Complicações em cirurgias e procedimentos lipoaspirativos: uma revisão da literatura / Complications in surgeries and lipoaspirative procedures: a review of the literature / Complicaciones en cirugías y procedimientos lipoaspirativos: una revisión de la literatura

O atual estudo objetiva evidenciar as complicações surgidas a partir de uma cirurgia de lipoaspiração no que diz respeito aos seus impactos na saúde dos pacientes. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada por meio da pesquisa dos seguintes Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): complications and liposuction. Sendo selecionados artigos de 2019 a 2023 que foram publicados até o dia 26/05/2023, selecionando-se 22 artigos, dos quais foram excluídos 15 e restaram apenas 7 artigos revisados. Lipoaspiração se resume em uma técnica cirúrgica que é utilizada para a remoção dos depósitos de gordura, sendo que possui finalidade estética, no entanto este procedimento pode cursar com consequências danosas à saúde dos pacientes como tromboembolismo, sepse e dentre outros. Tendo em vista essas complicações, a melhor opção é o investimento na formação de profissionais de qualidade e uma maior fiscalização aos centros e salas cirúrgicas.

The current study aims to highlight the complications arising from liposuction surgery with regard to its impacts on patients' health. This is an integrative review, carried out through the research of the following Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS): complications and liposuction. We selected articles from 2019 to 2023 that were published until 26/05/2023, selecting 22 articles, of which 15 were excluded and only 7 revised articles remained. Liposuction is summarized in a surgical technique that is used for the removal of fat deposits, being that it has aesthetic purpose, however this procedure can occur with harmful consequences to the health of patients such as thromboembolism, sepsis and among others. In view of these complications, the best option is to invest in the training of quality professionals and greater supervision of the operating centers and operating rooms.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo destacar las complicaciones derivadas de la cirugía de liposucción con respecto a sus impactos en la salud de los pacientes. Se trata de una revisión integradora, realizada a través de una encuesta de los siguientes descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS): complicaciones y liposucción. Con los artículos seleccionados de 2019 a 2023 que se publicaron antes del 26/05/2023, se seleccionaron 22 artículos, de los cuales 15 quedaron excluidos y sólo quedaban siete revisados. La lipoaspiración se resume en una técnica quirúrgica que se utiliza para la remoción de depósitos de grasa, y tiene un propósito estético, aunque este procedimiento puede tener consecuencias perjudiciales para la salud de los pacientes como tromboembolismo, sepsis y otros. En vista de estas complicaciones, la mejor opción es invertir en la formación de profesionales de calidad y en una mayor supervisión de los centros y salas quirúrgicos.

Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview / Gestação de substituição comercial: Uma visão global

Abstract Objective Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. Methods This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. Results A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. Conclusion Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.

Resumo Objetivo A gestação de substituição é o processo no qual uma mulher engravida e entrega um bebê a outra pessoa ou casal, conhecidos como pais pretendidos. Quando as gestantes são pagas, isto é conhecido como gestação de substituição comercial. O objetivo do presente trabalho é rever os aspectos legais, éticos, sociais e culturais da gestação de substituição comercial, bem como o panorama atual em todo o mundo. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura publicada no século XXI sobre a gestação de substituição comercial. Resultados Um total de 248 artigos foi incluído nesta revisão. A demanda por tratamentos com gestação de substituição por mulheres sem útero ou com distúrbios uterinos importantes, homens solteiros e casais masculinos está aumentando constantemente em todo o mundo. Este tratamento reprodutivo tem dilemas éticos importantes. Além disso, a legislação é amplamente adiada em todo o mundo e está em constante mudança. Portanto, os pacientes procuram cada vez mais por tratamentos no exterior, o que pode levar a importantes problemas legais entre países com leis diferentes. A gestação de substituição comercial é praticada em vários países, na maioria dos quais não há legislação específica. Alguns países tomaram medidas restritivas contra esta técnica por causa de relatos de exploração destas mulheres. Conclusão A gestação de substituição comercial é uma prática comum, apesar de importantes dilemas éticos e legais. Como consequência de diversas legislações nacionais, os pacientes frequentemente recorrem a programas de gestação de substituição comercial internacionais. Atualmente, não existe um contexto jurídico internacional padrão e esta prática permanece em grande parte não regulamentada.

