Effects of live attenuated measles vaccine Hu191 strain on epithelial mesenchymal transition,proliferation and migration of 4T1 breast cancer cells / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To investigate the effects of live attenuated measles vaccine Hu191 strain(MV-Hu191)on epithelial mesenchymal transition(EMT),proliferation and migration of 4T1 breast cancer cells.MethodsCCK-8 and clone formation assay were used to analyze the effect of MV-Hu191 on the proliferation of 4T1 cells;The effect of MV-Hu191 on 4T1cell migration was analyzed by cell scratch test;The expression of EMT pathway proteins(MMP-2,MMP-9,E-cadherin)in4T1 cells was detected by Western blot;4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model was established in female BALB/c mice. The model mice were divided into control group(PBS),MV-Hu191(1 × 106TCID50)group and paclitaxel group(15 mg/kg),with 10 mice in each group,and injected into tumor at the dosage of 100 μL every 2 d for 5 times. At 28 d after administration,the effects of MV-Hu191 on survival time,tumorigenicity and metastasis in vivo were observed;The pathological characteristics of lung tissue and tumor tissue were observed by HE staining under microscope;The expression of EMT pathway proteins(MMP-2,MMP-9 and E-cadherin)in tumor tissue was detected by immunohistochemical staining.Results The results of in vitro experiment showed that,compared with the control group,MV-Hu191 inhibited the proliferation and migration of 4T1 cells(F = 2. 811 and 13. 535,P = 0. 001 and 0. 002,respectively),down regulated the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9(F = 45. 433 and 9. 744,P = 0. 011 and 0. 038,respectively),and up regulated the expression of Ecadherin(F = 7. 001,P = 0. 032);The results of in vivo experiment showed that MV-Hu191 significantly prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing mice,and decreased the tumor quality(F = 8. 301,P = 0. 003)and the number of pulmonary nodules metastasis compared with the control group(F = 33. 792,P = 0. 000);MV-Hu191 treated tumor tissue gap was small,the cells were round,and the alveolar contour was clearly visible;The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in MVHu191 treated tumor tissue decreased significantly(F = 6. 705 and 9. 047,P = 0. 028 and 0. 023,respectively),while the expression of E-cadherin increased significantly(F = 3. 468,P = 0. 039).ConclusionMV-Hu191 signi-ficantly inhibits the proliferation and migration of 4T1 breast cancer cells,antagonizes the tumorigenicity and lung meta-stasis of 4T1 tumorbearing mice,and prolongs the survival time of mice. The possible mechanism of MV-Hu191 against breast cancer is closely related to the regulation of EMT pathway protein expression.

Vaccination With Routine Childhood Vaccines and Severity of COVID-19 Among Children in Delhi

Objective: To study the association between routine childhood vaccination and the severity of COVID-19 among children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 141 children (aged ?15 years), tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: COVID-19 severity (combined moderate and severe) was significantly more in males (14.5%) than females (3.8%), and in those who did not receive first and second dose of MR vaccine (57.1%, and 40%, respectively) than who received (6.3%, and 6.1%, respectively). Disease severity was more in partially immunized children (16.7%) as compared to fully immunized children (7.0%). Conclusions: Children who did not receive both doses of MR vaccine had a severe infection when compared to those who were vaccinated.

Sarampión en Latinoamérica: un análisis de tendencia y red de colaboración científica en los últimos 20 años / Measles in Latin America: a trend analysis and scientific collaboration network in the last 20 years

Con el objetivo de analizar la contribución científica de las publicaciones sobre sarampión y representar gráficamente las redes de colaboración entre países durante los últimos 20 años, se realizó un estudio bibliométrico entre 1999 y 2018 de revistas indexadas en Scopus. Se analizaron datos de producción anual y se representó gráficamente un análisis de co-ocurrencia de producción y colaboración entre países utilizando VOSviewer. Se registraron 587 documentos entre los 1999 y 2018, con tendencia estacionaria; el promedio de publicaciones anual fue de 29 documentos (rango 13-44), siendo el 72,4 por ciento artículos originales. Los países Brasil (53,3 por ciento ) y México (17,5 por ciento ) tuvieron mayor productividad y colaboración, principalmente con Estados Unidos y Reino Unido. La investigación sobre sarampión en Latinoamérica presenta una tendencia estacionaria. Brasil y México fueron los países con más publicaciones y tienen mayores redes de colaboración científica con Estados Unidos y Reino Unido(AU)

