rats showed decreased ability of movement and exploration to the novel environment in the post-weaning period, obesity in the prepubertal period, and more anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: MS can significantly affect visceral sensitivity and behaviors of rats in different age stages, especially in the post-weaning period. Visceral hypersensitivity of MS rats is more pronounced in the post-weaning period and slightly restored in adults. Thus, visceral hypersensitivity in the post-weaning period might play a more meaningful pathophysiologic role in the formation of adult irritable bowel syndrome.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Rats , Hypersensitivity , Irritable Bowel Syndrome , Maternal Deprivation , Obesity , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of maternal deprivation on chronic stress?induced depression behavior and its characteristics in adult rats,and to evaluate the effects of maternal deprivation on the efficacy of escitalopram. Methods Newborn SD male rats were randomly divided into control ( C ) group,maternal deprivation (MD) group,chronic unpredictable stress (CUPS) group,maternal deprivation and chronic unpredictable stress ( MD+CUPS) group. Rats in control group received no experimental han?dling.Rats in MD group and MD+CUPS group received maternal deprivation from the lst day after birth for 14 days.Rats in CUPS group and MD+CUPS group received chronic unpredictable stress from 10 th weeks after birth for 28 days. Screened the rats with depression behaviors and treated them with escitalopram for 4 weeks. Results The incidence of anhedonia was significantly different among 4 groups (χ2=143.24, PCUPS group (40.98%) > MD group (17.11%) >C group (4.17%), P<0.0083). The incidence of behav?ioral despair was significantly different among 4 groups (χ2=70.34, P<0.05). Pairwise comparison showed the incidence of behavioral despair in MD+CUPS group (43.43%) and CUPS group (39.34%) were signifi?cantly higher than that in MD group (13.51%) and C group (3.33%),but no difference was observed be?tween MD+CUPS and CUPS group (P<0.0083) . The incidence of behavioral despair in MD group was signif?icant higher than that in C group. There was no significant efficacy of escitalopram on anhedonia and behav?ioral despair among 3 stressed models. However the recovery incidence from anhedonia (44/140) was significantly lower than that from behavioral despair (76/140) (χ2=14.93, P<0.05). Conclusion The maternal deprivation in?creases the stress sensitivity and the incidences of anhedonia in adult rats.The efficacy of escitalopram on behavioral despair is higher than that on anhedonia without influence from maternal deprivation.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effect of maternal deprivation(MD)on learning and memory ability and hippocampal pathology and nestin expression in rats with hypoxic -ischemic brain damage (HIBD).Methods The models of HIBD SD male rats were established by the method of Rice,and were randomly divided into 2 groups:MD group and control group.In addition,the sham -operation group(sham group)models were established.The MD group rats were separated from their mother 3 hours per day from the second day after modeling to the 21 st postnatal day.After 28 postnatal days,Morris water maze was used to evaluate the learning and memory ability of the rat models.HE stai-ning was employed to observe the hippocampal pathological change in the rats.Then,the expression of nestin in the hip-pocampus was measured by the method of immunohistochemistry.Results Their body mass changes showed that quali-ty of sham group was higher than that of the control and the MD groups,and quality was improved in the control group, compared with the MD group,and the differences were statistically significant(q =9.860 8,3.880 7,5.980 1 ,all P <0.05).The water maze scores of the MD group in place navigation test and spatial probe test were much lower than that of the control group and the sham group,and the scores of the sham group were higher than that of the control group,the differences were statistically significant(all P <0.05 ).The findings of HE stain showed that the pathology in the right -sided hippocampus of the sham group was normal and neurons were well -arranged,and that of control group was minimally abnormal,and the neurons were almost arranged orderly and remained normal.While,the pathomorpholo-gy of the MD group was obviously abnormal,the neurons were arranged disorderly,many of the neurons lost.According to the immunohistochemical findings,the number of nestin -positive cells in right -sided hippocampus of the MD group was significantly less than that of the control group,and the number of nestin -positive cells of the sham group was less than that of the MD group,which showed significant differences among the groups(all P <0.05).Conclusions MD aggravated injury to learning and memory ability of neonatal rats with HIBD,and decrease the number of nestin -posi-tive cells of MD markedly,which is not good for the recovery of brain injury.