Sistema de indicadores para evaluar la calidad de los servicios generales de la Clínica Central Cira García / System of indicators to evaluate the quality of general services of Cira García Central Clinic

Introducción: En Cuba el sistema nacional de salud con acceso universal y cuidado de los individuos, la familia y la comunidad es una fortaleza reconocida internacionalmente. La Clínica Central Cira García es un centro de atención médica especializada de referencia internacional en la atención a pacientes extranjeros. Su calidad ha sido certificada por distintas organizaciones, no obstante, trabaja intencionadamente por elevar los estándares alcanzados. Objetivo: Proponer un sistema de indicadores para evaluar la calidad del subproceso servicios generales de la Clínica Central Cira García. Métodos: Se aplicaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, a través del análisis y la síntesis, el método sistémico-estructural-funcional y el análisis de contenido, se analizó la documentación existente relativa a la gestión de la calidad de la institución y en particular de servicios generales, se sistematizaron los resultados y se propuso el sistema de indicadores de calidad a evaluar. Se utilizaron la observación y la entrevista en la caracterización del funcionamiento de las distintas esferas de trabajo que comprende el subproceso servicios generales con lo que se obtuvieron criterios del público interno. Se aplicó una encuesta de satisfacción a pacientes no hispanohablantes de países desarrollados. Se trianguló la información y se detectaron las brechas de mejora. Resultados: Se propuso un sistema de cuatro dimensiones, 14 variables y 54 criterios para evaluar la gestión de calidad del subproceso servicios generales el cual prácticamente no era tomado en cuenta en los indicadores de calidad utilizados hasta el momento. En las encuestas de satisfacción la mayoría de los criterios establecidos recibieron niveles satisfactorios por al menos el 90 por ciento de los encuestados. El tiempo de espera para recibir la habitación y el dominio de idiomas fueron los criterios que mostraron mayor insatisfacción. Conclusiones: Para garantizar un turismo de salud competitivo que cumpla con las expectativas de pacientes que seleccionen con este fin el destino Cuba, se necesita contar con un sistema de indicadores para evaluar la calidad de los procesos no clínicos que apoyan el desarrollo de los procesos clave que puedan generalizarse a las instituciones que desarrollan turismo de salud(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, the national health system with universal access and care for individuals, the family and the community is an internationally recognized strength. Cira García Central Clinic is a specialized medical care center of international reference in the care of foreign patients. Its quality has been certified by different organizations, however, it intentionally works to raise the standards achieved. Objective: Propose a system of indicators to evaluate the quality of the sub-process called general services in Cira García Central Clinic. Methods: Theoretical and empirical methods were applied, through analysis and synthesis, the systemic-structural-functional method and content analysis, the existing documentation related to the quality management of the institution and in particular of general services was analyzed, the results were systematized and the system of quality indicators to be evaluated was proposed. Observation and interview were used in the characterization of the functioning of the different areas of work comprising sub-process called General Services, thus obtaining criteria from the internal public. A satisfaction survey was applied to non-Spanish-speaking patients from developed countries. Information was triangulated and improvement gaps were detected. Results: A system of four dimensions, 14 variables and 54 criteria was proposed to evaluate the quality management of the sub-process general services which was practically not taken into account in the quality indicators used so far. In the satisfaction surveys, most of the established criteria received satisfactory levels by at least 90percent of the respondents. The waiting time to receive the room and the mastery of languages were the criteria that showed the biggest dissatisfaction. Conclusions: To guarantee a competitive health tourism that meets the expectations of patients who select Cuba destination for this purpose, it is necessary to have a system of indicators to evaluate the quality of non-clinical processes that support the development of key processes that can be generalized to the institutions that develop health tourism(AU)

