Evaluación de la dinámica de impregnación al vacío de cogollos de palma de iraca

Aunque los cogollos de la palma de iraca pueden ser empleados como fuente para la alimentación humana, la mayoría de la información disponible es para la producción de artesanías. Se evaluó la respuesta a la impregnación al vacío (IV) de cogollos frescos de palma de iraca (CFPI), con una solución isotónica de NaCl (0,6 %). Se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta, con un diseño central compuesto ((=1), considerando las siguientes variables independientes: el diámetro de los cogollos (10-15 mm), el tiempo en la etapa de vacío T1 (3-5 minutos) a presión de vacío (4.1 kPa) y el tiempo en la etapa a presión atmosférica local (85,32 kPa), T2 (3-5 min). Las variables dependientes que se tomaron en cuenta fueron fracción volumétrica de impregnación en la etapa de vacío (X1), deformación volumétrica final (g), fracción volumétrica final (X) y porosidad eficaz (Ee). La dinámica de la IV del CFPI identificó que el proceso comporta una expansión volumétrica en la matriz, la cual, finalmente, contribuye a la transferencia de masa del líquido isotónico al interior de la estructura. La microestructura porosa del CFPI es compatible con el proceso de IV, permitiendo los siguientes parámetros de impregnación: g1 (0,451%), X1 (11,457%), g (2,569%), X (17,386%) y Ee (17,036%). La respuesta a la IV en los CFPI identifica a esta matriz alimentaria como adecuada, para la incorporación de componentes fisiológicamente activos.

Although the buds of the iraca palm could be employed as a source of human food, most of the information available is to produce handicrafts. The response to vacuum impregnation (VI) was evaluated in fresh iraca palm buds (FIPB) with an isotonic NaCl solution (0.6 %). The response surface methodology was obtained, with a central compound design (a= 1), considering the following independent variables: The diameter of the buds (10-15 mm), the time in the vacuum stage T1 (3-5 minutes) at vacuum pressure (4.1 kPa) and the time in the stage at local atmospheric pressure (85.32 kPa), T2 (3-5 min). The dependent variables considered were the volumetric fraction of impregnation in the vacuum stage (X1), the final volumetric deformation (g), the final volumetric fraction (X), and the effective porosity (Ee). FIPB VI dynamics identified that the process involves a volumetric expansion in the matrix, which ultimately contributes to the mass transfer of the isotonic liquid into the structure. The porous microstructure of the FIPB is compatible with the VI process, allowing the following impregnation parameters: g1 (0.451 %), X1 (11.457 %), g (2.569 %), X (17.386%), and Ee (17.036 %). The response to VI in FIPB identifies this food matrix as suitable for the incorporation of physiologically active components.

Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices:Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods / 药物分析学报

Benzodiazepines(BDZs)are used in clinics for anxiolysis,anticonvulsants,sedative hypnosis,and muscle relaxation.They have high consumptions worldwide because of their easy availability and potential addiction.They are often used for suicide or criminal practices such as abduction and drug-facilitated sexual assault.The pharmacological effects of using small doses of BDZs and their detections from complex biological matrices are challenging.Efficient pretreatment methods followed by accurate and sensitive detections are necessary.Herein,pretreatment methods for the extraction,enrichment,and preconcentration of BDZs as well as the strategies for their screening,identification,and quantitation developed in the past five years have been reviewed.Moreover,recent advances in various methods are summarized.Characteristics and advantages of each method are encompassed.Future directions of the pretreatment and detection methods for BDZs are also reviewed.

An emerging analytical tool for highly sensitive quantitative analysis based on liquid chromatography-multiple-reaction monitoring cubed (MRM3) / 中国药科大学学报

@#Liquid chromatography-multiple-reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) has been widely recognized as the golden standard for multiple components-targeted quantitative analysis of complicated matrices,with extensive applications for analysis in such fields as chemical drugs, traditional Chinese medicines and foods.Unfortunately, when facing the task of quantitatively analyzing trace chemical components in complex matrices, MRM suffers dramatically from the background noise or matrix interference, leading to undesirable sensitivity and selectivity in terms of the lower limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD).In recent years, MRM cubed (MRM3), also known as MS3 scan, has received much attention because of its unique ability to significantly improve detection selectivity and sensitivity attributing to the successive ion filtering function, enabling LC-MRM3 as an emerging analytical tool.In this review,our attention is devoted to: 1) the illustration of the principle for MRM3; 2) parameter settings; and 3) the application progress of LC-MRM3 in such fields as the pursuit of biomarkers, pharmaceutical analysis, forensic analysis, toxicological analysis, food chemistry, and environmental analysis, aiming to provide a promising analytical tool of LC-MRM3 advantageous in the quantification analysis of trace chemical components in complex matrices.

De alfa a omega: Estimación de la confiabilidad ordinal. Una guía práctica / From Alpha to Omega: Estimation of Ordinal Reliability. A Practical Guide

La presente investigación realiza un recorrido por el concepto de confiabilidad como una de las propiedades psicométricas fundamentales en la Teoría Clásica de los Test. Se desarrolla el concepto y cuáles son sus diferentes aplicaciones prácticas para indagar el grado de confiabilidad de un instrumento de medición. Se centra el estudio en el cálculo de la consistencia interna a partir del alfa y el omega como los coeficientes más utilizados y la importancia de calcularlos mediante la utilización de matrices de correlaciones policoricas (MCP). Como objetivo principal se presenta una guía en español para el cálculo de coeficientes ordinales de confiabilidad al utilizar el programa R/RStudio. Se brinda un ejemplo a nivel empírico que da cuenta la relevancia de calcular este tipo decoeficientes para el cálculo de la confiabilidad de un instrumento. Al emplear una muestra de 266 adultos entre 18 y 63 años (M = 31.91, DE = 11.50), se administró la versión adaptada a argentina del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck y el Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional. De esta manera, se exponen coeficientes para estimar la confiabilidad de los instrumentos que dan cuenta de sus ventajas y desventajas, al realizar el cálculo mediante MCP, matriz de correlaciones de Pearson y matriz de covarianzas de Pearson. A partir de los resultados, se evidencia que el cálculo mediante MCP proporcionó grados de confiabilidades mayores respecto al cálculo mediante las otras dos matrices. Se espera que el presente documento sea de importancia para investigadores no familiarizados con R.

