ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Common bile duct (CBD) stones are known to complicate 10-15% of gallstone diseases. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the therapeutic modality of choice for bile duct clearance in CBD stones but may fail to achieve stone clearance. This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP. Objective: This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP. Methods: All consecutive patients with bile duct stones undergoing ERCP at a tertiary care center were prospectively included from October 2020 to October 2021. The study's primary outcome was to identify and analyze factors that could predict the failure of complete CBD clearance. Results: A total of 120 patients (50.8% males, median age: 53.5 years) were included in the final analysis. Successful clearance of CBD stones during the index procedure was achieved in 70% of patients. At a cut-off stone diameter of >10.5 mm and CBD diameter of >12.5 mm, the AUC was 0.890 and 0.884, respectively, to predict failed clearance of CBD. On multivariate analysis, stone diameter ≥15 mm [odds ratio (OR) 16.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.629-176.785], location of stones in hepatic ducts (OR 7.74, 95%CI: 2.041-29.332), presence of stricture distal to stone (OR 6.99, 95%CI: 1.402-34.726) and impacted stone (OR 21.61, 95%CI: 1.84-253.058) were independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. Conclusion: Stone size and location are independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. The endoscopist should consider these factors while subjecting a patient to biliary ductal clearance to plan additional intervention.
RESUMO Contexto: Cálculos do ducto biliar comum (CDC) são conhecidos por complicar 10-15% das doenças de cálculos biliares. A colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) é a modalidade terapêutica de escolha para a limpeza do CDC, mas pode falhar na sua remoção. Objetivo: Este estudo prospectivo foi realizado para identificar os previsores de falha na limpeza do CDC com CPRE. Métodos: Pacientes consecutivos com cálculos no ducto biliar submetidos a CPRE em um centro de atendimento terciário foram incluídos prospectivamente de outubro de 2020 a outubro de 2021. O principal resultado do estudo foi identificar e analisar fatores que poderiam prever a falha na limpeza completa do CDC. Resultados: Um total de 120 pacientes (50,8% homens, idade média: 53,5 anos) foram incluídos na análise final. A limpeza bem-sucedida dos cálculos de CDC durante o procedimento inicial foi alcançada em 70% dos pacientes. Com um diâmetro de corte de cálculos >10,5 mm e de diâmetro de CDC de >12,5 mm, a AUC foi de 0,890 e 0,884, respectivamente, para prever a falha na limpeza do CDC. Na análise multivariada, diâmetro da cálculos ≥15 mm [razão de chances (OR) 16,97, intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC): 1,629-176,785], localização dos cálculos nos ductos hepáticos (OR 7,74, IC95%: 2,041-29,332), presença de estreitamento distal ao cálculo (OR 6,99, IC95%: 1,402-34,726) e cálculo impactado (OR 21,61, IC95%: 1,84-253,058) foram previsores independentes de falha na limpeza do ducto biliar. Conclusão: O tamanho e a localização dos cálculos são previsores independentes de falha na limpeza do ducto biliar. O endoscopista deve considerar esses fatores ao submeter um paciente à limpeza ductal biliar para planejar intervenção adicional.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: cerca del 10% al 15% de los pacientes con coledocolitiasis presentan cálculos gigantes, definidos como aquellos que miden más de 10 mm a 15 mm. La extracción de estos puede ser problemática, aun para endoscopistas experimentados. Casi todos los pacientes con esta patología pueden ser tratados endoscópicamente, y la mayoría de los cálculos son removidos con la realización de esfinterotomía (EFT), litotripsia mecánica (LM) o dilatación papilar con balón grande (DPBG). La DPBG ha demostrado ser efectiva en el manejo del cálculo gigante y disminuye la necesidad de LM. Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de coledocolitiasis gigante en el Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana (HUS) entre el 2009 y el 2014, la frecuencia de éxito endoscópico y la necesidad de manejo quirúrgico, además de evaluar los factores asociados con el uso de litotripsia en casos de cálculos gigantes de la vía biliar. Materiales y métodos: el presente es un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes con cálculos gigantes, definidos como cálculos mayores de 10 mm en pacientes llevados a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) en el HUS entre 2009 y 2014. Los casos fueron los pacientes a quienes se les realizó litotripsia y, los controles, quienes no requirieron este procedimiento. Los resultados se presentan como medias o medianas, y se indican sus respectivas medidas de dispersión para las variables continuas, según pruebas de normalidad o como frecuencias y porcentajes para las variables categóricas. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística con el principal objetivo de determinar los factores asociados con litotripsia, en el que se incluyeron las variables biológicamente plausibles o que, estadísticamente, mostraron diferencias en el análisis bivariado (p<0,200). Los resultados se presentan como odds ratios (oportunidad relativa) ajustados (ORA). Resultados: entre 2009 y 2014, se realizaron un total de 1403 CPRE, de las cuales 198 (14,1%) tuvieron presencia de cálculos gigantes. Fue más frecuente la coledocolitiasis gigante en el sexo femenino que en el masculino. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 66,6 años. El diámetro promedio del colédoco fue de 18 mm, y el diámetro promedio de los cálculos fue de 18 mm. Al 99% de los pacientes se les realizo EFT, el 28% requirió LM, al 48% se les realizo DPBG, el 5,5% requirió LM y DPBG, y el 30,8% requirió el avance de prótesis biliar y más de una CPRE para la resolución de la coledocolitiasis. En el 89,9% de los casos, el manejo endoscópico fue exitoso. El 10,1% requirió cirugía. En el 9,0% de los casos, se presentaron complicaciones (6 pancreatitis, 7 sangrados, 2 impactaciones de canastilla y 1 perforación). En el análisis bivariado, la DPBG fue un factor protector del requerimiento de LM (ORA 0,07-IC del 95% 0,025-0,194), y el tamaño del colédoco es un predictor del requerimiento de LM (p<0,05). Conclusiones: en nuestra serie, la prevalencia de coledocolitiasis gigante y el éxito del manejo endoscópico es similar a la reportada en la literatura. La EFT, la LM y la DPBG fueron efectivas en el manejo de los cálculos gigantes. El tamaño del colédoco es un predictor de requerimiento de LM y la DPBG disminuyó el requerimiento de LM.