Emprendimiento médico y turismo de salud en Bucaramanga (Colombia) / Medical Enterprise and Health Tourism in Bucaramanga (Colombia) / Empreendedorismo em medicina e turismo de saúde em Bucaramanga (Colômbia)

Introducción. Los indicadores económicos y las perspectivas comerciales han promovido al turismo de salud sin considerar las perspectivas de desarrollo, mejora e internacionalización del sistema de salud por los médicos-empresarios de Bucaramanga. Objetivo. Identificar las perspectivas médico-empresariales de las instituciones hospitalarias de Bucaramanga que promueven el turismo de salud y bienestar como segmento de desarrollo empresarial y crecimiento socioeconómico. Método. Interpretación deductiva de los textos seleccionados a partir de la técnica de contraste documental, presentando un estado general del turismo de salud hasta precisar la experiencia en turismo médico de Bucaramanga. Temas tratados. En las perspectivas sectoriales se identifican las principales tipologías turísticas asociadas con la salud; en las perspectivas médicas se reafirman las tendencias históricas de atención en salud en las zonas francas de Bucaramanga. Conclusiones. El turismo de salud y bienestar antes que un producto estratégico de clase mundial es una alternativa de desarrollo para los profesionales de la salud, internacionalización de sus centros hospitalarios, adopción de estándares y protocolos estrictos para atender pacientes extranjeros y, oferta de innovaciones o servicios para el mejoramiento del sistema de salud pública de Colombia. Cómo citar: Pérez-Pinzón LR. Emprendimiento médico y turismo de salud en Bucaramanga (Colombia). MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 307-315. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3499

Introduction: Economic indicators and commercial perspectives have promoted health tourism without considering the local health care system's development, improvement and internationalization perspectives of Bucaramanga's doctor-entrepreneurs. Objective: To identify the medical-entrepreneurial perspectives of Bucaramanga's hospitals that promote well-being and health tourism as a business development and socioeconomic growth segment. Methodology: This is a deductive interpretation of the selected texts based on the documentary comparison technique, showing the general state of health tourism until Bucaramanga's medical tourism experience is specified. Topics Discussed: The main types of tourism associated with health are identified in sectorial perspectives. The historical health care trends in Bucaramanga's free trade zones are reaffirmed through medical perspectives. Conclusions: Well-being and health tourism, apart from being a world-class strategic product, it is an alternative for health care professionals' development, their hospitals' internationalization, adopting strict standards and protocols to attend foreign patients and offering innovations or services to improve Colombia's public health care system. Cómo citar: Pérez-Pinzón LR. Emprendimiento médico y turismo de salud en Bucaramanga (Colombia). MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 307-315. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3499

Introdução. Os indicadores econômicos e as perspectivas comerciais promoveram o turismo de saúde sem considerar as perspectivas de desenvolvimento, melhoria e internacionalização do sistema de saúde pelos médicos-empresários de Bucaramanga. Objetivo. Identificar as perspectivas da medicina empresarial nas instituições hospitalares de Bucaramanga que promovem o turismo de saúde e bem-estar como um segmento de desenvolvimento empresarial e crescimento socioeconômico. Métodos. Interpretação dedutiva dos textos selecionados a partir da técnica de análise documental, apresentando um estado geral de turismo de saúde até explicitar a experiência em turismo de saúde de Bucaramanga. Tópicos discutidos. Nas perspectivas setoriais foram identificadas as principais tipologias turísticas associadas à saúde; nas perspectivas da medicina foram reafirmadas as tendências históricas de atenção em saúde nas áreas francas de Bucaramanga. Conclusão. O turismo de saúde e bem-estar, além de ser um produto estratégico de classe mundial, é uma alternativa de desenvolvimento para os profissionais de saúde, para a internacionalização de seus centros hospitalares, a adopção de padrões e protocolos rígidos de atendimento a pacientes estrangeiros e para a oferta de inovações ou serviços para o melhoramento do sistema de saúde pública da Colômbia. Cómo citar: Pérez-Pinzón LR. Emprendimiento médico y turismo de salud en Bucaramanga (Colombia). MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 307-315. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3499

