ABSTRACT
La lactancia materna es fundamental para la salud del infante y se ve influida por diversos factores, entre ellos la salud mental materna. En particular, las madres que tienen síntomas depresivos tienen mayor riesgo de presentar dificultades de lactancia y de interrumpir tempranamente la lactancia exclusiva y la lactancia en general. Por otra parte, la lactancia materna actúa como un factor protector de la salud mental materna en algunas circunstancias, en tanto las dificultades de lactancia tienen un impacto negativo en la salud mental de la mujer. La presente revisión describe algunos de los mecanismos fisiológicos que subyacen al establecimiento y la mantención de la lactancia, asociados a la prolactina, la oxitocina, la dopamina y la serotonina, así como a la experiencia de la lactancia y la presencia de dificultades en esta área, y como estas interactúan con las dificultades emocionales de la madre. Se ofrece un modelo integrativo que considera aspectos hormonales y fisiológicos para comprender la asociación compleja y bidireccional entre el establecimiento de una lactancia exitosa y la salud mental materna.
Breastfeeding is essential for infant health and development. It is influenced by multiple factors, including maternal mental health. In particular, mothers who present depressive symptoms are at greater risk of presenting breastfeeding difficulties and presenting shorter exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding in general. On the other hand, breastfeeding acts as a protective factor for maternal mental health in some circumstances. Also, breastfeeding difficulties have a negative impact on womens mental health. This review describes some of the physiological mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of lactation, associated with prolactin, oxytocin, dopamine, and serotonin. As well as how the lactation experience and the presence of difficulties in this area interact with the mothers emotional functioning. An integrative model is proposed, which considers hormonal and physiological aspects involved in the complex and bidirectional association between breastfeeding successful establishment and maternal mental health.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Feeding/psychology , Mental Health , Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Maternal Health , Depression, Postpartum/etiology , Neurosecretory SystemsABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The literature has few studies on the quality of the mother-child interaction when mothers suffer from chronic anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare characteristics of the interaction between 14-month-old children and their mothers who presented symptoms of chronic anxiety or depression with those of 14-month-old children and their mothers who did not present mental problems. Method: The sample consisted of 40 mother-infant dyads selected from a prospective cohort study. They were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, at three time points: during pregnancy and at 6 months and 14 months of the infant's life. Three groups were formed: 10 mothers with symptoms of chronic anxiety, 8 mothers with symptoms of chronic depression, and a control group of 22 mothers without mental health problems. The mothers responded to a socioeconomic questionnaire, and then a 7-min episode of the dyad interaction was recorded and assessed using categories indicated in a dyadic interaction assessment protocol. This consisted of six categories that evaluate the behavior of the caregiver and four categories that evaluate the child's behavior. Results: A significantly higher percentage of mothers with chronic depressive symptoms had not completed high school and did not live with a partner. When comparing the interaction behaviors of the three groups, mothers with symptoms of chronic depression were significantly less sensitive, were more disengaged, and showed less positive affect than those in the control group. They also engaged in significantly fewer stimulations and displayed more negative affect compared with both the control group and mothers with chronic anxiety symptoms. Anxious mothers presented greater intrusiveness compared with mothers in the control group. Regarding the children, those with mothers showing symptoms of chronic depression interacted significantly less than those with mothers showing symptoms of chronic anxiety and the control group. Conclusions: The results indicate that mother-infant interaction is most severely compromised among mother-infant dyads comprised of mothers with chronic depressive symptoms, compared with dyads of mothers with chronic anxiety symptoms and dyads of control group mothers without mental health problems.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Adult , Anxiety/psychology , Child Development , Depression/psychology , Mother-Child Relations/psychology , Mental Health , Mothers/psychologyABSTRACT
La transición epidemiológica observada en las últimas décadas ha implicado un aumento creciente de enfermedades crónicas, fenómeno asociados con el estilo de vida de la población, al modelo alimentario y al sedentarismo, lo que predispone a la obesidad y a la resistencia a la insulina, condicionando patologías cardio metabólicas como la hipertensión arterial y la dislipidemia, favoreciendo el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico. El tratamiento consiste en el manejo farmacológico, mejoras en los hábitos alimentarios y la incorporación de la actividad física a la rutina diaria. Tradicionalmente los programas de ejercicio están orientados a un método aeróbico para mejorar los parámetros alterados. Sin embargo, actualmente han surgido nuevas estrategias de intervención como el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad, que ha evolucionado como un modelo de intervención eficaz, con real impacto en el estado de salud de la población. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar una mirada histórica y actualizada del ejercicio interválico de alta intensidad, de su impacto en la población y de las adaptaciones fisiológicas que respaldan su uso como herramienta terapéutica.