With the objective of analyzing the scientific contribution of measles publications and graphing the collaboration networks between countries during the last 20 years. A bibliometric study was conducted between 1999 and 2018 of journals indexed in Scopus. Annual production data were analyzed and a co-occurrence analysis of production and collaboration between countries using VOSviewer was plotted. 587 documents were registered between 1999 and 2018, with a steady trend, the average of annual publications was 29 documents (range 1-44), being 72.4 percent were original articles. The countries of Brazil (53.3 percent) and Mexico (17.5 percent) had greater productivity and collaboration mainly with the United States and the United Kingdom. Measles research in Latin America presents a stationary trend. Brazil and Mexico were the countries with more publications and have greater networks of scientific collaboration with the United States and the United Kingdom(AU)

Epidemiological characteristics of measles before and after aarge scale supplementary immunization activities in Minhang District of Shanghai / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objectives Comparative analysis on epidemiological characteristics of measles in Minhang District before and after Large scale supplementary immunization activities of measles containing vaccine(MCV) in 2010. Methods Measles incidence data of MCV-SIA in 2010 and the first five years before 2010 (from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2009), the next five years (from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015) and the second five years (from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020) after were collected. Descriptive epidemiological method was used for comparative analysis. Results The incidence rate of measles in Minhang District, Shanghai after MCV-SIA in 2010 showed a significant downward trend, The average annual incidence (per 100 0000) in the first 5 years before 2010 was 155.96, SIA was 30.08,The next five years was 29.52, The second five years was 2.84,There was statistical difference in the annual incidence rate between the four groups.（χ2=3165.821，P2=1.646，P=0.223）The proportion of 8-month-old children under the age of MCV decreased from 15.46% in the first five years of MCV-sia to 5.88%,In the second five years after MCV-sia, the proportion of 10-14 age group increased from 7.81% to 13.83%, The susceptible population of measles before MCV-SIA was less than 8 month old and under the age of MCV initial immunization, no migrant workers with no history of immunization and adults with registered residence. Once there is a source of infection, it is easy to cause the spread of the epidemic. After MCV-SIA, foreign students in international schools and nonworking population became the focus of measles. Of the 95 cases in which measles virus genotypes were available in the next five years, 2 (2.11%) were A genotype, and 93 (97.89%)were the indigenous H1 genotype ; Of the 7 cases in which measles virus genotypes were available in the second five years,7 (100%)were the indigenous H1 genotype . Conclusions After MCV-SIA, the comprehensive measles prevention and control measures can effectively control the incidence and prevalence of measles in Minhang District. But circulation of the indigenous H1 genotype was not interrupted, the work of normalization measures to eliminate measles also needs to cooperate with many departments to strengthen the prevention and control measures of measles in foreign schools and the nonworking population.

"Si hay un riesgo, quiero poder elegir": gestión y percepción del riesgo en los movimientos de reticencia a la vacunación italianos / "If there is a risk, I should have a choice": Risk management and risk perception in Italian vaccine hesitancy movements

RESUMEN En Italia, la aplicación de la obligatoriedad de las vacunas infantiles en 2017 ha sido una consecuencia de la consolidación de la reticencia a la vacunación, un fenómeno que se ha difundido en mayor medida a partir del despliegue de las redes sociales. Este artículo plantea la gestión y percepción del riesgo sobre las vacunaciones infantiles a través del análisis de los contenidos online compartidos por parte de los movimientos de reticencia italianos, realizado entre diciembre de 2019 y abril de 2020. Los resultados señalan que estos movimientos actúan una reinterpretación del riesgo, de la evidencia científica y de la responsabilidad parental sobre todo a través de una presupuesta correlación entre vacuna antisarampión y autismo. Las limitaciones de las decisiones políticas en tema de vacunas se deben a la aplicación de estrategias de carácter punitivo, como sanciones administrativas y exclusión del registro de médicos, que expresan ideas "no vax", factores que pueden aumentar la desconfianza en la clase política y la medicina.