Research on the development status and suggestions of traditional Chinese medicine service trade in the United Arab Emirates / 国际中医中药杂志

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is an important partner in China's The Belt and Road initiative.It has a broad prospect of pharmaceutical market which is an important market for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)'s development.TCM has existed in UAE's market in a short time,so TCM service trade in UAE has the shortcomings of small scale of the consumption and a large number of unprofessional practitioners.But it also has advantages of the good traditional medicine's inter-communion between two countries and the university jointly organization of building hospitals of TCM.This article analysizes the market opportunities and potential risks traditional Chinese medicine in UAE's market,and puts forward to remote technical power development,medical tourism to stimulate consumption abroad,strengthens the cultural and research communication,sets up guidance department to accelerate the development process of Chinese medicine.

Study on the approach of promoting service trade of traditional Chinese medicine into Sri Lanka / 国际中医中药杂志

Sri Lanka and China enjoy profound traditional friendship and active bilateral friendly cooperation. With the deepening of bilateral FTA negotiations, service trade of traditional Chinese enters into Sri Lanka is also promising. Though the current policy and law exists insufficiency, leveraging the FTA negotiations, TCM-Center binding Confucius Institute, providing TCM features and developing tour routes of medical tourism can help to push service trade of traditional Chinese medicine into Sri Lanka. The development of overseas Chinese medicine health services is not only benefit to the local, but also contribute to the new pattern of Chinese economic reformation.

Current situation research on the development of traditional Chinese medicine service trade in Russia / 国际中医中药杂志

As the proceeding of the Belt and Road, TCM industry in Russia develops steadily. Acupuncture and Tuina therapies have been accepted by the local people, while Chinese medicine is still around the acceptance. Right now, Russian economy is on a recovering stage, so it's good time for TCM to carry service trading during this time. TCM development in Russia need to focus on the input of medical resources, managements and regulations, proceeding TCM teaching work and bringing along TCM service trade by acupuncture therapy.

A roadmap for achieving health equity in India: A proposed framework and assessment of the determinants of health equity

With the upcoming technical interventions in the health sector of India, India has been able to create a great scope for Medical Tourism in the country. People from different nations are coming to India to avail many critical treatments at an affordable price. Even after such great development, Health Equity has always been a great challenge for our country. Through Health Equity, we mean availing the standard health services by the under-privileged, marginalized group of people compared to the privileged segment of the community. The present study will help us to highlight on the prioritization of the allocation of the resources to the most eminent tier of the Health care structure. Also, this study will focus on the effectiveness of this component of the Health care structure of India and how this can help in throwing light on the disparity of the health care services through a proposed model.

English proficiency level in Colombian undergraduate students of medical programs / Nivel de inglés de los futuros egresados de los programas de pregrado de medicina en Colombia

Abstract Introduction: The government intends to position Colombia as a health and welfare tourism destination. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to increase the levels of English proficiency in health professionals, which is in line with the goal set by the Colombian Ministry of National Education for 2014: 20% of medical graduates should score at intermediate or advanced English proficiency levels. Objectives: To determine if the bilingualism goal set for 2014 was achieved by students of undergraduate medical programs in Colombia. Materials and methods: Descriptive and statistical approach (parametric and nonparametric tests) based on data from the Saber Pro test (2011-2015) for medical programs offered in universities of academic nature. Results: The overall percentage of students who met the goal countrywide (28.6%) was satisfactory; however, only 16 medical programs out of 43 (37.2%) achieved the goal. Conclusions: In general, the English proficiency level of potential medical graduates is aligned with the government's goal. However, there is much to be improved considering that about 70% of future medical graduates do not have an intermediate or advanced level in this skill.

