ABSTRACT
La escritura de artículos académicos es una competencia necesaria para la difusión del conocimiento científico y para el desarrollo profesional de quienes trabajan en diversas disciplinas. Sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia, esta habilidad compleja no suele ser enseñada en forma sistemática, lo que puede operar como una barrera para que los investigadores comuniquen los resultados de sus trabajos. En esta primera entrega, sintetizamos los principales consejos que han brindado expertos en la temática, añadiendo algunos de nuestra experiencia personal que consideramos útiles para facilitar el proceso de la escritura académica y el desarrollo de esta competencia en un contexto colaborativo. En una segunda entrega profundizaremos respecto de la problemática de la escritura de las diferentes secciones de un artículo científico y se ofrecerán consejos para optimizarla y volverla lo más eficaz posible. (AU)
Academic writing is essential for scientific knowledge dissemination and the professional development of those working in various disciplines. Yet, however important this complex skill is, it is not usually taught systematically, a fact that can act as a barrier for researchers to communicate the results of their work. In this first part, we synthesize the main tips provided by experts in the field, adding some of our personal experiences that they consider relevant to facilitate the process of academic writing and develop this skill in a collaborative context. In a second article, we will go deeper into the problem of writing the different sections of a scientific article and offer advice on ways to optimize it and make it as effective as possible. (AU)
Subject(s)
Writing , Scientific Communication and Diffusion , Scholarly Communication , Artificial Intelligence , Research Report , Medical WritingSubject(s)
Humans , Education, Premedical , Medical History Taking , Thinking , Education, Medical , Medical WritingABSTRACT
Unmerited authorship in research papers is widely acknowledged to constitute research misconduct. In different contexts, it has been called “gift”, “honorary”, or “guest” authorship. Although several attempts have been made to address the issue, it remains a significant problem in research. In this paper, we discuss accepted criteria that qualify a person to be an author on a research publication and define what constitutes “gift authorship”. We also look at the scenario in India and try to identify the circumstances that have fostered this practice in academia in the country. Finally, we discuss the adverse effects of this practice on the research enterprise as a whole, and possible remedial measures.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO A declaração dos Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-análises (PRISMA), publicada em 2009, foi desenvolvida para ajudar revisores sistemáticos a relatar de forma transparente por que a revisão foi feita, os métodos empregados e o que os autores encontraram. Na última década, os avanços na metodologia e terminologia de revisões sistemáticas exigiram a atualização da diretriz. A declaração PRISMA 2020 substitui a declaração de 2009 e inclui novas orientações para relato que refletem os avanços nos métodos para identificar, selecionar, avaliar e sintetizar estudos. A estrutura e apresentação dos itens foram modificadas para facilitar a implementação. Neste artigo, apresentamos a lista de checagem PRISMA 2020 de 27 itens, uma lista de checagem expandida que detalha as recomendações para relato para cada item, a lista de checagem PRISMA 2020 para resumos e os fluxogramas revisados para novas revisões e para atualização de revisões.
ABSTRACT The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
RESUMEN La declaración PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses), publicada en 2009, se diseñó para ayudar a los autores de revisiones sistemáticas a documentar de manera transparente el porqué de la revisión, qué hicieron los autores y qué encontraron. Durante la última década, ha habido muchos avances en la metodología y terminología de las revisiones sistemáticas, lo que ha requerido una actualización de esta guía. La declaración PRISMA 2020 sustituye a la declaración de 2009 e incluye una nueva guía de presentación de las publicaciones que refleja los avances en los métodos para identificar, seleccionar, evaluar y sintetizar estudios. La estructura y la presentación de los ítems ha sido modificada para facilitar su implementación. En este artículo, presentamos la lista de verificación PRISMA 2020 con 27 ítems, y una lista de verificación ampliada que detalla las recomendaciones en la publicación de cada ítem, la lista de verificación del resumen estructurado PRISMA 2020 y el diagrama de flujo revisado para revisiones sistemáticas.
ABSTRACT
Medical postgraduation in India is available across various disciplines, one among them being pharmacology. As with the other MD courses, MD Pharmacology is a 3-year-long course that involves strenuous theoretical, practical, and clinical training. However, the curriculum does not clearly enlighten MD residents on the career vistas available for them once they pass out. The awareness level of majority of MD pharmacology postgraduates or freshers on these career options is meagre due to lack of professional guidance or literature, and hence, majority of them tend to travel along the path that is most commonly traversed by their seniors and peers. This comprehensive review details a few of the different vistas that an MD pharmacologist can pursue, highlighting the scope, roles, responsibilities, and monetary compensation of each, in an honest attempt to educate and enlighten the MD pharmacology fraternity.