The epidemiological transition observed in recent decades has led to a continuous increase in chronic non communicable diseases, phenomenon associated with the lifestyle of the population, the dietary pattern and physical inactivity, which predisposes to obesity and insulin resistance, conditioning cardiometabolic disease such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, allowing the development of metabolic syndrome. The treatment consists of pharmacological management, improving dietary habits and the incorporation of physical activity into the daily routine. Traditionally exercise programs are oriented to aerobic methods for improving altered parameters. New intervention strategies such as high-intensity interval training have been developed, which has evolved as a model of effective action, with a real positive impact on the health status of the population. The objective of this review is to provide a historical and updated look of high-intensity interval exercise, its impact on the population and physiological adaptations that support its use as a therapeutic tool.
Subject(s)
Humans , Metabolic Syndrome , Endurance Training , Weights and Measures , Maternal Health , Latin America , Mother-Child RelationsABSTRACT
La interacción temprana entre una madre y su bebé durante el primer año de posparto, se centra en la respuesta emocional materna que determina el vínculo materno-infantil, considerado éste un importante mediador en el desarrollo psicosocial del infante. Alteraciones en esta vinculación temprana se asocian a importantes consecuencias en el infante a nivel cognitivo, social, de salud mental y con riesgo de maltrato, abuso infantil y hasta infanticidio. Los factores de riesgo para una alteración en el vínculo materno-infantil incluyen factores de la madre, del bebé, del embarazo, parto y posparto y del ambiente social. El estudio de los aspectos psicosociales de la relación temprana entre una madre y su infante, ha sido de principal interés en países desarrollados; sin embargo, en Latinoamérica la investigación es aún muy escasa. En la presente revisión se exploran las características del vínculo materno-infantil, sus factores de riesgo y consecuencias negativas más asociadas, así como una identificación de las estrategias de evaluación más usadas en diferentes países. La detección temprana de una problemática del vínculo materno-infantil es una estrategia fundamental para diseñar intervenciones de salud específicas y pertinentes que disminuyan las consecuencias adversas y promuevan el bienestar de la diada madre-bebé y su ámbito familiar.
The early relationship between a mother and her baby during the first year after childbirth is focused in the maternal affective response which is the base of the mother-infant bonding, considered an important mediator in the psychosocial child development. Early bonding difficulties are associated to negative consequences in the infant's cognitive, social and mental health development and a high risk for child maltreatment, abuse and infanticide. Risk factors for a mother-infant bonding disorder include aspects related to the mother, the baby, pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum and the social environment. The study of the psychosocial aspects of the early relationship between a mother and her baby is of main interest in developed countries, nevertheless the research on this topic in LatinAmerica is still very limited. In the present review it is explored the characteristics of a mother-infant bonding, its main risk factors and most relevant negative consequences, as well as the most popular assessment strategies used among the countries. The early detection of a mother-infant bonding disorder is a decisive strategy to allow the design of specific and relevant health interventions that can reduce the adverse consequences and promote the wellbeing of the mother-infant dyad and its family.