ABSTRACT In Italy, the passing of mandatory pediatric vaccinations in 2017 was a consequence of increasing vaccine hesitancy in the country, a phenomenon that has largely spread on social networks. This article examines risk management and risk perception regarding pediatric vaccinations through an analysis of online content shared by Italian vaccine hesitancy movements between December of 2019 and April of 2020. Results show that these movements carry out a reinterpretation of risk, scientific evidence, and parental responsibility, especially with regard to the alleged correlation between the measles vaccine and autism. The limitations of political decisions surrounding vaccines are due to the application of punitive measures such as administrative penalties and licensing bans for doctors who express "anti-vax" ideas, aspects which may increase distrust towards the political establishment and the medical profession.

Caracterización epidemiológica y clínica de pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados con sarampión

El sarampión en una enfermedad prevenible por vacuna cuya eficacia es de aproximadamente 95 %. La recomendación es vacunar al año de edad y entre 4 y 6 años. El resurgimiento ocurre en zonas con baja cobertura vacunal. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados con sarampión. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, prospectivo y descriptivo incluyendo pacientes ingresados al Hospital de Niños "J.M. de los Ríos" (Caracas, Venezuela) en el primer cuatrimestre 2018 con evidencia clínica de sarampión. Se registraron datos epidemiológicos, manifestaciones clínicas y evolución. Resultados: Se incluyeron 46 pacientes. Los lactantes fueron los más afectados: mayores 41,3 % (n=19) y menores 30,4 % (n=14). El 56,5 % (n=26) procedía del municipio Libertador (Distrito Capital). El 94,7 % (n=18) de los pacientes mayores de un año no tenía vacuna y 65,2 % (n=30) desconocía la fuente de infección. El 93,5 % (n=43) recibió un promedio de seis meses de lactancia materna; 69,6 % (n=32) tenía nutrición normal. El 100 % tuvo evolución clínica dermatológica y respiratoria típica. La diarrea ocurrió en 47,8 % (n=22) y las manchas de Koplik en 23,9 % (n=11). Las complicaciones se presentaron en 87 % (n=40); la más frecuente fue neumonía 80,4 % (n=37). No hubo casos de encefalitis. Cuatro pacientes (8,7 %) requirieron cuidados intensivos, tres de los cuales fallecieron (6,5 %). El diagnóstico se realizó de forma clínica-serológica en 24 % (n=11) Conclusiones: El 94,7 % de pacientes mayores de un año no tenía vacuna. El 72 % fueron lactantes. El 69,6 % tenía estado nutricional normal. El 80,4 % presentó neumonía. La mortalidad ocurrió en el 6,5 %.

Measles in a disease preventable by vaccine whose efficacy is approximately 95 %. The recommendation is to vaccinate at one year of age and between 4 and 6 years. The resurgence occurs in areas with low vaccination coverage. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients hospitalized with measles. Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective and descriptive study was performed, including patients admitted to Children's Hospital "J.M. de los Ríos" (Caracas, Venezuela) in the first four-month period of 2018 with clinical evidence of measles. Epidemiological data, clinical manifestations and evolution were recorded. Results: 46 patients were included. Infants were the most affected: greater 41.3 % (n = 19) and lower 30.4 % (n = 14). 56.5 % (n = 26) came from the Libertador municipality (Capital District). 94.7 % (n = 18) of patients older than one year did not have a vaccine and 65.2 % (n = 30) did not know the source of infection. 93.5 % (n = 43) received an average of six months of breastfeeding; 69.6 % (n = 32) had normal nutrition. 100 % had typical dermatological and respiratory clinical evolution. Diarrhea occurred in 47.8 % (n = 22) and Koplik's spots in 23.9 % (n = 11). Complications occurred in 87 % (n = 40); the most frequent was 80.4 % pneumonia (n = 37). There were no cases of encephalitis. Four patients (8.7 %) required intensive care, three of whom died (6.5 %). The diagnosis was made clinically-serologically in 24 % (n = 11) Conclusions: 94.7 % of patients older than a year I did not have a vaccine. 72 % were infants. 69.6 % had normal nutritional status. 80.4 % had pneumonia. Mortality occurred in 6.5 %.