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Abstract A historical follow-up on the medical diaries about the patient is made, from the Hippocratic texts to the appearance of the current canon of the clinical history formulated by Boerhaave in the seventeenth century, through the medieval consilia and the curationes and observationes of the Renaissance; and it is discussed how much the patient's story is present in those writings. It is postulated that the medical narrative that starts from adequately listening to the patient and his story, and adopts a literary workshop format, it is a pedagogical tool that contributes to comprehensive medical training, and offers the patient the opportunity to be treated in an empathic and humanized environment.
Resumen Se hace un seguimiento histórico a los escritos médicos sobre el paciente, desde los textos hipocráticos hasta la aparición del canon actual de historia clínica formulado por Boerhaave en el siglo XVII, pasando por los consilia medievales y las curationes y observationes del renacimiento; y se discute qué tanto el relato del paciente está presente en esos escritos. Se postula que la narrativa médica que parte de escuchar adecuadamente al paciente y su historia, y se trabaja en formato de taller literario, es una herramienta pedagógica que contribuye a la formación médica integral y ofrece la posibilidad de que el paciente pueda ser tratado en un medio empático y humanizado.
Subject(s)
History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Medical Records , Medical Writing/history , Medical History Taking , Symptom Assessment/history , Symptom Assessment/methods , Narrative Medicine/history , Narrative Medicine/methods , Medical History Taking/standards , Medical History Taking/methodsABSTRACT
Introducción: En el proceso formativo del profesional de Estomatología, el dominio del idioma inglés contribuye a la actualización científico-técnica-cultural y el desempeño profesional y social en cualquier escenario donde esta lengua sea el medio de comunicación. Objetivo: Identificar los problemas más frecuentes de traducción del inglés al español en la redacción médica en estudiantes de 4to año de la carrera de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana en 2014-2015. Participaron 30 estudiantes de cuarto año, quienes estudiaban inglés como lengua extranjera. La información se obtuvo mediante un ejercicio de traducción. Resultados: El 60 por ciento de los estudiantes omitieron el artículo definido, 79 por ciento utilizaron incorrectamente el gerundio y 77 por ciento la voz pasiva pronominal con un complemento de persona. El 70 por ciento no tradujo la sigla, 40 por ciento usó excesivamente los adjetivos posesivos, 25 por ciento tradujo de manera errónea frases idiomáticas y 20 por ciento los falsos amigos. Conclusiones: Los problemas frecuentes de traducción son: omisión del artículo definido, uso incorrecto del gerundio y voz pasiva, no traducción de siglas, uso excesivo de los adjetivos posesivos y traducción errónea de frases idiomáticas. Los problemas identificados no son nuevos sino desconocidos por los alumnos, algunos como la traducción de falsos amigos constituye un reto para los hispanohablantes que aprenden inglés como lengua extranjera(AU)
Introduction: In the training process of the dental professionals, the mastering of the English language contributes to their scientific, technical and cultural update as well as to their professional and social performance in any place where this language is spoken. Objective: To identify the most frequent translation problems from English into Spanish in the medical writing of the fourth-year students of Dentistry in the University of Medical Sciences of Havana. Material and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted during the academic year 2014-2015 at the Dental Faculty, University of Medical Sciences of Havana. Thirty dental students of fourth year who studied English as a foreign language participated in the study. Data were collected using a translation exercise. Results: 60 percent of the students omitted the definite article and 79 percen used the gerund incorrectly. The wrong use of the passive voice was 77 percent; the lack of translation of the abbreviation was 70 percent; excessive use of possessive adjectives was 40 percent; the 25 percent did a wrong translation of idiomatic phrases and 20 percent of false cognates words. Conclusions: The most frequent translation problems are: omission of the definite article, incorrect use of the gerund and passive voice, lack of translation of abbreviations, excessive use of possessive adjectives and wrong translation of idiomatic phrases. The identified problems are not new, but unknown to the students; some of them, such as the false cognates, are a challenge for the Spanish speakers who learn English as a foreign language(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Translating , Oral Medicine/education , Language Arts , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Universities , LearningABSTRACT
A revisão sistemática consiste em um processo de pesquisar, selecionar, avaliar, sintetizar e relatar as evidências clínicas sobre uma determinada pergunta e/ou tópico. Nos dias atuais, a revisão sistemática é considerada uma maneira mais racional e menos tendenciosa de organizar, avaliar e integrar as evidências científicas. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar de forma metodológica como realizar e interpretar uma revisão sistemática.(AU)
A systematic review is a process of search, selection, evaluation, synthesis, and report of the clinical evidence on a particular question and/or topic. Nowadays, the systematic review is considered a more rational and less biased way to organize, evaluate and integrate scientific evidence. The objective of this article was to present a methodological way of performing and interpreting a systematic review.(AU)
Subject(s)
Medical Writing , Review , Evidence-Based MedicineABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: There are several problems which hamper the successful teaching of writing in medical education. To deal with these problems, teachers should be conscious of two general questions; what to teach in writing class for premedical students; and how to utilize the writing class time. This paper examines the value of peer assessment and peer feedback in dealing with those questions. METHODS: This paper reviews a subject in premedical education, Logical Thinking and Writing, from the perspective of peer assessment and peer feedback. RESULTS: Students accomplished the learning objectives and they recognized the value of peer assessment and feedback. CONCLUSION: Peer assessment and peer feedback foster students' participation in class and accelerate the learning process. This strategy reminds students of the fact that they are writing an essay for an audience.