Subject(s)
Humans , Maternal and Child Health , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Planning , Maternal Health , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
O objetivo deste artigo é verificar fatores de risco e proteção para o desenvolvimento de crianças de 1 ano, atendidas em unidades de saúde da família. Estudo transversal com 65 crianças de aproximadamente 1 ano, atendidas em duas Unidades de Saúde da Família, e suas respectivas mães. Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento através de um teste de screening para rastreamento de risco. As mães responderam a uma entrevista e ao SRQ-20 para identificar indicadores de transtorno mental comum (TMC). Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados e procedeu-se a análise estatística inferencial. Estavam em risco para o desenvolvimento global 43,1% das crianças e as áreas mais afetadas foram linguagem e motricidade fina; 44,6% das mães pontuaram para indicativo de transtorno mental comum, quando a criança tinha 1 ano. Na análise bivariada, depressão referida, tabagismo, infecções na gravidez, TMC após o nascimento e trabalhar fora associaram-se significativamente com o desenvolvimento da criança. Após os ajustes, apenas TMC apresentou-se como fator de risco e trabalhar fora fator de proteção. Para aumentar as chances de sucesso de programas direcionados a crianças com risco para o desenvolvimento em unidades de saúde parece importante ter dois focos: a estimulação da criança e a saúde mental materna.
The scope of this article is to evaluate risk and protection factors for the development of 1-year-olds assisted at family health care units. It is a cross-sectional study involving 65 children of approximately 1 year of age and their mothers attended at two family health care units. The development was assessed using a developmental screening test (Denver II). The mothers filled out the SRQ-20 questionnaire to identify common mental disorder (CMD) indicators. After data collection, descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed. Global development was at risk in 43.1% of the children evaluated, and the most affected areas were language and fine motor development; 44.6% of mothers had results indicative of CMD when the child was 1 year of age. In bivariate analysis, reported depression, smoking, infections in pregnancy, CMD after birth and working outside the home were significantly associated with the children's development. After full statistical analysis, CMD was revealed as being a risk factor, and working away from home as being a protection factor. In order to increase the chances of success of programs targeted for children at health care units and avoiding the risk of impaired development, it is important to focus on two aspects: children's stimulation and maternal mental health. .
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Developmental Disabilities/epidemiology , Mental Disorders , Cross-Sectional Studies , Demography , Family Health , Maternal Health , Mental Health , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Analisar a influência de fatores de risco nutricionais e sociofamiliares sobre o desenvolvimento motor no primeiro ano de vida. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, com 208 crianças de seis meses de idade. Os dados foram coletados a partir de março de 2005. Utilizaram-se, como instrumentos de medida, um questionário socioeconômico, o Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) e a escala Bayley de desenvolvimento infantil. Foram realizadas análises univariadas e múltiplas, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: O estudo demonstrou que o desenvolvimento motor é afetado pela desnutrição infantil, segundo o indicador altura/idade (RP=2,47), sendo este resultado significativo. A desnutrição crônica elevou o risco de desenvolvimento motor inadequado, mesmo considerando outros fatores de risco. Na análise bivariada se observou que crianças desnutridas tiveram um risco quase duas vezes maior (1,98; IC 1,25-3,15) de apresentar desenvolvimento motor inadequado, conforme o indicador peso por idade. Com relação ao indicador altura por idade, o risco de atraso aumentou para 2,07 (IC 1,38-3,09). No modelo multivariado, a variável que permaneceu significativa foi desnutrição, segundo altura por idade, em que crianças desnutridas apresentavam um risco 2,47 (IC 1,50-4,06) maior de inadequação do desenvolvimento motor, em comparação com seus pares eutróficos. Conclusões: Confirma-se a importância de uma nutrição adequada para o desenvolvimento infantil. Entretanto, a identificação precoce de problemas de desenvolvimento é complexa e dependente de fatores econômicos, biológicos e psicossociais. Devido à grande maleabilidade do desenvolvimento infantil, é necessário que a avaliação seja repetida, principalmente durante os primeiros anos de vida, quando o impacto dos atrasos é mais importante. Justifica-se a condução de novos estudos para compreender melhor as relações entre os fatores estudados e o desenvolvimento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Adult , Psychomotor Performance , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mental Health , Child Nutrition Disorders/diagnosisABSTRACT
Estudos indicam que o desenvolvimento infantil é influenciado por fatores de risco e proteção, e que certas características familiares, como a saúde mental materna, as práticas e estilos parentais e o suporte social, têm sido consideradas pela literatura como importantes mecanismos de vulnerabilidade ou proteção para o desenvolvimento dos filhos. Nessa direção, o presente artigo aborda os conceitos e mecanismos de risco e proteção ao desenvolvimento humano e discute o que a literatura tem apontado a respeito da saúde mental materna, do suporte social e dos estilos parentais enquanto importantes fatores de risco e proteção relacionados à saúde mental infantil. Acredita-se que o conteúdo aqui abordado possa instigar futuros estudos e subsidiar a prática de profissionais da saúde e educação que lidam com a questão da saúde mental infantil.
