Herbal Textual Research on Asteris Radix et Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By reviewing the ancient and modern literature， the name， origin， scientific name evolution， place of origin， quality， harvesting， processing， efficacy and toxicity of Asteris Radix et Rhizoma（ARR） were systematically sorted out， so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the relevant famous classical formulas. According to textual research， ARR was first contained in Shennong Bencaojing， all generations are Ziwan for its proper name， and there are still aliases such as Ziyuan， Ziqian and Xiaobianer. Its mainstream origin in successive generations was Aster tataricus， and there are also Ligularia fischeri and others in local area of use. The medicinal parts of ARR are root and rhizome， but in modern times， the rhizome is mostly used for propagation and cultivation， so some of ARR medicinal materials only have the root without the rhizome. The earliest recorded ancient origin of ARR was now Fangxian（Hubei）， Zhengding and Handan（Heibei）， then the range of production areas gradually expanded， the mainstream production areas from the Song dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties included Hebei， Jiangsu， Anhui， Henan and other places， since modern times， two major producing areas have been formed in Anguo， Hebei province and Bozhou， Anhui province. From the quality evaluation， it is clear that from ancient times， flexible roots and purple color are the best. The ancient harvesting was mainly in lunar February or March， and then dried in the shade， and the modern harvesting is mostly in spring and autumn， and the roots are braided into pigtails and then dried in the sun or dried in the sun after 1-2 d. The ancient and modern processing method of ARR are basically the same， mainly honey processing， there are still methods of frying， steaming， vinegar sizzling， etc. Based on the results， it is recommended that the dried roots and rhizomes of A. tataricus should be used in clinical and the development of related famous classical formulas， and those whose original formulas specify the processing requirements can be processed according to the relevant requirements， while whose processing requirements are not specified should be used in the form of raw products.

Research progress in chemical constituent and pharmacological activity of Punica granatum L / 中国药科大学学报

@#Punica granatum L.(pomegranate) is a medicinal plant belonging to the genus Punica Linn..The peel, seed, flower, leaf and root of P.granatum is widely used as traditional medicine in China.Phytochemical studies showed that the major chemical constituents of P.granatum were tannins, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, fatty acids, etc.Biological studies on extracts and active ingredients of P.granatum show some bioactivities, such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial activities.Herein, the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of different parts of pomegranate were reviewed, providing a theoretical basis for the further research and utilization of pomegranate.

Herbal Textual Research on Ephedrae Herba in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ephedrae Herba is a commonly used medicine for dispersing wind and cold， which has a long medicinal history. By referring to the herbal literature， medical books and prescription books， this paper intends to carry out herbal textual research on the name， origin， medicinal part， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Ephedrae Herba in famous classical formulas， in order to provide the basis for the development of relevant famous classical formulas. According to textual research， the main base of ancient Ephedrae Herba was Ephedra sinica. The medicinal part is the herbaceous stems of Ephedrae Herba. Before the Northern and Southern dynasties， the origin of the records was Jindi and Hedong， which is now Shanxi province. In the Northern and Southern dynasties and later generations， the producing area expanded， and now it is mainly distributed in Hebei， Shanxi， Shaanxi， Inner Mongolia， Gansu， Liaoning and other places， among which Inner Mongolia is the main producing area. The harvesting and processing methods in the past dynasties are to harvest the stems in autumn， dry them in the shade or air to 70%-80% dry， and then dry them in the sun. The processing methods in the past dynasties mainly include removing the knots， wine-fried， honey-fried， processing with vinegar and so on， at present， only honey-fried is still in use. Based on the research results， it is suggested that Ephedrae Herba in famous classical formulas should be selected the dry herbaceous stems of E. sinica. If the processing requirements are not indicated， it is suggested to use raw products of Ephedrae Herba.