Resumen Introducción. El gobierno propuso posicionar a Colombia como un destino turístico de salud y bienestar, siendo uno de los objetivos aumentar los niveles de competencia del inglés en los profesionales de la salud. Esto se relaciona con la meta, para 2014, del Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN) de que 20% de los graduados deberían clasificar en nivel intermedio o superior en inglés. Objetivos. Analizar el cumplimiento de la meta establecida por el MEN para los graduandos de los programas de medicina. Materiales y métodos. Aproximación descriptiva y estadística (pruebas de proporciones paramétricas y no paramétricas) que empleó datos de la prueba Saber Pro (2011-2015) para los programas de medicina de las instituciones de educación superior de carácter académico universitario. Resultados. El porcentaje global de estudiantes que cumplió la meta (28.6%) fue satisfactorio; sin embargo, solo 18 de 43 (37.2%) programas de medicina la cumplieron. Conclusiones. El nivel de inglés de los potenciales graduados de los programas de medicina está alineado con la meta del gobierno. No obstante, hay mucho por mejorar si se tiene en cuenta que cerca del 70% de los futuros graduados de los programas de medicina no alcanza un nivel intermedio o superior en esta competencia.

Revisión de estrategias de turismo de salud e identificación de aportes para Santander, Colombia / Review of Health Tourism Strategies and Identification of Contributions to Santander, Colombia / Revisão das estratégias de turismo de saúde e identificação de contribuições para Santander, Colômbia

Introducción: Colombia se presenta como uno de los países con mayor potencial para exportar servicios en los próximos años, en cuanto a turismo de salud se refiere. La imagen de sus médicos en diferentes especialidades ha venido aumentando, gracias a su preparación, calidad y relativo bajo costo con respecto a los países de la región. Santander, concretamente con las zonas francas en salud, ha venido alcanzando reconocimiento a nivel latinoamericano. El potencial que tiene este turismo se argumenta en los logros del sector salud y los efectos en cuanto al turismo internacional y en el desarrollo socio-económico de algunas regiones. Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias exitosas, fortalezas y debilidades del turismo médico en el ámbito nacional e internacional que permitan recomendar acciones estratégicas para generar ventajas competitivas al sector de salud en Santander y lo lleven al liderazgo. Metodología: Revisión de tema, con búsqueda sistemática de información bibliográfica, se utilizaron los descriptores DeCS: "Comercialización de Servicios de Salud", "Turismo Médico", "Economía de la Salud", "Servicios de Salud", "Comercio", "Economía Hospitalaria", en las bases de datos Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed, además de realizar entrevistas con expertos de las entidades. Resultados: Se encontró que Colombia cuenta con una buena posición a nivel mundial y latinoamericano en términos de turismo en salud destacándose por la oferta de servicios en cardiología, cirugía estética y ortopedia; España cuenta con uno de los mejores sistemas de salud y tiene el séptimo puesto en la comercialización de servicios hospitalarios; India, Israel y Singapur lideran los temas de investigación e innovación posicionándolos también como potencias en el turismo médico. Conclusiones: Comparando a Bucaramanga y Área Metropolitana con otras ciudades y países, aún se requiere mayor reconocimiento como región y aunque se cuenta con entidades certificadas internacionalmente, es necesario trabajar en equipo con otras entidades prestadoras, el gobierno, agremiaciones y formar recursos humanos para atender el mercado internacional. [Vargas-Mantilla MM. Revisión de estrategias de turismo de salud e identificación de aportes para Santander, Colombia. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 349-361].

Introduction: Colombia is one of the countries with the greatest potential to export services in the next years, in terms of health tourism. The image of its doctors in different specialties has been increasing, thanks to their preparation, quality and relative low cost with respect to the countries of the region. Santander, specifically with the free trade zones in health, has been achieving recognition in Latin America. The potential of this tourism is argued in the achievements of the health area and the effects in terms of international tourism and the socio-economic development of some regions. Objective: To identify the successful strategies, strengths and weaknesses of medical tourism in the national and international scope that allow recommending strategic actions to create competitive advantages to the health sector in Santander and guide it to leadership. Methodology:Atopic review with a systematic search of bibliographic information, in which DeCS descriptors were used such as Marketing of Health Services, medical tourism, Health economics, Health services, trading and Hospital economy in the databases Scielo, Google Scholar and Pubmed; in addition, interviews were conducted with experts from the entities. Results: It was found that Colombia has a good position in the world and Latin America in terms of health tourism, standing out for the offer of services in cardiology, aesthetic surgery and orthopedics; Spain has one of the best health systems and has the seventh position in the marketing of hospital services. India, Israel and Singapore lead the research and innovation issues, positioning them also as powers in medical tourism. Conclusions: Comparing Bucaramanga and Metropolitan Area with other cities and countries, it needs even more recognition as a region and although there are internationally certified entities, it is necessary to work as a team with other health providers, the government, associations and train staff to serve the international market. [Vargas-Mantilla MM. Review of Health Tourism Strategies and Identification of Contributions to Santander, Colombia. MedUNAB 2017- 2018; 20(3): 349-361].