Abstract Introduction: About 10% to 15% of patients with choledocholithiasis develop a giant calculus, defined as one that measures more than 10 mm to 15 mm. Removal of these stones can be problematic even for experienced endoscopists. Almost all patients with this pathology can be treated endoscopically: most are removed with sphincterotomies, mechanical lithotripsy (ML) or large balloon papillary dilatation (LBPD). LBPD has been shown to be effective in handling giant calculi and decreases the need for ML. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of giant choledocholithiasis at HUS between 2009 and 2014, the frequency of successful endoscopic treatment, and the frequency of surgery in these cases. We also evaluated factors associated with the use of lithotripsy to remove giant biliary calculi. Materials and Methods: This study is a case-control study of patients who had giant calculi and underwent ERCP at the HUS between 2009 and 2014. Calculi larger than 10 mm were defined as giant. Cases were patients who underwent lithotripsy while controls were those who did not require lithotripsy. The results for continuous variables are presented as means or medians and their respective measures of dispersion while results for categorical variables are presented according to tests of normality or as frequencies and percentages. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with lithotripsy. Biologically plausible variables and those that had statistically significant differences in the bivariate analysis (p <0.200) were included. The results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (ORA). Results: Between 2009 and 2014, a total of 1403 ERCPs were performed. Giant calculi were found in 198 (14.1%) of these procedures. Giant choledocholithiasis was more common in female patients than in male patients. The patients' mean age was 66.6 years. The average diameter of the common bile duct was 18 mm, and the average diameter of the stones was 18 mm. Ninety-nine percent of these patients underwent sphincterotomies, 28% required ML, 48% underwent LBPD, 5.5% required ML and LBPD, and 30.8% required biliary stents and more than one ERCP for the resolution of choledocholithiasis. In 89.9% of cases, endoscopic management was successful. Only 10.1% of the total number of patients required surgery. Complications occurred in 9.0% of the cases: 6 cases of pancreatitis, 7 cases of bleeding, 2 impacted cannula and 1 perforation. In the bivariate analysis, LBPD was a protective factor against the need for ML (ORA 0.07-IC 95% 0.025-0.194) and choledochal size was a predictor a need for MM (p <0.05). Conclusions: In our series the prevalence of giant choledocholithiasis and the success of endoscopic management are similar to those reported in the literature. Sphincterotomies, ML and LBPD were effective for managing giant calculi. Choledochal size is a predictor of a need for ML while performance of LBPD decreased the need for ML.