The present study takes a tour of the concept of reliability as one of the fundamental psychometric properties in Classical Tests Theory. The concept and its different practical applications are developed to investigate the degree of reliability of a measuring instrument. Focusing on the calculation of internal consistency from alpha and omega as the most used coefficients and the importance of calculating these coefficients by using polychoric correlation matrices (PCM). The main objective is to present a guide in Spanish for the calculation of ordinal reliability coefficients using the R/Rstudio program. Providing an example at the empirical level that shows the relevance of calculating this type of coefficients for calculating the reliability of an instrument. Using a sample of 266 adults between the ages of 18 and 63 years (M = 31.91 SD = 11.50), the version adapted to Argentina of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire were administered. In this way, coefficients are exposed to estimate the reliability of the instruments that account for their advantages and disadvantages, performing the calculation using MCP, Pearson's correlation matrix and Pearson's covariance matrix. From the results, it is evident that the calculation using MCP provided higher degrees of reliability compared to the calculation using the other two matrices. This document is expected to be of importance to researchers unfamiliar with R.

Organoides: fundamentos, presente y futuro / Organoids: fundamentals, present and future

RESUMEN Los organoides son estructuras miniaturizadas, generadas principalmente a partir de células madre pluripotentes inducidas, que se cultivan en el laboratorio conservando sus características innatas o adquiridas. Tienen el potencial de reproducir procesos de desarrollo biológico, modelar procesos patológicos que permitirán el descubrimiento de nuevos fármacos y propicien la medicina regenerativa. Sin embargo, estas experiencias requieren perfeccionamiento constante porque pueden haberse realizado variaciones en la constitución de estos órganos. Por ello, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo revisar la información actualizada sobre organoides y sus procesos experimentales básicos y recientes, empezando por la gastrulación, para tratar de imitar, en lo posible, la formación de las tres capas: ectodermo, mesodermo y endodermo, incluyendo los factores que intervienen en la inducción, diferenciación y maduración en la generación de estos organoides. Asimismo, el diseño y preparación de medios de cultivo altamente especializados que permitan obtener el órgano seleccionado con la mayor precisión y seguridad. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos originales y de revisión publicados en PubMed, Nature y Science. Los artículos se seleccionaron por sus resúmenes y por su texto completo. Las conclusiones de este articulo destacan las ventajas futuras en el uso y aplicaciones de los organoides.

ABSTRACT Organoids are tiny structures, mainly generated from induced pluripotent stem cells, which are cultured in the laboratory while retaining their innate or acquired characteristics. They have the potential to reproduce biological development processes, model pathological processes that will enable the discovery of new drugs and promote regenerative medicine. However, these processes require constant improvement because variations may have occurred in the constitution of the organs. Therefore, this article aims to review updated information on organoids and their basic and recent experimental processes, starting with gastrulation, in an attempt to mimic, as much as possible, the formation of the three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm; as well as the information regarding the factors involved in the induction, differentiation and maturation during the generation of organoids. Likewise, the design and preparation of highly specialized culture media that allow obtaining the selected organ with the highest precision and safety. We searched for original and review articles published in PubMed, Nature and Science. Articles were selected for their abstracts and full text. The conclusions of this article highlight the future advantages in the use and applications of organoids.

Current developments of bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in pharmaceuticals / 药物分析学报

Sample preparation is considered as the bottleneck step in bioanalysis because each biological matrix has its own unique challenges and complexity.Competent sample preparation to extract the desired analytes and remove redundant components is a crucial step in each bioanalytical approach.The matrix effect is a key hurdle in bioanalytical sample preparation,which has gained extensive consideration.Novel sample preparation techniques have advantages over classical techniques in terms of accuracy,automation,ease of sample preparation,storage,and shipment and have become increasingly popular over the past decade.Our objective is to provide a broad outline of current developments in various bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in chromatographic and spectroscopic examinations.In addition,how these techniques have gained considerable attention over the past decade in bioanalytical research is mentioned with preferred examples.Modern trends in bioanalytical sample preparation techniques,including sorbent-based microextraction techniques,are primarily emphasized.

Antibióticos e bactérias multirresistentes em esgoto e águas superficiais receptoras: riscos da propagação de genes codificadores de ESBL, de carbapenemases e de tolerância aos metais no contexto da saúde única / Antibiotics and multidrug-resistant bacteria in sewage and receiving surface waters: risks of spreading genes encoding ESBL, carbapenemases and metal tolerance in the context of one health