Introdução: A Colômbia é um dos países com maior potencial para exportar serviços nos próximos anos, em termos de turismo de saúde. A imagem de seus médicos em diferentes especialidades tem aumentado, graças à sua preparação, qualidade e baixo custo relativo em relação aos países da região. O estado de Santander, especificamente com as zonas francas em saúde, vem conquistando reconhecimento na América Latina. O potencial deste turismo é reconhecido nas conquistas do setor de saúde e os efeitos são discutidos em turismo internacional e desenvolvimento socioeconômico de algumas regiões. Objetivo: Identificar as estratégias, pontos fortes e fracos de sucesso do turismo médico no âmbito nacional e internacional que permitem recomendar ações estratégicas para gerar vantagens competitivas para o setor de saúde em Santander e levá-lo à liderança. Metodologia: Revisão do tema, com busca sistemática de informações bibliográficas, foram utilizados os descritores DeCS: "Marketing de Serviços de Saúde", "Turismo Médico", "Economia da Saúde", "Serviços de Saúde", "Comércio", "Economia hospitalar ", nos bancos de dados Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed, além de realizar entrevistas com especialistas das entidades. Resultados: A Colômbia encontrou uma boa posição no mundo e na América Latina em termos de turismo em saúde, destacando-se pela oferta de serviços em cardiologia, cirurgia estética e ortopedia; A Espanha tem um dos melhores sistemas de saúde e tem o sétimo lugar na comercialização de serviços hospitalares; Índia, Israel e Cingapura lideram as questões de pesquisa e inovação, posicionando-as também como fortalezas no turismo médico. Conclusões: Comparando Bucaramanga e a Área Metropolitana com outras cidades e países, ainda é necessário mais reconhecimento como região e, embora existam entidades certificadas internacionalmente, é necessário trabalhar em equipe com outras entidades de crédito, o governo, associações e capacitar recursos humanos para participar mercado internacional. [Vargas-Mantilla MM. Revisão das estratégias de turismo de saúde e identificação de contribuições para Santander, Colômbia. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 349-361].

Medical Tourism In Georgia: Current Barriers And Recommendations

The aim of this study is to determine the effective factors that influence the development of medical tourism in Georgia. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for research. Within the qualitative research the experts of medical tourism were interviewed. Within the qualitative research this study investigates medical tourists’ expectations and perceptions regarding healthcare services. Study tools were prepared on the basis of specially developed “Medical Outcomes Study, Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire” (MOS PSQ-III). The results reveal that policies and regulations, government support, costs, capacity problems, and the healthcare needs of the local community are the main barriers to the development of such tourism. Several strategies for lifting these barriers are suggested, such as new promotional activity policies, government action to encourage investment in the medical tourism market, and cooperative efforts by the hospitality sector and medical institutions to develop medical tourism products. This paper sheds light on a poorly researched field in the Georgian context. It provides directions for hospital managers to develop strategies which will meet patients’ expectations of service quality and increase their competitiveness in the health tourism market.