Impact of university attributes on measles vaccination in universities and colleges in China / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand reason for the difference of supplementary immunization activities (SIA) using measles-containing vacline (MV) among different types of universities in China.@*Methods@#Ten universities from one city were selected by using purposive sampling method. Qualitative interviews were conducted on the implementation of MV SIA in universities, and the differences of measles vaccination and the reasons were analyzed.@*Results@#The MV vaccination rates in the 10 universities in 2017 were 54%, 96%,95%,97%,81%,93%,13%,12%,10% and 21% respectively.The rate of four-year universities was higher than that of three-year colleges; and the rate of public universities was higher than that of private schools; the rate of provincial universities was higher than that of central government administered universities; the vaccination rates also vary within central government administered universities.The level, ownership and affiliation of colleges and universities led to the differences in medical qualification, administrators’ risk perception of disease and vaccines, and the relationship between the schools and local CDC, which in turn affected the implementation of vaccination in universities.@*Conclusion@#The different attributes of universities are the fundamental reasons that lead to the differences in the rate of MV SIA in Chinese universities. It is suggested that the differences of university attributes should be considered in the process of implementation of the policy of immunization in universities.And the vaccination policy in universities should be strengthened, the risk communication of universities, especially private universities, should be improved, and the working relationship of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education should be enhanced.

Influencing factors for measles vaccine immunization among health care workers in Hangzhou / 预防医学

Objective To determine factors influencing the immunization of measles vaccine(MV) among health care workers in Hangzhou, and to provide recommendations to promote their MV immunization. Methods In 2016, we used typical sampling method to select 2 general hospitals of 3 different levels, 1 infectious diseases hospital and 1 children's hospital, and interviewed health care workers in high and low measles risk departments to investigate their MV immunization by using a structured questionnaire. Factors influencing their immunization were analyzed by logistic regression model. Results A total of 141 of 349 health care workers investigated had MV immunization history, and the MV immunization coverage rate was 40.40%.The logistic regression analysis showed that working in low measles risk department(OR=1.91, 95%CI: 1.20-3.04) was risk factors for MV immunization, and having confidence with the effectiveness of MV(OR=0.40, 95%CI: 0.21-0.78) . Knowing the "measles vaccination suggestion" (OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.28-0.91) and the hospital had organized measles vaccination for health care workers in recent years(OR=0.35, 95%CI: 0.22-0.57) were protective factors for MV immunization. Conclusions Health care workers in Hangzhou had low MV coverage but high willingness. We should enhance education activity of MV immunization and organize measles vaccination for health care worker at regular intervals by hospitals to increase the MV coverage.

Lessons learnt from a measles outbreak in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, June 2014 – March 2015

Objective: This study examined measles vaccine wastage during an outbreak response in Madang Province of Papua New Guinea from June 2014 to March 2015. Methods: Vaccine wastage was defined as the number of doses received by a health centre minus the total number of doses administered during and returned following the outbreak vaccination campaign. Vaccine data were collected from the Provincial Health Information Office, the Provincial Vaccine Store register and clinic and health centre immunization registers for calculating the vaccine wastage. Interviews were conducted with all 48 health centres involved in the outbreak response using a structured questionnaire to explore the reasons for vaccine wastage. Results: Of the 154 110 doses issued by Madang Province during the outbreak, a total of 85 236 (55%) doses were wasted. The wastage varied by district from 31% to 90%. The total cost of the vaccine wastage was estimated to be 589 810 Kina (US$ 196 604). None of the health centres maintained vaccine stock registers. Most health centres indicated multiple failures in cold chain logistics. Almost 40% of health centres reported incorrectly diluting vaccines. The same percentage of health centres reported using incorrect injection techniques. Discussion: Regular audits of cold chain logistics, staff training and improved processes for recording vaccine administration and wastage will decrease vaccine wastage during vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks and also benefit routine immunization activities.