Os antibióticos estão compreendidos entre as classes de medicamentos de maior sucesso na medicina, pelo tratamento de infecções bacterianas e consequentemente aumento na expectativa de vida da população. No entanto, seu uso exacerbado desde a sua descoberta promoveram a inserção de antibióticos no ambiente, bem como dispersão global de bactérias resistentes. Como medida à escassez de novos antibióticos, os metais têm sido considerados como potenciais agentes antimicrobianos, no entanto mecanismos de tolerância vêm sendo relatados, mas com distribuição epidemiológica desconhecida. Nesse sentido, os objetivos do presente trabalho foi de avaliar a ocorrência de antibióticos, de bactérias resistentes e de determinantes de resistência aos antibióticos e de tolerância à metais em amostras de esgoto hospitalar, sanitário e água superficial, no contexto da Saúde Única. No total, 10 antibióticos de diferentes classes foram avaliados em sistema de cromatografia líquida de ultra performance acoplado à espectrometria de massas (UPLC-MS) e bactérias resistentes foram isoladas e quantificadas a partir de meios cromogênicos seletivos para bactérias produtoras de ESBL e de carbapenemases. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de susceptibilidade aos antibióticos, bem como à detecção de genes de resistência aos antibióticos e de tolerância à metais, por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Os antibióticos amoxicilina e ampicilina foram encontrados em altas concentrações, variando entre 131,5 e 1896,29 ng L-1 e entre 366,35 e 1113,07 ng L-1 , respectivamente. Os antibióticos ciprofloxacina, sulfametoxazol e tetraciclina também foram detectados. O porcentual de remoção dos antibióticos no efluente tratado consiste de 53,43% para amoxicilina, 16,88% para ampicilina, 95,6% para sulfametoxazol e de 65,5% para tetraciclina. O perfil das concentrações de bactérias fenotipicamente produtoras de ESBL e de carbapenemases foram semelhantes, sendo de maior ocorrência no esgoto hospitalar. Deve-se destacar que o sistema municipal de tratamento de esgoto não apresentou eficiência na remoção dessas bactérias e altas concentrações foram detectadas no efluente tratado (ESBL: 3.80E+08, KPC: 6.17E+08 UFC/100mL). Foi possível verificar que as concentrações de bactérias resistentes à jusante da ETE foram maiores em relação às concentrações de bactérias à montante, evidenciando um possível impacto do lançamento do efluente tratado no corpo hídrico. Com relação ao fenótipo de resistência, os isolados apresentaram resistência majoritariamente aos antibióticos ß-lactâmicos, seguido por antibióticos da classe das quinolonas. Foi calculado o índice de resistência à múltiplos antibióticos (MAR Index), onde verificou-se que todos os pontos de amostragem configuraram como fontes de alto risco para resistência bacteriana. Quanto à detecção molecular de genes de resistência aos antibióticos, verificou-se que 51% dos isolados (n = 55/108) carreavam o gene codificador de carbapenemase blaKPC e 33% dos isolados (n =36/108) abrigavam o gene codificador de ESBL blaCTX-M dos grupos 1 ou 8. Em menores porcentagens foram detectados os genes blaGES (2,8%), blaNDM (1,9%) e blaVIM (0,9%), sendo esses dois últimos genes codificadores de carbapenemases do tipo metallo-ß-lactamase que são considerados pouco frequentes. Com relação aos genes de tolerância à metais, genes que conferem tolerância à prata, ao cobre e ao mercúrio foram detectados respectivamente em 52%, 50% e 28% dos isolados. Uma correlação forte foi verificada na coexistência entre os genes de tolerância à prata (silA) e de tolerância ao cobre (pcoD) (r = 0,85). Os resultados apontam para a disseminação de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos nas matrizes avaliadas, com predominância de genes codificadores de carbapenemases. Em termos de saúde pública, os dados levantados apontam para uma emergência sanitária, em que medidas de mitigação precisam ser urgentemente aderidas. Nesse sentido, e em consonância com a abordagem de Saúde Única, propõe-se a necessidade de tratamento do efluente hospitalar, bem como adição de tratamento terciário na ETE. A colaboração integrada entre os setores da saúde pública, veterinária e ambiental são fundamentais para frear essa "pandemia silenciosa"

Antibiotics are among the most successful classes of drugs in medicine, by treating bacterial infections and consequently increasing the life expectancy of the population. However, their exacerbated use since their discovery has promoted the insertion of antibiotics into the environment, as well as global dispersion of resistant bacteria. As a measure to the scarcity of new antibiotics, metals have been considered as potential antimicrobial agents, however, tolerance mechanisms have been reported, but with unknown epidemiological distribution. In this sense, the objectives of the present work were to evaluate the occurrence of antibiotics, resistant bacteria, and determinants of antibiotic resistance and metal tolerance in samples of hospital wastewater, urban wastewater, and surface water, in the context of One Health. In total, 10 antibiotics of different classes were evaluated in ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and resistant bacteria were quantified and isolated from chromogenic media selective for bacteria producing ESBL and carbapenemases. The isolates obtained were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing, as well as detection of antibiotic resistance and metal tolerance genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The antibiotics amoxicillin and ampicillin were found in high concentrations, ranging between 131.5 and 1896.29 ng L-1 and between 366.35 and 1113.07 ng L-1 , respectively. The antibiotics ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline were also detected. The removal percentage of the antibiotics in the treated effluent consists of 53.43% for amoxicillin, 16.88% for ampicillin, 95.6% for sulfamethoxazole, and 65.5% for tetracycline. The concentration profiles of phenotypically ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria were similar, with higher occurrence in hospital wastewater. It should be noted that the municipal sewage treatment system did not show efficiency in removing these bacteria and high concentrations were detected in the treated effluent (ESBL: 3.80E+08, KPC: 6.17E+08 CFU/100mL). It was possible to verify that the concentrations of resistant bacteria downstream of the WWTP were higher in relation to the concentrations of bacteria upstream, showing a possible impact of the discharge of the treated effluent into the water body. Regarding the resistance phenotype, the isolates showed resistance mostly to ß-lactam antibiotics, followed by quinolone class antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR Index) was calculated, where it was verified that all sampling points configured as high-risk sources for bacterial resistance. Regarding the molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes, it was found that 51% of isolates (n = 55/108) carried the carbapenemase encoding gene blaKPC and 33% of isolates (n =36/108) harbored the ESBL encoding gene blaCTX-M from groups 1 or 8. In smaller percentages, blaGES (2.8%), blaNDM (1.9%) and blaVIM (0.9%) genes were detected, these last two genes encoding carbapenemases of the metallo-ß-lactamase type that are considered infrequent. Regarding metal tolerance genes, genes conferring tolerance to silver, copper and mercury were detected in 52%, 50% and 28% of isolates, respectively. A strong correlation was verified in the coexistence between silver tolerance (silA) and copper tolerance (pcoD) genes (r = 0.85). The results point to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the evaluated matrices, with a predominance of genes encoding carbapenemases. In terms of public health, the data raised point to a health emergency, in which mitigation measures need to be urgently adhered to. In this sense, and in line with the One Health approach, the need for treatment of the hospital effluent is proposed, as well as the addition of tertiary treatment in the WWTP. The integrated collaboration between the public health, veterinary, and environmental sectors are fundamental to curb this "silent pandemic"

Precise and Sensitive Ambient Temperature Based Analytical Colorimetric Method for Pregabalin