CLÚSTER DE TURISMO DE SALUD EN COLOMBIA: REFERENTES PARA LA COMPETITIVIDAD / CLUSTER OF HEALTH TOURISM IN COLOMBIA: REGARDING COMPETITIVENESS

El presente artículo presenta parte de los resultados del proyecto de investigación "Estrategias para el incremento de la competitividad mediante la conformación del Clúster de Turismo de Salud en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga -AMB", requisito para optar al título de Magíster en Desarrollo Empresarial de la Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales de la Universidad del Magdalena. El objetivo del presente escrito consiste en evidenciar los avances de la conformación autónoma del clúster de turismo de salud en Colombia, evaluando metodológica y rigurosamente las perspectivas del mercado de turismo en salud a partir de revisión bibliográfica en inglés y español de carácter institucional público, privado y científico por iniciativa empresarial, y de estudios realizados en regiones de Colombia y a nivel mundial, que han implementado este renglón como opción de desarrollo mediante el aprovechamiento de ventajas competitivas circundantes. Entre los resultados obtenidos se muestran con precisión los ángulos o dimensiones de este fenómeno en el contexto económico y social; además, se destacan los patrones de turismo y, a partir de estos, las razones por las cuales se viene avanzando en la conformación de los diferentes clústeres a nivel nacional, permitiendo apreciaciones profundas en el tema a partir de la visión multisectorial de interés.

This article presents part of the results of the research project "Strategies for Increasing Competitiveness through the Conformation of the Health Tourism Cluster in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga -AMB", required to qualify for the Master's degree in Business Development of the Faculty of Business Sciences of Universidad del Magdalena. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the progress of the autonomous conformation of the health tourism cluster in Colombia. In this regard, we assess, in a methodological and rigorous way, the prospects of the health tourism market, from bibliographic review in English and Spanish ­of a public, private and scientific institutional nature­ by business initiative, as well as from studies carried out in regions of Colombia and worldwide, that have implemented this line as a development option by exploiting surrounding competitive advantages. Among the obtained results, the angles or dimensions of this phenomenon, in the economic and social context, become clear. In addition, the tourism patterns are highlighted, as well as the reasons why progress has been made in the conformation of the different clusters at a national level. This allowed deep insights into the issue, based on the interest multisectoral vision.

Status quo of medical tourism and its implication in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Medical tourism, which is a new type of tourism activity with the combination of health and sightseeing, has become the new economic growth point of the tourism industry.Through a systematic literature review, the present paper analyzed the influencing factors and effects of medical tourism, as well as the behavior of medical tourists and relevant stakeholders of medical tourism.Further researches could combine qualitative and quantitative methods, and emphasize on the behavioral characteristics of medical tourists.In order to promote the development of medical tourism, we should increase the medical service qualities, promote the internationalization of medical tourism, introduction of special medical tourism products;improve medical tourism policies, regulations and laws;promote medical tourism through a strategic marketing and the role of relevant stakeholders of medical tourism should be paid attention on, and other measures to promote the healthy development of China''s medical tourism.

Russian Inpatients' Nursing Service Expectations, Satisfaction and Intention to Revisit Hospital / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify Russian inpatients' expectation and satisfaction with nursing service, and further, to analyze the relationship between these variables. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was used to survey for 81 Russian inpatients. The survey was conducted from January to June, 2014. RESULTS: Empathy and assurance significantly influenced nursing service expectation and satisfaction. Nursing service expectation was statistically significant for the number of visit to Korea, and nursing service satisfaction was statistically significant for gender, monthly income and primary care giver during hospitalization. Revisit intention was significantly different according to religion, medical department and primary care giver during hospitalization. There were positive correlations between nursing service expectation and satisfaction, and between nursing service satisfaction and intention to revisit the hospital. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the level satisfaction with nursing service influences Russian inpatients' intention continue using the hospital. Therefore, in order to increase the intention to revisit the hospital Korea hospital employees, especially nurses, need to develop nursing service strategies according to general characteristics, culture and nationality of foreign patients.