Influence factors of untimely inoculation of measles vaccine among children of Enping / 实用医学杂志

Objective To know the influence factors of untimely inoculation of measles vaccine among children of Enping, so as to provide scientific evidence for infectious diseases control. Method Cluster sampling was used and children from 2 towns of Enping were surveyed for their status of measles immunization and other information related to the immunization. Results The results indicated that the coverage rate of measles vaccine (MV) was 92.03%, and the untimely coverage rate was 36.20%. There were no statistical difference between local children and migrant children , urban children and rural children , as well as male children and female children. The results of multi-variate Logistic analysis suggested that the main factors that could decrease the untimely coverage rate of MV were inoculation appointment (OR = 0.415), vaccination health education (OR=0.385), guardians′ education (OR = 0.393) and guardians′ EPI knowledge (OR=0.472). The main factors that could increase the untimely coverage rate of MV were children′s suffering from diseases (OR=2.376) and egg allergy (OR=2.476). Conclusion Greater attention should be paid on measles immunization among children of Enping, which should be noticed and dealt with by proper authorities.

Effectiveness analysis on measles supplementary immunization for students of primary and middle schools in Hongkou District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective] To analyze the effect of enhanced immunization for school-age children in Hongkou District of Shanghai in immunology and epidemiology . [ Methods] One month after completing immunization, the blood antibody titers were measured by ELISA method , and compared with the those of non-enhanced immunization , for epidemiological survey were collected history of measles immunization and close contact with the measles . [ Results] It could not be thought that strengthening immunization im-proved antibody positivity rate , the protection rate , and geometric antibody average concentrations .There was not statistical difference in antibody levels between measles vaccination 2 times and 3 -4 times. [ Conclusion] In the regions where routine immunization rates reach a high level , strengthening immuni-zation done on large scale is a waste of vaccine resources , human resources and financial resources , and leak re-vaccination should be done as a cost-effective preventive measure .

Measles Outbreak among the Dukpa Tribe of Buxa Hills in West Bengal, India: Epidemiology and Vaccine Efficacy.

Although measles is a vaccine preventable disease, its occurrence and outbreaks are common in India. Four remote and inaccessible hamlets, inhabited by the Dukpa tribe, at Buxa Hills under Kalchini Block of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal experienced a measles outbreak during the months of April-June, 2011. The authors conducted an investigation to assess vaccine coverage, vaccine effi cacy (VE) and to describe the patterns of measles outbreaks in this community. The over-all attack rate was 14.3%; that among males and females were 12.6% and 16.0% respectively (P = 0.189). Attack rate was highest (40%) in 0 to <5 years followed by that in the 5 to <15 years (36.5%). VE was 66.3% (95% of the confi dence interval 46.9-78.6%). There is an urgent need to increase the vaccination coverage through special tactics for reaching the unreached.

Factors Influencing Childhood Immunization in Uganda.

This paper investigates the factors associated with childhood immunization in Uganda. We used nationallyrepresentative data from Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) of 2006. Both bivariate and multivariate approaches were employed in the analysis. The bivariate approach involved generating average percentages of children who were immunized, with analysis of pertinent background characteristics. The multivariate approach involved employing maximum likelihood probit technique and generating marginal effects to ascertain the probability of being immunized, given the same background characteristics. It revealed that slightly over 50% of children in Uganda were fully immunized. Additionally, 89%, 24%, 52%, and 64% received BCG, DPT, polio and measles vaccines respectively. Factors which have a significant association with childhood immunization are: maternal education (especially at post-secondary level), exposure to media, maternal healthcare utilization, maternal age, occupation type, immunization plan, and regional and local peculiarities. Children whose mothers had post-secondary education were twice as likely to be fully immunized compared to their counterparts whose mothers had only primary education (p<0.01). Thus, gender parity in education enhancement efforts is crucial. There is also a need to increase media penetration, maternal healthcare utilization, and to ensure parity across localities and regions.