Subject(s)
Humans , Education , Education, Medical , Education, Premedical , Learning , Logic , Medical Writing , Students, Premedical , Thinking , WritingABSTRACT
El término competencias profesionales se define en la actualidad, como la posesión por parte del individuo de los conocimientos, destrezas y actitudes necesarias para realizar su actividad. El actual estudio tiene como objetivo profundizar en el análisis de la literatura sobre las competencias profesionales con un enfoque de formación y desarrollo de la expresión escrita en las universidades médicas. Con la revisión documental, se corroboró que en estas instituciones, el tratamiento de los contenidos de los programas de las asignaturas, no garantizan el desarrollo de las competencias profesionales, atendiendo a que los currículos están diseñados por habilidades lo que trae como resultado que sus egresados no cuenten con el desarrollo adecuado de tales competencias, en particular las que garantizan la práctica afectiva de la expresión escrita.
Professional competencies are currently defined as an individual's knowledge, skills and attitudes required to work in a specific profession. The current study aimed to further examine the literature related to professional skills with a focus on the development of writing in medical universities. Through document review, it was confirmed that in these institutions, the syllabi do not ensure the development of professional competencies since curricula are skills based. This in turn hinders the proper development of professional competencies, particularly those that guarantee strong writing practices.
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OBJECTIVES: English has become the most frequently used language for scientific communication in the biomedical field. Therefore, scholars from all over the world try to publish their findings in English. This trend has a number of advantages, along with several disadvantages. METHODS: In the current article, the most important disadvantages of publishing biomedical research articles in English for non-native speakers of English are reviewed. RESULTS: The most important disadvantages of publishing biomedical research articles in English for non-native speakers may include: Overlooking, either unintentionally or even deliberately, the most important local health problems; failure to carry out groundbreaking research due to limited medical research budgets; violating generally accepted codes of publication ethics and committing research misconduct and publications in open-access scam/predatory journals rather than prestigious journals. CONCLUSIONS: The above mentioned disadvantages could eventually result in academic establishments becoming irresponsible or, even worse, corrupt. In order to avoid this, scientists, scientific organizations, academic institutions, and scientific associations all over the world should design and implement a wider range of collaborative and comprehensive plans.
Subject(s)
Budgets , Ethics , Publications , Scientific MisconductABSTRACT
Incorrect attribution of somebody else's work or idea as one's own without adequate citation of the original source iscalled plagiarism. This is considered a serious ethical problem. Most authors do not know that this is unacceptable.Most of them, who know, are not aware what exactly constitutes plagiarism. This editorial is written with an intentionto increase awareness regarding this important issue. I discussed the concept and various types of plagiarism, focussingonly on biomedical research. Some suggestions on how to be at guard against plagiarism have been discussed.
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OBJECTIVE To check the defects of nosocomial infections reports,recording of the patient′s history,and antibiotics usage,so as to improve hospital management and reduce nosocomial infection.METHODS Patient′s records from Jan 1,2008 to Dec 31,2008 were reviewed to find out the defects and feedback to the physicians.RESULTS Some problems of 5995 cases were checked out and corrected,some suggestions were made.CONCLUSIONS Checking the patient′s records may supplement the defects of prospective monitor,direct the antibiotics therapy,and monitor occurrence of drug resistance.
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Currently we are living in an era of abbreviations. In almost every field of modern societies including government, military, hi-tech areas, and especially Internet communications, linguistic shortcuts have ever grown fast and furiously. Abbreviated words may save time and space and energy, however, may cause confusion and errors. These shortened forms of words or phrases include acronyms, clippings, contractions, blends, symbols and some slangs. Traditionally healthcare fields using rather a long terminology have utilized abbreviations and symbols in repeated and busy practices as well as in medical writings. Here how to make and use abbreviations especially in the field of medicine is reviewed and discussed. In order to coin a new abbreviation in a manuscript, it is advisable to follow certain principles to make an acceptable shortened form.