Facts and cautions regarding international medical ventures

The "Act on Overseas Medical Expansion and Foreign Patient Attraction Support"(legislation no. 13599), due to be enacted by the National Assembly during the general meeting on June 23, 2016, will give institutionalized support and fully recognize the efforts for medical tourism-that is, the overseas expansion of medicine and ingress of foreign patients. However, before jumping into medical tourism, the failures of previous ventures in this field must be analyzed. The absence of specific goals and strategies, insufficient planning and analysis of feasibility, the lack of international experience, and glocalization and marketing failures of previous projects are all areas in which improvement is advised. Further, overseas medical expansion is only possible when various considerations are examined, such as the influence on the domestic medical market, as well as plans for securing the management capacity to ensure economic feasibility and risk management of medical institutions.

Factors Influencing Intention of Vietnamese to Use Korean Medical Tourism / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to Vietnamese customers who use Korean medical and tourism services. The study was based on the Anderson Models METHODS: Participants were 173 Vietnamese who were living in Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi in Vietnam. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ², t-test and Multiple Logistic Regression. RESULTS: Research necessary factors had the most significant effect among the preceding factors, possible factors and necessary factors. Human service and outstanding natural beauty of necessary factors had significant influence on customer intention to use. According to the result of the stepwise logistic regression analysis, the most important item in medical services was human service OR=1.89 (p=.014), and for tour services, outstanding natural beauty OR=4.30 (p=.033). The explained variance for customer intention to use was 91.9%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the need to improve the human service and outstanding natural beauty to retain customers' intention to use.

Medical tourism: a new growth factor for Indian healthcare industry.

Epidemiological transition has given the opportunity to grow the traditional system of medicine across the world. Indian healthcare system which is already famous for providing quality of medical services at affordable cost as compared to developed countries took advantage of this opportunity and created a ‘basket of services’ by merging traditional medicines in existing allopathic system to attract patients across the borders. Government has made efforts in the direction of promoting medical tourism in the country and this has been fuelled by the private players both nationally and internationally. Recently this medical tourism has proved a major growth factor for expansion of Indian economy. However, the growth in this sector is underscored in terms of market share and cost advantages due to various challenges. There is also a need for proper diversion of revenue by a clear cut mechanism to strengthen the nation’s healthcare sector.

Factors Influencing Chinese Customers' Loyalty to Korean Medical and Tourism Services / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to the loyalty of Chinese customers who use Korean medical and tourism services. METHODS: Participants were 158 Chinese who visited plastic surgery clinics in Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA, Scheffe? test, Pearson Correlation and Hierachical Multiple Regression. RESULTS: Medical service quality, tourism service quality and medical and service satisfaction were positively correlated with customer loyalty. Medical service quality and medical and tourism service satisfaction had significant influence on customer loyalty. The explained variance for customer loyalty was 84.9%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the need to improve the tourism service and medical and tourism service satisfaction to retain loyal customers.

Review of Medical Services for Inbound Muslim Patients Associated with Global Healthcare Industry Activation: Focus on Nutrition Service

This article aimed to investigate problems relating to medical tourism based on a review of medical tourism reports and statistics in the global healthcare industry. To be a leading nation in the global healthcare industry, the needs and culture of many peoples, including Muslims, should be considered. Qualified medical services by JCI certification, including nutrition services, will provide opportunities to participate in the international and Asia medical tourism markets. In this article, the definitions of medical tourism, medical service, Halal and Haram, nutrition service for inbound Muslim patients, and Halal food supply in Korea were examined for medical service improvement. Mutual assistance between the government and private enterprise, sharing of medical service information, and construction of a cooperative network system are needed and should be supported by the government.

Significance, experiences and suggestions for developing international medical tourism / 中国卫生政策研究

On the basis of drawing on recently published literature on international medical tourism, this paper comprehensively summarizes the effects thereof on driving economic growth, expanding employment and improving in-ternational competitive power, analyzes the main driving forces for the international medical tourism development and the experiences from Thailand, India, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, etc. According to China’s advantages and dis-advantages and learning from the international experience, this paper proposes suggestions to develop China’s interna-tional medical tourism, including an improvement to the management system, formulating international medical tourism development strategies, building brand characteristics with traditional Chinese medicine, constructing ‘Ex-perimental and Leading Area’ , and promoting international certification for the medical institutions and services.