Factors affecting compliance with the measles vaccination schedule in a Brazilian city / Fatores que afetam a adesão ao calendário de vacinação contra o sarampo numa cidade brasileira

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The success of vaccination campaigns depends on the degree of adherence to immunization initiatives and schedules. Risk factors associated with children's failure to receive the measles vaccine at the correct age were studied in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case-control and exploratory study, in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. METHODS: The caregivers of 122 children were interviewed regarding their perceptions and understanding about the measles vaccination and the disease. RESULTS: The results showed that age, region of residence, marital status and education level were unrelated to taking measles vaccines adequately. Most individuals remembered being informed about the last annual vaccination campaign by television, but no communication channel was significantly associated with vaccination status. The answers to questions about knowledge of the disease or the vaccine, when analyzed alone, were not associated with taking measles vaccinations at the time indicated by health agencies. The results showed that, when parents felt sorry for their children who were going to receive shots, they delayed the vaccination. Most of the children did not take the measles vaccination on the exactly recommended date, but delayed or anticipated the shots. CONCLUSION: It is clear that there is no compliance with the government's recommended measles vaccination schedule (i.e. first dose at nine and second at 15 months of age, as recommended in 1999 and 2000). Feeling sorry for the children receiving shots can delay vaccination taking.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O sucesso das campanhas de vacinação depende da adesão às iniciativas e ao calendário de imunização. Fatores de risco associados com não tomar a vacina contra o sarampo na idade recomendada foram estudados na cidade de São Paulo. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo caso-controle e exploratório, realizado na área metropolitana de São Paulo. MÉTODO: Cuidadores de 122 crianças foram entrevistados sobre sua percepção e compreensão sobre a vacina contra o sarampo e sobre a doença. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que idade, região de residência, status marital ou nível educacional não se relacionaram com a tomada adequada das vacinas contra o sarampo. A maioria dos indivíduos lembrou-se de ter sido informada sobre a última campanha nacional de vacinação na televisão, mas nenhum canal de comunicação se associou significativamente com o status vacinal. As respostas às questões sobre conhecimentos a respeito da doença e da vacina, quando analisadas em separado, não se associaram à tomada das vacinas nas datas indicadas pelas instituições de saúde. Os resultados mostraram que quando os pais sentiam dó ao verem os filhos tomando as injeções, eles atrasavam a vacinação por pelo menos 20 dias. A maioria das crianças não toma a vacina contra o sarampo exatamente no dia recomendado, mas atrasa ou antecipa as injeções. CONCLUSÃO: Esta claro que não há aderência ao calendário governamental recomendado de vacinação contra o sarampo (i.e. primeira dose aos 9 e segunda dose aos 15 meses de idade, como recomendado em 1999 e 2000). Sentir pena de ver a criança recebendo uma injeção pode atrasar a tomada da vacina.

Determining the potency of measles vaccine using plaque method

Background: Measles vaccine was the only vaccine in the expanded vaccination program still must be imported. Center for research and production of vaccines and biologicals \ufffd?Ha Noi was conducting the first stages of measles vaccine manufacturing technology transfer from the Kitasato Institute in Japan. The Center received semi-finished vaccine to set up finished vaccine production process as well as the testing process. Potency test and its consistency is very essential in quality control. Objectives: In order to identify standard potency assessment methods and potency of 13 lots of finished measles vaccine produced in Viet Nam from imported semi-finished products. Subjects and method: 13 lots of the finished vaccine were determined potency by plaque method based on 13 samples of semi-finished vaccine and the standard sample M16-6 had potency from 4.2 to 4.6 lg PFU/0.5 ml provided by the Kitasato Institute. Results: The result of 13 lots show that the reduction of potency during freeze-drying is within the range (0-0.76 lg); and 4 last consecutive lots are met WHO criteria on heat stability. Conclusion: This shows that the measles vaccine freeze-drying process in Vietnam was officially set up to use for the measles vaccine production in 2007.

