ABSTRACT
Resumo A partir dos registros sobre plantas e ervas de médicos, agentes de cura, missionários, administradores coloniais nos séculos XVII e XVIII, o artigo explora as formas de construção do conhecimento sobre a flora, utilizando o conceito de circulação proposto por Kapil Raj. As experiências distintas e os documentos analisados demonstram o processo de observação, coleta, sistematização e circulação do conhecimento e a influência da história natural e da tradição hipocrática na classificação das ervas e plantas e na descrição adotada nos textos reunidos neste artigo. Desde livros impressos até anotações dispersas em diários de viagens, os usos das espécies para a vida humana foi o elemento valorizado por aqueles que observaram diretamente o potencial de plantas, frutos e ervas americanas.
Abstract From records on plants and herbs made by doctors, healers, missionaries, and colonial administrators in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this article explores ways of constructing knowledge about flora using the concept of circulation proposed by Kapil Raj. The distinct experiences and documents analyzed demonstrate the process of observing, collecting, systematizing, and circulating knowledge, and the influence of natural history and the Hippocratic tradition on the classification of herbs and plants and on the descriptions adopted in these texts. From printed books to notes scattered through travel diaries, usefulness of these species to humankind was the element valued by those who directly observed the potential of American plants, fruits, and herbs.
Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Herbal Medicine , South America , History, 17th Century , History, 18th CenturyABSTRACT
Resumen Los procesos que se llevaron a cabo luego del contacto de los pueblos originarios con el conquistador español, en términos de saberes médicos en el territorio conocido como Virreinato de Nueva Granada, influyeron en las relaciones de conquistador-conquistado en procesos como la estigmatización y persecución de saberes ancestrales, las diversas formas de transculturación y el proceso de expropiación de algunos elementos de la cultura prehispánica.
Abstract The processes that took place after the contact of the original peoples with the Spa nish conqueror, in terms of medical knowledge, in the territory known as the Viceroyalty of New Granada, influenced the relations of conqueror-conquered in processes, such as the stigmatization and persecution of ancestral knowledge, the various forms of transculturation, and the expropriation process of some elements of pre-His panic culture.
Subject(s)
Social Sciences/historyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: As of July 2015, per diem payment was changed from fee for service Therefore, this study aims to analyse changes in medical charges and medical services before and after enforcement of the palliative care, targeting palliative care wards in a general hospital, and provide basic data needed for development of per diem payment. METHODS: The subjects of the study were a total of 610 cases consisting of 351 patients of service fee who left hospital (died) from July 2014 to June 2016 and 259 ones of per diem payment at Chosun University Hospital in Gwangju Metropolitan City. RESULTS: The results are summarized as follows. First, after the palliative care system was applied, benefit medical service charges and insurance increased significantly (p<0.001). As benefit medical service charges increased, benefit private insurance payment increased significantly (p<0.001). Second, after the per diem payment was applied, total private insurance payment to medical institutes decreased significantly (p=0.050) and non-benefit also decreased significantly (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that additional rewards in the obligatory palliative care items should be continuously remedied and monitored to provide good quality hospice palliative care.
Subject(s)
Humans , Academies and Institutes , Fee-for-Service Plans , Fees and Charges , Hospices , Hospitals, General , Insurance , Palliative Care , RewardABSTRACT
Com uma obra que trouxe inegáveis contribuições, Goffman inovou a pesquisa etnográfica nos estudos socioantropológicos. Esta marca pode ser observada desde os seus primeiros trabalhos nos quais aborda a apresentação do self na vida diária, os manicômios, o estigma e são, por sinal, aqueles que mais referências receberam nos estudos sociais sobre a doença, instituições e práticas de saúde. Neste artigo são analisadas essas contribuições e a importância que tiveram para a construção da sociologia da saúde. O texto destaca alguns conceitos que se tornaram fundamentais para os estudos sociológicos da doença e do paciente, como carreira do paciente, instituição total, interação estratégica e organizações formais instrumentais.