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of maternal deprivation at different time periods in rat pup development on depressions in adults.Methods Newborn SD rat pups were randomly divided into 5 maternal deprivation groups(n=5 in each group) and one control group (n=7).The rat pups in the maternal deprivation groups were separated from their mother for 6 hours in one day,at p0,p5,p 10,p15,p20 respectively,lasting for five days.Then the rats will be screened for depression at the age of 10 weeks,using different behavioral tests,which included forced swim,coat score,sucrose preference test.Norepinephrine concentration in the cerebral spinal fluid was also measured through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results Maternal deprivation for rat pups induced depression like behavior in adults.The floating time during forced swim test increased from(58.5 ±7.5) s in control group to(p0(75.6±9.4) s,p5(150.4±12.5) s,p10(174.5±14.3) s,p15(155.4±11.4)s,p20 (112.4±10.3) s respectively in maternal deprivation groups;and it was significant different among the groups(P＜ 0.01).Compared with the control group(0.87±0.1),the sucrose preference in maternal deprivation groups decreased(p0 (0.73±0.12),p5 (0.53±0.09),p10 (0.5±0.06),p15 (0.54±0.07),p20 (0.67±0.05)).And the coating scores in maternal deprivation groups decreased from 4.5±0.6 in control group to p0(3.3±0.6),p5 (2.3±0.4),p10 (1.9±0.3),p15 (2.4±0.4),p20 (4.4± 0.4).Finally,maternal deprivation also induced low concentration of catecholamine in the cerebral spinal fluid compared with that in control group (p0 (94.5± 11.5) ％,p5 (78.5± 9.6) ％,p10(67.6±±7.4)％,p1S(64.5±6.6)％,p20(88.5±7.5)％,P＜0.01,n=5-7).Conclusion Maternal deprivation at different lactation periods may induce depression behaviors in rat offspring,and also lead to lower concentration of catecholamine in the cerebral spinal fluid.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a case of an emotionally deprived child with some evidence of child neglect resulting from separation of parents (maternal deprivation). It also further confirms the long recognized fact that the most successful treatment of growth failure and weight loss due to psychosocial deprivation is restoration of a normal social environment. In particular, it highlights the need for a high index of suspicion and awareness on the part of medical personnel with regard to emotional disorders in children.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of maternal deprivation (MD) on neurobehavior and PP1Cγgene expression in hippocampus. Methods Male pups were randomly divided into MD group(thirty-five)and control group(twenty-four). From PND 1 to PND 21 ,pups in the MD groups underwent daily maternal deprivation for 3 h ( Postnatal day). Neurobehavior was observed to investigate neurodevelopment, Morris water maze was used to measure spatial learning and memory,and Real-Time quantitative PCR was employed to analyze PP1Cγ gene expression. Results Several significant deficiencies were observed in bodyweight and grasping reflex while a great enhancement in hot-plate test in rat pups suffering from MD( (26.23 ± 2.81 )g vs. (30. 38 ± 3.85 )g;( 19.37 ± 11.89) s vs. (22.39 ± 17.62 ) s; (4.36 ± 1.76 ) s vs. ( 5.26 ± 2.55 ) s; P ＜ 0. 05 ), but deficiencies in neurological reflexes were subtle ( ( 0.83 ±- 0.30 ) s vs. ( 0. 83 ± 0. 34 ) s; ( 3.68 ± 1.63 ) s vs. ( 5.61 ± 3. 01 ) s;( 3.00 ± 0.00 ) vs. ( 3.00 ± 0. 00); P ＞ 0. 05 ). MD had a subtle influence on spatial learning and memory (P ＞0.05). Meanwhile,MD could lead to PP1Cγ expression down-regulation on PND 22 ( (2.19 ±0.62) vs. (3.52 ±0.86), P＜0. 05)which was in line with early neurobehavior results. No difference was found compared with MD group and control group on PND60 ( ( 1.73 ± 0. 78 ) vs. ( 1.33 ± 0. 34); P ＞ 0.05 ). However, there was the up-regulation of PP1Cγexpression on PND 90 ( (2.85 ± 0. 34) vs. ( 1.34 ± 0.93 ); P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusion MD alters early neurobehavior and hippocampal PP1Cγgene expression in the Wistar rats,but has a subtle effect on learning and memory. At the same time,MD can make PP1Cγexpression in the hippocampus varying with the age.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of early life stress on the locomotion and concentration of corticosterone in peripheral blood in adult rats.Methods Maternal deprivation and isolation were used in the model of early life stress. Chronic stress was used in adult rats.Open field test was used for the measurement of locomotion activity. ELISA was used to measure the concentration of corticosterone in peripheral blood.Results The total activity time of locomotion[(296.96±6.63)s, (291.06±8.40)s;P＜0.01] and the concentration of corticosterone [(15.51±2.41)nmol/L,(11.27±2.49)nmol/L;P＜0.05]were increased in adult rats by maternal deprivation. The total activity distance [(23231.29±2030.35)mm,(14042.81.06±2875.34)mm;P＜0.05] and time[(296.39±3.48)s,(259.18±4.71)s;P＜0.01]were increased after chronic stress which was used in adult rats in which maternal deprivation were used before. The concentration of corticosterone[(20.60±1.83)nmol/L,(14.49±1.37)nmol/L;P＜0.01]was also increased in the same condition.Conclusions The concentration of corticosterone and locomotion activity of adult rats can be increased by early life stress. The reaction of HPA axis for chronic stress was improved by early life stress.