Abstract Pregabalin, a GABA analogue is used to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain. The drug poses problems in analytical quantification when estimated at a shorter UV wavelength. The expensive and non-repetitive reported analytical methods necessitate the utility and development of an accurate, precise, repetitive, simple and highly sensitive colorimetric method for pregabalin in solution as well as sustained release mini matrices. Pregabalin (having primary amino group) was derivatized at alkaline pH of mixture with optimized ninhydrin solution at ambient temperature (25oC). The ninhydrin-pregabalin derivatized complex (Ruhemann's Purple) was analyzed for drug concentration at absorption maximum (λmax) of 570nm. The linearity was observed in the concentration range of 5-150 µg/mL with coefficient of correlation, 0.998. The developed analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines and proved to be highly sensitive (LOD 0.917µg/mL, LOQ 3.055µg/mL), with good inter-day as well as intra-day accuracy and precision as 4.65% and 3.75%, respectively. The proposed method was proved to be a simple, sensitive, precise and accurate for the estimation of the minute concentrations of pregabalin in pure form and the developed formulations. Results verified that the proposed method could determine pregabalin at the ambient temperature without requiring high temperatures used in the existing methods. It was concluded that developed method was easier and more suitable for analysis of pregabalin in quality control of commercial preparations

Índices de Riesgo en relación a la transmisión de gastroenteritis aguda a partir de alimentos contaminados con Norovirus

RESUMEN La investigación de virus en los alimentos se convirtió en una necesidad de salud pública como consecuencia de la aparición de epidemias víricas, relacionadas al consumo de frutas y vegetales, carnes, agua y pescados contaminados. Entre los agentes virales responsables de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETAs), el Norovirus (NoV) se destaca como principal causante de gastroenteritis aguda (GEA) en el mundo. Un virus entérico, con elevada persistencia ambiental y bajas dosis mínimas infecciosas (1-100 partículas). En Argentina, el NoV se identificó en más del 60% de los brotes de GEA informados desde 2004. Actualmente la detección de virus patógenos en alimentos no está regulada en Argentina y la información en particular de NoV y ETAs es escasa o desactualizada. En este contexto, el presente trabajo abordó la determinación de índices de riesgo en relación al consumo de distintas matrices alimentarias contaminadas con NoV, identificando y caracterizando el virus y sus consecuencias en la salud humana. Durante el año 2019 se registraron brotes de NoV con más de 4000 personas afectadas en el territorio argentino. A partir de los índices obtenidos, se estima que los datos hallados no son representativos de todas las personas infectadas. Se considera esencial generar un sistema de notificación de brotes de alto impacto, posibilitando estimar el riesgo de la presencia de NoV en matrices alimentarias, identificando genotipos y genogrupos. Un mejor conocimiento de la virología y epidemiología de este agente infeccioso permitiría a los organismos pertinentes la toma de medidas preventivas y decisiones de mejora.

ABSTRACT The investigation of viruses in foods has become a prime concern for public health as a consequence of viral diseases outbreaks linked to the consumption of contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables, meats, water and fish. Norovirus (NoV) stands out as the main virus responsible for foodborne disease and the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in the world. It is an enteric virus, with high environmental persistence and low infectious dose (1-100 particles). NoV has been identified in over 60% of AGE outbreaks recorded in Argentine since 2004. Currently, food testing for the detection of pathogenic viruses is not mandatory in Argentine and the information available on the prevalence of NoV and foodborne diseases is scarce and outdated. In this context, the present work addresses the risk assessment of different foodstuff contaminated with NoV, identifying and characterizing the virus and its effects on human health. In 2019, registered outbreaks of NoV in Argentine affected more than 4000 people. According to the indices obtained, it was estimated that the given data does not accurately represent all infected cases. It is considered essential to generate a high impact outbreak reporting system, which could allow the estimation of the risk of presence of NoV in different foods, identifying the genotypes and genogroups. A better understanding of the virology and epidemiology of this infectious agent will allow the implementation of preventive measures and better decision making by the responsible organizations.

Matrices ATJ, herramientas para pronosticar la validez de un resultado científico en la Cultura Física / Matrizes ATJ, ferramentas para prever a validade de um resultado científico na Cultura Física / ATJ Matrices, tools for predicting the validity of a scientific result in Physical Culture

RESUMEN Los métodos de pronósticos en la actualidad son utilizados para realizar la estimación de ocurrencia de un resultado esperado, es decir, ofrecen la probabilidad de presentación de una cualidad o proceso, sin embargo, su utilización resulta aún insuficiente en el contexto de la Cultura Física, por lo que aportar un nuevo método y su metodología de aplicación, reviste importancia como un proceso de filtración cualitativo. El objetivo del presente artículo se enmarca en exponer las matrices ATJ como herramientas para el pronóstico de la validez de un resultado científico en la Cultura Física. Para lograrlo, se emplearon métodos, tales como: sondeo de opinión, entrevista no estructurada, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, análisis de fuentes bibliográficas, sistémico-estructural-funcional, criterio de especialistas y estadístico-matemático. Como resultado preliminar, se logra obtener un arreglo matricial denominado ATJ, donde se declaran cuatro matrices que responden a dimensiones; cada una con sus respectivos indicadores y se brindan escalas valorativas que posibilitan obtener un criterio evaluativo final. El procedimiento que se proporciona al investigador para la aplicación del arreglo matricial es de fácil comprensión y posibilita el trabajo cualitativo para la obtención del resultado esperado.

RESUMO Os métodos de previsão são atualmente utilizados para estimar a ocorrência de um resultado esperado, ou seja, oferecem a probabilidade de apresentação de uma qualidade ou processo. Contudo, a sua utilização é ainda insuficiente no contexto da cultura física, pelo que o fornecimento de um novo método e a sua metodologia de aplicação é importante como um processo de filtragem qualitativa. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as matrizes ATJ como instrumentos para prever a validade de um resultado científico na Cultura Física. Para o conseguir, foram utilizados métodos tais como: sondagem de opinião, entrevista não estruturada, analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo, análise de fontes bibliográficas, sistémico-estrutural-funcional, critérios especializados e estatístico-matemático. Como resultado preliminar, obtém-se uma matriz com a designação ATJ, onde são declaradas quatro matrizes que respondem a dimensões; cada uma com os seus respectivos indicadores e escalas de avaliação que tornam possível obter um critério de avaliação final. O procedimento fornecido ao investigador para a aplicação da matriz é fácil de compreender e permite trabalhar qualitativamente para obter o resultado esperado.