Studies have indicated that children development is influenced by risk and protection factors. Certain family characteristics, such as maternal mental health, parenting and social support, have been considered important elements in the mechanisms of vulnerability or protection in children development. In this paper concepts of risk and protection to human development are reviewed, and literature assertives on maternal mental health, social support and parenting as important risk and protection factors associated to children mental health are discussed. This material is believed to foster new studies and to background the practice of health and education professionals dealing with children mental health.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adult , Social Support , Maternal Welfare , Child Development , Risk Factors , Family Relations , Mental HealthABSTRACT
El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es un síndrome multifactorial difícil de determinar. Se diagnostica a los 36 meses y está caracterizado por dificultades a nivel comunicacional, interacción social y conductas o actividades restringidas, repetidas y estereotipadas. Evidencias neuroanátomicas, exposición a teratógenos y diferencias de comportamiento en etapas tempranas sugieren que la neurobiología del TEA comienza durante el periodo intrauterino. Su desarrollo presenta componentes biológicos y ambientales. Estos últimos han sido menos estudiados, debido a los múltiples factores de gestación a que puede estar expuesto el feto, tal como diabetes gestacional materna, hipertensión, proteinuria, preclampsia, estado nutricional y exposición a contaminantes. Adicionalmente, existen estudios que han relacionado la salud mental de la madre con el diagnóstico de TEA hipótesis abordada en este trabajo, puesto a que es un factor ambiental modificable en etapas tempranas su debida intervención podría prevenir el trastorno de desarrollo en las futuras generaciones o entregar evidencia para un diagnóstico temprano y, por ende, intervención. A pesar de los intentos por corroborar dicha conjetura, las inconsistencias de los resultados y las diferentes metodologías para estudiar los factores ambientales del TEA son un desafío para llegar a soluciones sólidas. Aún así, determinar factores de riesgo prenatal o en etapas tempranas sería crítico para la prevención o incluso mitigación del TEA.
The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a multifactorial syndrome hard to determinate. It is diagnosed at 36 months and is characterized by communication difficulties, social interaction and restricted, repeated and stereotyped behaviors or activities. Neuroanatomical evidence, exposure to teratogens, and behavioral differences in early stages suggest that neurobiology of ASD begins during the intrauterine period. Its development has biological and environmental components. The last component have been less studied because of the multiple gestational factors that the fetus may be exposed, for example maternal gestational diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria, pre-eclampsia, nutritional status and exposure to contaminants. Additionally, there are studies that have related the maternal mental health with the diagnosis of ASD -hypothesis of this work- as a modifiable environmental factor in the early stages. Their appropriate intervention could prevent the developmental disorder in the future generations or could provide evidence for an early diagnosis, and therefore, intervention. In spite of attempts to corroborate this conjecture, the inconsistencies of the results and the different methodologies that studying the environmental factors of the ASD have become into a challenge to reach solid solutions. Even so, determining prenatal or early risk factors could be critical for the prevention or even mitigation of ASD