Validity of Measles Immunization Certificates and Perception of General Practitioners Concerning Immunization Certificate

BACKGROUND: In Korea, the law reguires submission of immunization certificate to elementary school on admission since 2001 in order to prevent measles outbreaks such as those that occurred in the year 2000 and 2001. As a result, the submission rate of immunization certificate has been almost 99%. To that effect it seems to have been a very successful policy. But the validity and accuracy of such certificates have not been guestioned. This study aimed to assess the validity of the measles immunization certificates and general practitioners' perception of the law to submit immunization certificate. METHODS: A postal survey was conducted from April to May 2005 among general practitioners who were pediatricians and family physicians. The main questions were the method to confirm childrens' past vaccination and the proportion of doing booster vaccination, and also their opinions on governments' policy to extend the submission of immunization certificate on school admission. RESULTS: The total study subjects were 840. The proportion of issued immunization certificates based on exact vaccination records or booster vaccination was 98.7%. The opinions concerning the law to submit immunization certificates were: very necessary (88.8%), and should include all children basic immunization (62.8%). On the other hand, the most common reason against the law was that they did not feel the necessity (31.4%). CONCLUSION: The validity of immunization certificates was very high. The opinions concerning the law to submit immunization certificates were favorable in most subjects. And mutual understanding between the general practitioners and the government is in demand before the law to submit immunization certificates becomes effect.

Reacciones tempranas en escolares vacunados con antisarampionosa en aerosol / Early reactions in vaccinated scholastics, with anti-measles by aerosol

A raíz de la epidemia de sarampión que afectó al país, se tomó la decisión de ampliar la cobertura de vacunación a grupos etáreos escolares, los más afectados en dicha epidemia. La vacunación con técnica en aerosol, permitió optimizar la vacuna, el tiempo de aplicación y los recursos humanos. En Tabasco se vacunaron 208 045 niños; y se realizó una encuesta en la jurisdicción de Jalpa de Méndez a 6 738 niños vacunados, para conocer las reacciones postvacunales una semana después de haber inhalado la vacuna. En los resultados encontrados, en 1844 niños hubo diversos signos y síntomas, que no representan un riesgo para la aplicación de la técnica en aerosol.

In view of the measles epidemic that affected the country, a resolution was taken to enlarge the extent of vaccination range in school age groups, which were the most affected in such epidemic. The vaccination with the aerosol method, allowed the optimization of the vaccine, the aplication time, and the human resources. There were 208 045 scholastics vaccinated in Tabasco, a survey was per­formed in the jurisdiction of Jalpa de Mendez with 6 738 vaccinated children in orden to find out the postvaccina­tion reactions a week after the vaccine was inhalated. It was found in 1 844 children, that there were different signs and symptoms that did not represent a risk for the application of the aerosol method.

Effect of repeated measles vaccine injection on interleukin-12, interleukin-13 levels in asthmatic children / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM and METHODS: To study the immunological effect of measles vaccine therapy on asthmatic children, we examined the changes of interleukin-12 , interleukin-13 and total serum IgE levels in plasma and cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) supernatant by means of ELISA in 13 mild-moderate asthmatic children treated with measles vaccine. Results were compared with 12 anti-symptomatic treatment mild-moderate asthmatic children and 17 normal children control group. RESULTS:After measles vaccine treatment, IL-13 and total serum IgE levels decreased remarkably, statistically lower than that of group receiving only anti-symptomatic treatment. There was no statistical difference in IL-12 level between the two group. Correlation analysis: 1)IL-12 level of plasma was negatively correlated to the level of serum total IgE, there was no correlation of supernatant IL-12 in PBMC to the total serum IgE; 2)IL-13 levels in plasma and PBMC were positively correlated to the level of total serum IgE; 3) IL-12 level was negatively correlated to IL-13. CONCLUSION: Measles vaccine could down-regulate IL-13 level, therefore decrease total IgE synthesis, but not affect IL-12 level in asthmatic children.