ABSTRACT The methods of prognosis are currently used to estimate the occurrence of an expected result, ie, offer the probability of presentation of a quality or process, however, its use is still insufficient in the context of physical culture, so provide a new method and its application methodology, is important as a qualitative filtering process. The aim of this article is to present the ATJ matrices as tools for the prognosis of the validity of a scientific result in Physical Culture. To achieve it, methods such as: opinion poll, unstructured interview, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, analysis of bibliographic sources, systemic-structural-functional, specialists' criteria and statistical-mathematical were used. As a preliminary result, it is possible to obtain a matrix arrangement called ATJ, where four matrices that respond to dimensions are declared; each one with its respective indicators and valuation scales that make it possible to obtain a final evaluation criterion. The procedure provided to the researcher for the application of the matrix arrangement is easy to understand and enables qualitative work to obtain the expected result.

An easy and robust method for the isolation of high quality RNA from coconut tissues

BACKGROUND: Coconut tissues consist of a complex network of polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, and lipids that can bind to nucleic acids and pose difficulty in isolation. Certainly, a vigorous method is required to isolate high quality and quantity of RNA from such tissues for the purpose of downstream experiments. In this paper, we discuss a newly developed method for the Isolation of RNA from Complex Matrices (IRCM) method from coconut tissues. RESULTS: The method is robust, cheap, and efficient for the extraction of quality RNA in high quantities from the solid endosperm of stored and fresh coconut (150 µg/g FW with A260/280 = 1.89 and 247.5 µg/g FW with A260/280 = 1.91), coconut apple (263.8 µg/g FW with A260/280 = 1.97), and coconut bud (1052.5 µg/g FW with A260/280 = 2.00). The other well established methods, such as Method of RNA Isolation from Palm (MRIP), Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), TRIZOL, and RNA plant kit failed to isolate quality RNA in appreciable quantities from the coconut tissues. Furthermore, the resultant RNA performed well in the downstream experiment, that is, RT-PCR for the production and amplification of cDNA. CONCLUSIONS: From the study, we concluded that the present method will play a vital role in the extraction of high quality RNA from complex matrices in a short time.

Prueba de interacción en el análisis molecular de varianza / Test of interaction in the analysis of molecular variance

La diversidad genómica, expresada en las diferencias entre haplotipos moleculares de un conjunto de individuos, puede dividirse en componentes de variabilidad entre y dentro de algún factor de clasificación de los individuos. Para tal partición de varianzas, se usa análisis molecular de la varianza (AMOVA), el cual se construye a partir de las distancias multivariadas entre pares de haplotipos. El AMOVA clásico permite evaluar la significancia estadística de dos o más factores jerárquicos y consecuentemente no existe prueba de interacción entre factores. Sin embargo, existen situaciones donde los factores que clasifican a los individuos están cruzados y no anidados, es decir todos los niveles de un factor se encuentran representados en cada nivel del otro factor. Este trabajo propone una prueba estadística para evaluar la interacción entre factores cruzados en un AMOVA No-Jerárquico. La hipótesis nula de interacción establece que las diferencias moleculares entre individuos de distintos niveles de un factor son las mismas para todos los niveles del otro factor que los clasifica. La propuesta de análisis de interacción de factores a partir de distancias en un AMOVA No-Jerárquico comprende: cálculo de la matriz de distancia y partición de la misma en bloques, posterior cálculo de residuos y análisis de varianza no-paramétrico sobre los residuos. Su implementación es ilustrada en escenarios simulados y real. Los resultados sugieren que la prueba de interacción propuesta para el AMOVA No- Jerárquico presenta alta potencia.

The genomic diversity, expressed in the differences between molecular haplotypes of a group of individuals, can be divided into components of variability between and within some factor of classification of the individuals. For such variance partitioning, molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) is used, which is constructed from the multivariate distances between pairs of haplotypes. The classical AMOVA allows the evaluation of the statistical significance of two or more hierarchical factors and consequently there is no interaction test between factors. However, there are situations where the factors that classify individuals are crossed rather than nested, that is, all the levels of a factor are represented in each level of the other one. This paper proposes a statistical test to evaluate the interaction between crossed factors in a Non-Hierarchical AMOVA. The null hypothesis of interaction establishes that the molecular differences between individuals of different levels of a factor are the same for all the levels of the other factor that classifies them. The proposed analysis of interaction in a Non- Hierarchical AMOVA includes: calculation of the distance matrix and partition of it into blocks, subsequent calculation of residuals and analysis of non-parametric variance on the residuals. Its implementation is illustrated in simulated and real scenarios. The results suggest that the proposed interaction test for the Non-Hierarchical AMOVA presents high power.

Efetividade das coberturas e agentes tópicos de matriz no tratamento de úlceras de perna: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Effectiveness of coverings and topical matrix agents in the treatment of leg ulcers: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumo: As úlceras vasculogênicas (venosas, arteriais e mistas) são um tipo de ferida crônica, apresentam altos índices de prevalência e incidência mundial, são recorrentes, alteram a qualidade de vida, são susceptíveis a complicações, como a infecção, e geram altos custos para os prestadores de serviço. Em feridas crônicas os altos níveis de metaloproteinases, na fase inflamatória, destroem as proteínas essenciais para a formação da matriz extracelular (MEC), impedem a aderência das células, a angiogênese, a MEC degrada-se e retarda a cicatrização. As tecnologias de matriz estimulam os componentes ou substituem a matriz extracelular danificada, para otimizar a cicatrização. Esta revisão sistemática (RS) objetivou sintetizar as evidências da diversidade das tecnologias de matriz (origem, fonte e composição), aplicadas como coberturas e agentes tópicos, no tratamento de úlceras vasculogênicas, em adultos, a partir dos 18 anos, em qualquer ambiente de cuidado. Os desfechos foram: cicatrização, tempo para completar a cicatrização, infecção, redução da área, dor e qualidade de vida. Foram seguidas as recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs, o protocolo foi publicado (JBISRIR-2017-003400R1) e registrado no PROSPERO (CRD42018100125). Incluíram-se ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR), publicados em inglês, português e espanhol, a partir de 1960. Os estudos foram identificados por meio da busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, WEB OF SCIENCE; banco de teses e dissertações e plataformas de registros de ECR. A qualidade da evidência foi classificada com base no sistema GRADE. Identificaram-se 992 estudos, após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade por dois revisores independentes; 41 estudos foram incluídos, desses 7 inclusos à metanálise. Os produtos de matriz foram organizados em três categorias (Colágeno, Biocelulose e Outras matrizes) e dez subcategorias. No desfecho cicatrização, comparado à cobertura não-aderente, na subcategoria colágeno humano, a metanálise favoreceu o grupo colágeno humano de camada dérmica, porém, sem significância estatística (RR=1,21; IC95%:0,91-1,60; p=0,20), heterogeneidade baixa (I2= 28%). Na subcategoria colágeno suíno, o percentual de cicatrização foi, significativamente, maior para o grupo colágeno suíno (RR=1,57; IC95%:1,18-2,09; p=0,002), heterogeneidade baixa (I2=0%). Na subcategoria biocelulose bacteriana, houve diferença significativa no percentual de cicatrização entre os grupos, porém, sem significância estatística (RR=0,74; IC:95%:0,37-1,48; p=0,39), heterogeneidade baixa (I2=0%). No desfecho infecção, na subcategoria colágeno humano, o resultado da metanálise favoreceu o colágeno humano, porém, sem significância estatística (RR=0,92; IC 95%:0,64-1,31; p=0,64), heterogeneidade baixa (I2=0%). Embora as matrizes tenham demonstrado superioridade, em alguns dos demais desfechos, como: tempo para completar a cicatrização, redução da área, dor e qualidade de vida, as evidências ainda são limitadas ou muito limitadas, em decorrência de viés metodológico e imprecisão, levando à certeza baixa ou muito baixa, atribuídas aos estudos, conforme julgamento por meio do GRADE. Entretanto, não houve evidências que refutassem a aplicação dessas tecnologias de matriz nas úlceras vasculogênicas. Recomenda-se, dessa forma, a realização de novos estudos que poderão alterar a confiança na estimativa de efeito e, portanto, o grau de certeza destes achados.

