Cinética de fermentação ruminal das silagens de três híbridos de milho comerciais em diferentes estádios de maturação / Ruminal fermentation kinetics of corn silages from three commercial hybrids at different maturation stages

Foi avaliada a cinética de fermentação ruminal in vitro de três híbridos comerciais de milho (BRS 1035, BRS 1031 e BRS 1001) colhidos em três estádios de maturidade (pastoso, farináceo e farináceo-duro). Após 96 horas de fermentação, não houve diferença na PCG entre as silagens dos híbridos colhidos nos diferentes estádios de maturidade (P>0,05). O potencial máximo de produção de gases das silagens de todos os híbridos reduziu com o avançar da maturidade da planta, sendo a variação encontrada de 259,3 a 280,0mL/g de matéria seca (MS). Os valores de tempo de colonização variaram de 0h06min a 1h54min. Para as silagens dos híbridos BRS 1035 e BRS 1001, houve aumento no tempo de colonização com o avançar da maturidade da planta. Para as silagens do híbrido BRS 1031, houve aumento dos valores de tempo de colonização quando a planta avançou do estádio pastoso para farináceo, e reduziu quando a maturidade alcançou o estádio farináceo-duro. A taxa fracional de produção de gases "µ" variou entre 0,03mL/h a 0,05mL/h. Com o avançar da maturidade fisiológica, as silagens dos híbridos BRS 1035 e BRS 1001 apresentaram aumento nos valores de µ; já para as silagens do híbrido BRS 1031, os valores de µ aumentaram quando o estádio de maturidade avançou de pastoso para farináceo, e reduziu para farináceo-duro. Os valores das degradabildades efetivas foram superiores para as silagens dos diferentes híbridos colhidas no estádio pastoso. As degradabilidades da MS com o tempo de fermentação de 96 horas variaram de 70,1 a 76,4%. A silagem do híbrido BRS 1035 apresentou melhor valor nutricional quando colhida no estádio pastoso de maturidade. Já a silagem do híbrido BRS 1031 apresentou valor nutricional superior no estádio farináceo, enquanto a silagem do híbrido BRS 1001 apresentou melhor valor nutricional no estádio farináceo-duro.

The in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics of three commercial corn hybrids (BRS 1035, BRS 1031 and BRS 1001) harvested at three maturity stages (soft dough, floury and hard-floury) were evaluated. After 96 hours of fermentation there was no change in the cumulative gas production (GPC) among silages harvested for all hybrids (P>0.05). The silages maximal degradation potential for all hybrids decreased with advanced maturity stages, and ranged from 259.32 to 279.96mL/g of dry matter. The lag values ranged from 0h 06min to 1h 54min. For silages from the BRS 1035 and BRS 1001 hybrids, there was an increase in lag with advancing plant maturity. For silage from the BRS 1031 hybrid, the lag values increase when the plant moved of soft dough stage to floury, and was reduced to hard-floury stage. The fractional rate of gas production µ ranged from 0.0292mL/h to 0.0447mL/h. With advancing physiological maturity stages, the hybrids BRS 1035 and BRS 1001 showed an increase in the µ values, since for silage from the BRS 1031 hybrid, the value of µ increased when the maturity stage progressed from soft dough to floury, and reduced to hard-floury. The values of effective degradability were higher for silages from different hybrids harvested at soft dough. The dry matter degradability (DMD) in the fermentation time of 96 hours ranged from 70.14 to 76.40%. The silage from the BRS 1035 hybrid showed better nutritional value when harvested in the soft dough stage of maturity. The silage from the BRS 1031 hybrid showed highest nutritional value at the floury stage, while the silage from the BRS 1001 hybrid showed better nutritional value in the hard-floury stage.

Escala de madurez gonadal del jurel Trachurus murphyi Nichols 1920

El presente trabajo describe la escala de madurez gonadal macroscópica del jurel Trachurus murphyi Nichols 1920, validada con estudios microscópicos y en uso en Perú. La escala consta de seis estadios de maduración para hembras y machos, que van desde el estadio 0 (virginal) al estadio V (recuperación en hembras, posexpulsante en machos). Para el estudio, se contó con 350 ejemplares provenientes del plan de seguimiento de la pesquería pelágica y de cruceros de evaluación de recursos pelágicos; dichos ejemplares fueron colectados desde el 2006 al 2009. La escala cataloga a los individuos virginales en el denominado estadio 0, lo cual permite la separación práctica entre juveniles (estadio 0) y adultos (estadios I a V). Se discute las bondades de la escala validada para el jurel T. murphyi, la cual se compara con otras escalas de madurez propuestas para especies de la misma familia. El análisis de las características microscópicas de los ovarios confirman la tipificación de desove parcial ya descrita por otros autores.

This paper describes the macroscopic scale of gonad maturity stages of Jack mackerel Trachurus murphy Nichols 1920, validated by microscopic studies, and being used in Peru,. A scale of six maturity stages are identified for females and males, ranging from stage 0 (virgin) to stage V (recovery in females, post-spermiation in males). The gonads of 350 specimens were analyzed. These specimens were collected as part of a pelagic fishery monitoring programme and during pelagic stock assessment surveys between 2006 and 2009. Virgin individuals are classified as stage 0 (virgin), which draws the distinction between (non-reproductive) juveniles and (reproductive) adults in stages I to V. The advantages of using the validated stages of gonad development of Jack mackerel T. murphyi are discussed and are compared to other scales of maturity stages proposed for other species in the same family. The analysis of the microscopic characteristics of the ovaries confirms that Jack mackerel is a batch spawner, which has already been described by other authors.