Author of a work with undeniable contributions, Goffman brought innovation to ethnographic research in socio-anthropological studies. This characteristic may be already observed in his first works - where he approaches the presentation of 'self' in daily life, asylums, and stigma -, which are those more cited in social studies about the disease, institutions and health practices. This study analyzes these contributions and their importance for the development of the field of health sociology. The text highlights some concepts considered fundamental for sociological studies on the disease and the patient, such as the patient's career, the whole institution, the strategic interaction, and instrumental formal organizations.
Subject(s)
Social Sciences/education , Social Sciences/ethics , Hospitals, Psychiatric/ethics , Hospitals, Psychiatric , Hospitals, Psychiatric/trends , Stereotyping , Sociology, Medical/education , Sociology, Medical/ethics , Sociology, Medical/history , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/ethnology , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology , Hospital Care , Humanization of AssistanceABSTRACT
Background: Beliefs about the causes of illnesses have had implications on how individuals and society responds to sicknesses and epidemics. These beliefs have been derived from the process of observation, test, selection, and transfer through generations in the quest to preserve a harmony between man and the physical and social environments. There are three Thai beliefs influencing health and diseases: 1) The balance between four elements (soil, water, wind and fire); 2) supernatural; and 3) beliefs about faith and astrological. Different societies (local and national) have accumulated, collated, and summarized the experiences of their responses into national and local wisdoms. Some of the wisdoms are documented, while others remained as folk knowledge. Objective: This article describes some examples of how Thai wisdom and folk knowledge have changed overtime and how it might influence decisions to accept modern medicine in Thai society.
ABSTRACT
Antecedentes: la mayor parte de las muertes maternas en Medellín, durante los años 2003 y 2004, ocurrieron durante el parto o inmediatamente después y en la mayoría de los casos se detectaron problemas de calidad en la atención.1 Un aporte en la evaluación del proceso de atención de las gestantes es conocer la aplicación de algunas prácticas beneficiosas, inefectivas o perjudiciales durante la atención del parto.Objetivo: conocer la frecuencia de utilización de algunas prácticas beneficiosas, inefectivas o perjudiciales en la atención del parto en tres instituciones de salud de la ciudad de Medellín.METODOLOGÍA Y SITIO: estudio descriptivo y prospectivo en tres instituciones de salud de la ciudad de Medellín, una pública y dos privadas, que atienden pacientes de primer, segundo y tercer niveles de complejidad.Resultados: en las instituciones estudiadas el 30,7 por ciento de los partos fueron por cesárea, aún se rasura el periné en el 12 por de los casos de parto vaginal, no se realizó el partograma en el 31,5 por ciento, el 43,1 por ciento de las mujeres no estuvieron acompañadas por algún familiar o allegado durante el trabajo de parto, el 76,1 por ciento tuvieron el parto en posición supina, en el 19,3 por ciento no se realizó manejo activo del alumbramiento, al 71.4 por ciento de las primigestantes se les realizó episiotomía y al 55 por ciento de las sometidas a cesárea no se les aplicaron antibióticos profilácticos.Conclusiones: aún existen prácticas en la atención del parto que se emplean o se dejan de emplear independientemente de las recomendaciones vigentes en la literatura médica
BACKGROUND: Most maternal deaths in Medellín in 2003 and 2004 occurred during childbirth or immediately afterwards. In the majority of cases, quality problems in medical attention were detected. Knowledge of the application of some beneficial, ineffective or harmful practices during childbirth attention is a contribution to the evaluation of the attention process of pregnant women. METHODOLOGY, OBJECTIVE AND SETTING: Descriptive and prospective study to know the usage frequency of some beneficial, ineffective and harmful practices during childbirth attention in three health institutions located in Medellín, Colombia, one of them public and the other two, private. They see patients of the first, second and third levels of complexity. RESULTS: At the institutions included in the study 30.7% of childbirths were carried out by Caesarean section. In 12% of vaginal childbirth cases, the perineum was shaved. In 31.5% of the situations, partogram was not performed. In 43.1% of cases women were not accompanied by any relative or close friend during childbirth work, and 76.1% of patients had their childbirth in supine position. In 19.3% of cases, an active handling of childbirth did not take place. 71.4% of first-time pregnant women underwent an episiotomy. Prophylactic antibiotics were not applied to 55% of the mothers delivered by Caesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Some practices in medical attention of childbirth are still used or avoided despite the current recommendations of the medical literature