Abstract: Vasculogenic ulcers (venous, arterial and mixed) are a type of chronic wound, presenting high prevalence rates and global incidence, they are recurrent, alter the quality of life, susceptible to complications, such as infection, and generate high costs for the service providers. In chronic wounds, high levels of metalloproteinases, in the inflammatory phase, destroy essential extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, impede cell adhesion, angiogenesis, ECM degrades and delays healing. Matrix technologies stimulate the components or replace the damaged extracellular matrix to optimize healing. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence of the diversity of matrix technologies (origin, source and composition), applied as topical coverages and agents in the treatment of vasculogenic ulcers in adults, from 18 years of age, in any care environment. The outcomes were: healing, time to complete healing, infection, reduction of area, pain and quality of life. The recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute were followed, the protocol was published (JBISRIR-2017- 003400R1) and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018100125). It were included Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, published from 1960. The studies were identified through the search in the databases MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, WEB OF SCIENCE; bank of theses, dissertations, and platforms of records of RTCs. The quality of the evidence was classified based on the GRADE system. Two independent reviewers identified 992 studies following the eligibility criteria; 41 studies were included, of these 7 included in the metaanalysis. The matrix products were organized into three categories (Collagen, Biocellulose and Other Matrices) and ten subcategories. In the outcome "healing", compared to the non-adherent coverages, in the subcategory human collagen, the meta- analysis favored the human collagen group of the dermal layer, but without statistical significance (RR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.91-1.60; p = 0.20), low heterogeneity (I 2 = 28%). In the subcategory pig collagen, the percentage of healing was significantly higher for the pig collagen group (RR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18-2.09, p = 0.002), low heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%). In the subcategory bacterial biocellulose, there was a significant difference in the percentage of healing between the groups, however, without statistical significance (RR = 0.74, CI: 95%: 0.37-1.48, p = 0.39), low heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%). In the outcome "infection", in the subcategory of human collagen, the results of the meta- analysis favored human collagen, but, without statistical significance (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.64-1.31, p = 0.64), heterogeneity low (I 2 = 0%). Although the matrices have shown superiority, in some of the other outcomes, such as: time to complete healing, reduction of area, pain and quality of life, the evidence is still limited or very limited, due to methodological bias and imprecision, leading to low or very low confidence, attributed to the studies, according to GRADE judgment. However, there was no evidence to refute the application of these matrix technologies in vasculogenic ulcers. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out new studies that may after the confidence in the effect estimate and, therefore, the degree of certainty of these findings.

Parental Education, Children’s Nutritional Status and Non-verbal Intelligence in Rural School-children

Objective: To assess non-verbal intelligence and its relationship with nutritional status,nutrient intakes and parents’ education in school-children. Methods: A cross-sectional,observational study was conducted in children between 6-11 years, without any knownchronic disorder or intellectual disability. Data were collected regarding parents’ education,anthropometry and dietary intakes. Non-verbal intelligence was assessed by Raven’sColoured Progressive Matrices (RCPM). Results: In 323 enrolled children (52.9% boys), asignificant positive association was observed between RCPM scores and parents’ education(father’s rs=0.14, mother’s rs=0.22), height Z-scores (rs=0.14) and dietary intakes of zinc(rs=0.14), iron (rs=0.12) and folate (rs=0.14). Conclusion: Height in normal range, higherzinc, iron and folate intakes, and parental higher educational levels were associated withhigher non-verbal intelligence scores