Comparación entre el estado de maduración del fruto de café (Coffee arabica L.), el contenido de antocianinas y su capacidad antioxidante / Comparison between the level of maturation of the coffee fruit (Coffee arabica L.), and the contents of anthocyanins and their antioxidant capacity

Introducción: la piel o pericarpio del café que define su estado de madurez y calidad, es prácticamente lignocelulosa y no tiene ningún valor comercial, no obstante podría considerarse como una fuente importante de compuestos antioxidantes, sobre todo de antocianinas. Objetivos: comparar el potencial antioxidante del pericarpio del fruto de café en diferentes estados de maduración con respecto al contenido de antocianinas. Métodos: la piel del fruto del café liofilizada en cinco estados de maduración se sometió a extracciones sólido-líquido con metanol acidulado; se determinó el contenido de antocianinas por el método diferencial de pH y el potencial antioxidante se evaluó sobre la base de los métodos de DPPH (catión radical a-a-difenil-ß-picrilhidrazilo), ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) y FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power). Resultados: la muestra de granos sobremaduros presentó un contenido de antocianinas 63,14 mg cianidin-3-glucósido/L. Este valor resulta de 2 a 18 veces mayor con respecto a los otros estados de maduración. No obstante, el estado "pintón" fue el que mostró una mayor capacidad antioxidante (³ 2-5 veces), en todos los métodos evaluados, lo cual sugiere una mayor presencia de otros componentes con actividad antioxidante durante esta etapa de maduración. Conclusiones: todos los extractos presentaron buena capacidad antioxidante, por lo tanto, aquellos frutos que no sean empleados para la industria de consumo de café pueden ser usados como fuente de antioxidantes, independiente de su estado de maduración.

Introduction: the maturity and quality of the coffee beans is defined by the color of its outer and often edible layer (pericarp), and this tissue is mainly lignocellulose without any commercial value; however it could be considered as a source of important antioxidant compounds, mostly anthocyanins. Objectives: to compare the antioxidant potential of the pericarp of the coffee bean at different states of maturation in terms of the content of anthocyanins. Methods: lyophilized and powered pericarp of Coffee arabica on different stages of maturation underwent solid-liquid extractions with acidulated methanol and total anthocyanins content was determined by pH differential method; the antioxidant potential was evaluated by using DPPH (radical cathion a-a-diphenyl-ß-picrylhydrazyl, ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) tests. Results: the sample from over-matured coffee beans showed a content of anthocyanins equal to 63.14 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/L, which is 2 to 18 times higher than that of other maturation states. Nevertheless, the "pintón" stage demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity (³ 2-5 times) in all the evaluated methods. This indicates the presence of additional components with antioxidant power during this maturation stage. Conclusions: all the extracts showed significant antioxidant capacity, therefore, the undesired fruits to coffee industry may be used as a source of antioxidant compounds regardless of their maturity stage.

Estructura de tallas de tortuga pico de loro Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) en Tumbes, Perú

En el presente trabajo se analizó la estructura de tallas de ejemplares de tortuga pico de loro Lepidochelys olivacea, varados y capturados incidentalmente en las playas de Tumbes, Perú (3º389,5"S - 80º362,48"W y 3º5721,3"S - 80º5745,72"W), desde noviembre de 2006 a octubre de 2011. El área de estudio se dividió en tres zonas contiguas, limitadas por las quebradas más activas (Bocapán, El Rubio y Peña Negra). Se registraron 39 ejemplares (74,4% varados y 25,6% capturados incidentalmente), cuyas tallas variaron de 45 a 75 cm LCC (62,5±5,7 cm LCC). El 64,1% correspondió a individuos sub-adultos (<65 cm LCC; n = 25). Espacialmente la mayor cantidad de registros ocurrieron en las zonas 3 y 2, en las cuales porcentajes superiores al 60% se consideraron sub-adultos; mientras que en la zona 1, el 83% fue adulto. Temporalmente en la época lluviosa se registró la mayoría de las observaciones (59%), en la cual el 78,3% de ejemplares se consideró sub-adulto; siendo mayor que en la época seca (43,8%). Las tallas presentaron diferencias significativas entre zonas y épocas climáticas. Se corroboró el patrón de distribución latitudinal por estados de madurez aparente (más adultos en el norte). La presencia del componente adulto indicaría que el litoral de Tumbes sería una potencial zona de anidamiento de L. olivacea, con mayores probabilidades de ovoposición en época seca, corroborada por los eventos de anidamiento recientes.

In this paper we analyzed the size structure of Olive Ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea, from individuals stranded and incidentally caught in beaches of Tumbes, Peru (3º389.5"S - 80º362.48"W; 3º5721.3"S - 80º5745.72"W), since November 2006 to October 2011. The study area was divided into three contiguous areas, which were limited by the most active streams (Bocapan, El Rubio and Peña Negra). There were 39 individuals (74.4% stranded and 25.6% caught incidentally), with sizes ranged from 45 to 75 cm CCL (62.5±5.7 cm CCL). 64.1% was considered sub-adult individuals (<65 cm CCL, n= 25). Spatially the largest number of records occurred in zones 3 and 2, in which percentages above 60% were considered sub-adults, while in zone 1, 83% was adult. Temporarily in the rainy season were registered the majority of the observations (59%), in which 78.3% of specimens was sub-adult, being higher than in the dry season (43.8%). Sizes showed significant differences between zones and climatic seasons. It was confirmed the latitudinal distribution pattern by apparent maturity stages (more adults in the north). Adults occurrences suggest that Tumbes coast would be a potential nesting area of L. olivacea, most likely to oviposit in dry season, it which is supported by recent nesting events.