Subject(s)
Choledocholithiasis , Lithotripsy , Bile Ducts , DilatationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Various anatomical features of the biliary tree affect ability to remove difficult common bile duct (CBD) stones. In this study, we evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the endoscopic treatment of stones in stemware-shaped CBDs. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with a stone and a stemware-shaped CBD who were treated at different tertiary referral centers from January 2008 to December 2012 were studied retrospectively. When stone removal failed, percutaneous or direct peroral cholangioscopic lithotripsy, endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage, or surgery was performed as a second-line procedure. RESULTS: The overall success rate of the first-line procedure was 41.2%. Five of the 34 patients (14.7%) experienced procedure-related complications. No procedure-related mortality occurred. Mechanical lithotripsy was required to completely remove stones in 13 patients (38.2%). Conversion to a second-line procedure was required in 20 patients (58.8%). Mechanical lithotripsy was needed in 75% and 66.7% of those with a stone size of or =1 cm, respectively. Stone recurrence occurred in two patients (9.1%) after 6 months and 27 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic treatment of stones in a stemware-shaped CBD is challenging. The careful assessment of difficult CBD stones is required before endoscopic procedures.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde/adverse effects , Choledocholithiasis/complications , Common Bile Duct/anatomy & histology , Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/adverse effects , Lithotripsy/adverse effects , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: We evaluated the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) for large common bile duct (CBD) stone removal compared with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). METHODS: A total of 1,580 patients who underwent endoscopic CBD stone extraction between January 2001 and July 2010 were reviewed. The following inclusion criteria were applied: choledocholithiasis treated by EPLBD with minor EST or EST with mechanical lithotripsy; and follow-up >9 months after treatment. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients with EPLBD and 41 with EST were compared. There was no significant difference in the complication rates and stone recurrence rates between the two groups. However, significantly more endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) sessions were required in the EST group to achieve the complete removal of stones (1.7 times vs 1.3 times; p=0.03). The mean cost required for complete stone removal per patient was significantly higher in the EST group compared to the EPLBD group (USD $1,644 vs $1,225, respectively; p=0.04). Dilated CBD was the only significant factor associated with recurrent biliary stones (relative risk, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.17; p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: EPLBD is the better treatment (compared to EST) for removing large CBD stones because EPLBD requires fewer ERCP sessions and is less expensive.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde , Choledocholithiasis/economics , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Dilatation/economics , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Secondary Prevention , Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic/economicsABSTRACT
Se presenta el caso clínico de un anciano de 75 años de edad, operado desde hacía 18 meses por presentar colelitiasis sintomática, quien acudió al cuerpo de guardia del Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba con dolor en hipocondrio derecho de tipo cólico biliar, intenso y con aparición posprandial tardía, acompañado de náuseas, vómitos, íctero verdínico, coluria, hipocolia e inapetencia. Los exámenes complementarios efectuados confirmaron el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis de gran tamaño, por lo cual se le realizó colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, esfinterotomía endoscópica y litotricia mecánica dentro del lumen coledociano. Se extrajeron con éxito todos los fragmentos resultantes del cálculo y la evolución posoperatoria resultó favorable. El paciente egresó antes de las 24 horas de haber sido intervenido, fue reevaluado a los 5 días y se le dio el alta definitiva, totalmente asintomático
The case report of a 75 year-old man, surgically treated for 18 months due to a symptomatic cholelithiasis who attended the emergency room from Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, with pain in the right hypochondrium of intense biliary-colic type and with late postprandial occurrence, accompanied by nauseas, vomits, green jaundice, brown urine, hipocolia and inappetence is presented. Additional tests confirmed the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis of a great size, reason why he was surgically treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic sphincterotomy and mechanical lithotripsy inside the choledochal lumen. All the resulting fragments of the stones were successfully extracted and the postoperative clinical course was favorable. The patient was discharged before the 24 hours of the surgery, he was re-examined after 5 days and he was definitively discharged completely asymptomatic
Subject(s)
Aged , Choledocholithiasis/surgery , Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic/methods , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde/methodsABSTRACT
Since endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) is used to treat benign disease and as a substitute for conventional methods, such as endoscopic sphincterotomy plus endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy, we should aim for zero mortality. This review defines EPLBD and suggests guidelines for its use based on a review of published articles and our large-scale multicenter retrospective review.
Subject(s)
Lithotripsy , Retrospective Studies , Sphincterotomy, EndoscopicABSTRACT
Therapeutic endoscopy in patients with pancreas divisum has continued to evolve with the availability of minor papilla endoscopic sphincterotomy, stenting, or sphinteroplasty. A combination of a sphincterotomy followed by balloon/basket deployment and emergency mechanical lithotripsy had facilitated the removal of impacted or large stones in the pancreatic and biliary ducts. The impaction of the basket with captured stones or rupture of the basket traction-wire during mechanical lithotripsy are rare complications. We report the successful retrieval of a center-severed and impacted lithotomy basket in the duct of Santorini in a 47-year-old patient with pancreas divisum. Endobiliary biopsy forceps were introduced into minor papilla, the basket was drawn and the stone was removed successfully after 2 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report of the removal of a center-severed and impacted lithotomy basket in the pancreatic duct.
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Biopsy , Emergencies , Endoscopy , Lithotripsy , Pancreas , Pancreatic Ducts , Rupture , Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic , Stents , Surgical InstrumentsABSTRACT
In many cases where failure to remove the stone during mechanical lithotripsy occur, an emergency mechanical lithotriptor enabled the stone to be removed. Stones captured within an impacted basket are either crushed or the wires of the Dormia basket are broken to release the trapped basket. However, occasionally, emergent mechanical lithotripsy may be complicated by the impaction of a basket wire due to fracture of the traction wire during crushing of the stone. We report a novel method for retrieval of an entrapped Dormia basket fractured just outside the oral cavity during an attempt to use the emergent lithotriptor. This was done by introducing a second Dormia basket into the bile duct. After catching the knob of the impacted basket, the basket was then disengaged from the stone. The simplicity of this maneuver makes it a first line salvage technique to be used before subjecting the patient to more invasive techniques.