Preparation of five kinds of acellular fish skin matrices and in vitro toxicity analysis / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To explore the biological safety and compatibility of five kinds of acellular fish skin matrices, and to screen the materials meeting the criteria of biocompatibility. Methods Acellular fish skin matrices were prepared through decolorization, degreasing, decellularization and cross-linking using five kinds of fish skins leather jacket fish (Thamnaconus septentrionalis), black fish (Channa argus), eel (Anguillidae), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver crap (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). According to the national standard (GB/T 16886.5-2017), different concentrations (10 g/L and 100 g/L) of extracts of acellular fish skin matrices were prepared, and the CCK-8 assay was used to detect the in vitro toxicity of extracts of acellular fish skin matrices to human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The surface structures of different collagen membranes were observed under scanning electron microscopy. The H-E and Masson staining were used to observe whether the fish skin matrix materials were completely acellular. The human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured with the medium containing standard concentration of 100 g/L acellular fish skin matrix material extracts. The blood compatibility of the meterial was tested by hemolysis test. Live/Dead, TUNEL and flow cytometry were used to detect the cell survival and apoptosis levels. Results CCK-8 assay showed that the viability indexes of the cells co-cultured with the leather jacket fish and black fish skin acellular matrix material extracts were both 70% at the concentration of 10 g/L, and the other three materials were all 70%. At the concentration of 100 g/L, the viability index of the cells co-cultured with the leather jacket fish skin acellular matrix material extracts was 70%, and that with the black fish was 70%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the leather jacket fish skin acellular matrix materials had porous and compact structure inside, and black fish skin acellular matrix materials had smooth structure inside. The H-E staining and Masson staining showed that leather jacket fish and black fish skin acellular matrix materials were both acellular collagen fibers. The hemolysis rates (the national standard ≤5%) of leather jacket fish and black fish skin acellular matrix material extracts were (1.23±0.43)% and (6.35±0.47)%, respectively. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells survived well in the culture medium containing extracts of leather jacket fish skin acellular matrix material, but most cells died or apoptozed in the culture medium containing extracts of Black fish skin acellular matrix material. Conclusion The leather jacket fish decellularized skin matrix material has better biosafety and biocompatibility, and has the potential to be a scaffold material for tissue engineering.

Maintenance of hPSCs under Xeno-Free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions

Previously, the majority of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells have been derived on feeder layers and chemically undefined medium. Those media components related to feeder cells, or animal products, often greatly affect the consistency of the cell culture. There are clear advantages of a defined, xeno-free, and feeder-free culture system for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) cultures, since consistency in the formulations prevents lot-to-lot variability. Eliminating all non-human components reduces health risks for downstream applications, and those environments reduce potential immunological reactions from stem cells. Therefore, development of feeder-free hPSCs culture systems has been an important focus of hPSCs research. Recently, researchers have established a variety of culture systems in a defined combination, xeno-free matrix and medium that supports the growth and differentiation of hPSCs. Here we described detailed hPSCs culture methods under feeder-free and chemically defined conditions using vitronetin and TeSR-E8 medium including supplement bioactive lysophospholipid for promoting hPSCs proliferation and maintaining stemness.

Desempenho no teste de raven: diferenças entre crianças-adolescentes com transtorno do espectro autista e com dificuldades de leitura / Performance in raven's test: differences between children-adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and reading disabilities / Rendimiento en la prueba de raven: diferencias entre niños y adolescentes con trastorno del espectro autista y con dificultades de lectura

Esse estudo comparou o desempenho de crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) e com Dificuldades de Leitura (DL) no Teste de Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven (MPCR). Participaram 70 crianças e adolescentes, entre sete e 14 anos, com TEA (n = 16), com DL (n = 19) e com desenvolvimento típico (DT, n = 35). Controlando o efeito da idade, houve desempenho superior do grupo TEA na Parte A do MPCR. O grupo DL apresentou desempenho inferior aos demais grupos na Parte A e no escore total do teste se comparado ao grupo DT. O desempenho do grupo TEA foi discutido a partir da Teoria da Fraca Coerência Central, enquanto o desempenho do grupo DL, a partir da hipótese dos múltiplos déficits na dislexia e considerando o impacto do menor acesso a materiais escritos nas habilidades visuoespaciais. Estudos dessa natureza podem auxiliar na caracterização cognitiva de crianças/adolescentes com TEA e com DL. (AU)

This study compared the performance of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Reading Disabilites (RD) in the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrix Test (RCPM). A total of 70 children and adolescents aged 7 to 14 years, with ASD (n=16), with RD (n=19) and with typical development (TD, n=35) participated. Controlling the effect of age, the results indicated superior performance of the ASD group. The DL group presented inferior performance than the other groups in Part A and in the total test score when compared to the DT group. The performance of the TEA group was discussed from the Theory of Weak Central Coherence, while the performance of the DL group, based on the hypothesis of multiple deficits in dyslexia and considering the impact of less access to written materials in visuospatial skills. Studies of this nature may help in the cognitive characterization of children / adolescents with ASD and DL. (AU)

Este estudio comparó el desempeño de niños y adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) y con Dificultades de Lectura (DL) en la prueba de Matrices Progresivas Coloreadas de Raven (MPCR). Participaron 70 niños y adolescentes, entre siete y 14 años, con TEA (n =16), con DL (n=19) y con desarrollo típico (DT, n=35). Controlando el efecto de la edad, los resultados indicaron desempeño superior del grupo TEA. El grupo DL presentó desempeño inferior a los demás grupos en la Parte A y en la puntuación total de la prueba en comparación con el grupo con DT. El desempeño del grupo TEA fue discutido a partir de la Teoría de la Coherencia Central Débil, mientras que el desempeño del grupo DL, a partir de la hipótesis de los múltiples déficits en la dislexia y considerando el impacto del menor acceso a materiales escritos en las habilidades visuoespaciales. Los estudios de esta naturaleza pueden ayudar en la caracterización cognitiva de niños / adolescentes con TEA y con DL. (AU)

The effect of mechanical stretching stress on the proliferation, apoptosis of degenerative disc nucleus pulposus cells and expression of extracellular matrix / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To observe in vitro the effect of mechanical stress at different intensities on the pro-liferation, apoptosis and extracellular matrix of degenerative human nucleus pulposus cells. Methods The cells were isolated and cultured in vitro, and divided into a control group, a low-intensity group, a medium-intensity group and a high-intensity group. The low-, medium- and high-intensity groups were stretched mechanically by 1000 μ, 2000μor 4000μrespectively for 6 hours using a four-point bending system, while the control group was not stressed. Flow cytometry was used to explore any changes in the cell cycle and the proliferation index ( PI) . The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA) , B-cell lymphoma-2 ( BCL-2)/Bax, collagen II and aggrecan were meas-ured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions. Results The mechanical stretching significantly influ-enced proliferation, apoptosis and the extracellular matrices compared with the control group. The PI and PCNA ex-pression increased at first and then decreased gradually with the exercise intensity. Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression level of Bcl-2/Bax increased significantly to 1.53 times that of the control group after 1000 μstretching, but to only 0.71 times that of the control group at 2000μand 0.43 times at 4000μ. The gene expression of collagen II increased significantly by 1. 1 times and that of aggrecan by 1. 3 times after 1000 μ stress stimulation compared with the control group ( P≤0.05) . However, the expression of collagen II and aggrecan was inhibited sig-nificantly at 2000 and 4000 μ , with the lowest levels at 4000 μ (P≤0.05). Conclusion Stretching at different intensities has different effects on the proliferation, apoptosis and extracellular matrix of human pulposus cells with degenerate nuclei.

Matrices de tercera generación en la ingeniería de tejidos ósea / Third-generation matrices in bone tissue engineering

Existen numerosas patologías que generan situaciones invalidantes debido a problemas asociados a nivel de defectos óseos. Esto genera, en muchas oportunidades, cuestiones sanitarias de alto impacto. La ingeniería de tejidos óseos pretende generar propuestas novedosas para reparar pérdidas o fracturas óseas, promoviendo regenerar el tejido mediante el implante de matrices biodegradables que puedan actuar como estructuras para la adhesión celular, favoreciendo el crecimiento y la diferenciación hasta formar hueso de novo. El incremento notable de los conocimientos en las áreas biotecnológicas, de síntesis química, así como de biomedicina, permiten el desarrollo de numerosos tipos de matrices de tercera generación, biodegradables y no tóxicas, con características que proponen sean consideradas en la regeneración tisular ósea. Este trabajo intenta resumir los tipos de matrices que mayor impacto han tenido hasta el momento en la medicina regenerativa ósea, mostrando los casos más relevantes de resultados experimentales y clínicos, y propone algunas perspectivas que se deberían considerar para poder aplicarlas a la práctica clínica. Esta es un área que invita a los investigadores a posicionarse en un pensamiento complejo desde el punto de vista científico-filosófico. (AU)

There are several pathologies that generate disability due to complications associated with bone defects. This often generates high impact health troubles. Bone tissue engineering aims to generate novel means to repair bone loss or bone fractures, promoting tissue regeneration through the implantation biodegradables scaffolds, which can act as structures for cell adhesion, that promts cell growth and differentiation for the novo bone formation. The remarkable for the novo bone formation in biotechnology, chemical synthesis, and biomedical knowledge allows the development of numerous types of third generation scaffolds, applied to promote bone tissue regeneration. This brief report aims to review the scaffolds that have had more impact in bone regenerative medicine so far, describing the most relevant experimental and clinical results. This is an area that invites researchers to situate themselves in a complex thought of scientific-philosophical point of view. (AU)

A matriz ferencziana de adoecimento psíquico e seus ecos: Balint e Winnicott / La matriz ferencziana de la enfermedad psíquica y sus ecos: Balint y Winnicott / The Ferenczian matrix of psychic illness and its echoes: Balint and Winnicott / La matrice ferenczienne de ce qui entraine une maladie psychique et ses échos chez Balint et Winnicott

A partir d'une comparaison proposée par Robert Hinshelwood parmi des concepts formulés par Bion et Winnicott, je suggère que les divergences indiquées par l'analyste anglais se doivent à la présence chez ces deux psychanalystes de deux matrices distinctes de ce qui entraine une maladie psychique: la matrice freudienne-kleinienne domine la pensée de Bion, tandis que telle matrice, bien que présente, n'est ni exclusive ni prédominante chez Winnicott ou chez Balint. Chez ceux-ci il y a une forte présence de la matrice ferenczienne pour la compréhension des processus qui entrainent une maladie. Le texte, en acceptant une suggestion d'André Green, cherche à caractériser les deux matrices et à démontrer que la matrice ferenczienne crée un langage clinique sous-jacent aux pensées de Balint et de Winnicott. Bien que ce langage supplée la matrice freudienne-kleinienne sans la remplacer, il ouvre un nouvel horizon pour penser la psychopathologie.

The author starts from Robert Hinshelwood's comparison between some of Bion's and Winnicott's similar concepts. The author suggests that the differences the English analyst has pointed out are regarding two different matrices of psychic illness, which are respectively found in Bion's and Winnicott's thinking. While the Freudian-Kleinian matrix has dominated Bion's thinking, this matrix, even being also present, has been neither exclusive nor dominant in Winnicott's and Balint's thinking. In these authors' work, the Ferenczian matrix has been widely used for understanding processes of illness. This paper, by following André Green's suggestion, attempts to characterize the two already mentioned matrices as well as to demonstrate that the Ferenczian matrix has created a clinical legacy. This legacy underlies Balint's and Winnicott's thinking. Despite supplementing the Freudian- -Kleinian matrix without replacing it, the Ferenczian matrix opens a new horizon to think about psychoanalytic psychopathology.

A partir de una comparación que Robert Hinshelwood propone entre conceptos formulados por Bion y Winnicott, sugiero que las divergencias señaladas por el analista inglés se deben a la presencia en estos dos psicoanalistas de dos matrices diferentes para pensar el proceso de la enfermedad psíquica: la matriz freudo-kleiniana domina el pensamiento de Bion, mientras que tal matriz, a pesar de estar presente, no es ni exclusiva ni dominante en Winnicott y en Balint. Estos comprenden el proceso de la enfermedad a partir de una fuerte presencia de la matriz ferencziana. El texto, aceptando una sugerencia de André Green, trata de caracterizar las dos matrices y mostrar que la matriz ferencziana crea un linaje clínico que es subyacente a los pensamientos de Balint y de Winnicott. Aunque suplemente la matriz freudo-kleiniana sin sustituirla, abre un nuevo horizonte para pensar la psicopatología.

A partir de uma comparação proposta por Robert Hinshelwood entre conceitos formulados por Bion e Winnicott, sugiro que as divergências apontadas pelo analista inglês devem-se à presença, nesses dois psicanalistas, de duas matrizes distintas de adoecimento psíquico: a matriz freudo-kleiniana domina o pensamento de Bion, e, embora presente, não é nem exclusiva nem dominante em Winnicott e Balint. Nestes há uma forte presença da matriz ferencziana na compreensão dos processos de adoecimento. O texto, aceitando uma sugestão de André Green, procura caracterizar as duas matrizes e mostrar que a matriz ferencziana cria uma linhagem clínica que subjaz aos pensamentos de Balint e Winnicott. Ainda que ela suplemente a matriz freudo-kleiniana sem substituí-la, abre um novo horizonte para pensar a psicopatologia.