Textual Research on Perillae in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties， this article makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing of Zisu （Perillae） in the famous classical formulas， so as to clarify the information of the drug in different historical periods and provide a reference for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The main origin of Perillae in the ancient literature was Perilla frutescens var. frutescens （purple leaf type）， followed by P. frutescens var. acuta （purple leaf type）， but not Baisu. Modern chemical composition studies also show that there are obvious differences between Perillae and Baisu， which provides a scientific basis for distinguishing them. Although they are often treated as a species in plant classification， P. frutescens var. frutescens （purple leaf type） is recommended in the development of famous classical formulas， and Baisu should be avoided. Perillae is widely distributed， but its producing area did not record in most of the literature in the past dynasties， or the producing area is described as everywhere today. In the period of the Southern and Northern dynasties， the medicinal parts of Perillae included stems， leaves and seeds， and doctors in the Ming dynasty began to pay attention to the differentiation of different medicinal parts. The harvesting and processing methods of Perillae in the past dynasties are close to that of today. Perillae Fructus is mostly stir-fried and ground into medicine， Perillae Folium and Perillae Caulis are mainly simple cleansing. In production， we can refer to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Analysis of triterpenoic acids in different medicinal parts of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf using supercritical fluid chromatography / 药学学报

Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to establish the quality of different medicinal parts of Poria cocos (Poriae Cutis, rubra Poria, white Poria, Poria cum Radix Pini) by using ultra-performance convergence chromatography coupled with photo-diode array and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPC2-PDA-Q-TOF/MSE). A total of 18 chromatographic peaks were detected from Poria cocos by UPC2-PDA. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to compare the four medicinal parts. The results showed that there were significant differences in the components of different medicinal parts, and the main triterpenoic acids were poricoic acid A, poricoic acid B, dehydroeburicoic acid, and dehydrotrametenolic acid. When combined with the common active component polyporenic acid C, a method for determination of five triterpenoic acids in different parts of Poria cocos was established. These components could be separated within 15 min, and the amount of methanol was 3.63% of that of HPLC method. Taking the five triterpenoid acids as an index, the content of triterpenoid acids in different parts of Poria cocos from high to low were Poriae Cutis, rubra Poria, white Poria and Poria cum Radix Pini. The method is simple, rapid, and uses minimal solvent. The mobile phase of environment-friendly gas carbon dioxide has unique advantages in reducing environmental pollution, which can provide a basis for the development and standard formulation of Poria cocos and its related products.

Content Determination of Lupanone and Stigmasterol in Different Parts of Musa basjoo by UPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To esta blish a method for determining the contents of lupenone and stigmasterol in the rhizome ，stem and leaf of Mosa basjoo from the same plant ，and to provide reference for the substitute resource for the effective components of M. basjoo . METHODS ：UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Zorbax Rrhd Eclipse Plus C 18 column （100 mm×2.1 mm，1.8 μm）with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-methanol （78.5∶21.5，V/V）. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm；the flow rate was 0.15 mL/min；the column temperature was 30 ℃ and the sample size was 1 μL. The results of content determination of lupinone and stigmasterol in the rhizome ，stem and leaf of 9 batches of M. basjoo from the same plant were analyzed by the methods of comparative analysis between groups ，principal component analysis and cluster analysis. RESULTS：The mass concentration of lupenone and stigmasterol had a good linear relationship with the corresponding peak area within the range of 11.16-357.10 and 8.83-160.40 g/mL（R2 were 0.999 2 and 0.999 1，respectively）. RSDs of precision ， repeatability and stability tests were all less than 3％. The average recovery rates of lupenone and stigmasterol were 101.44％ and 98.32％，and the RSDs were 1.77％ and 1.81％（n＝6），respectively. The average contents of lupenone and stigmasterol in stems of M. Basjoo were significantly higher than those of rhizome and leaves of M. basjoo （P＜0.05）. There was no statistical significance in the contents of lupenone and stigmasterol between stem and leaf of M. basjoo from same plant （P＞0.05）. Results of principal component analysis showed that the contents of lupanone and stigmasterol were different in rhizome ，stem and leaf of M. basjoo from the same plant. Rhizome ，stem and leaf of M. basjoo were divided into three types through cluster analysis ，among which the rhizome had significant difference with the other two parts. CONCLUSIONS ：The method is simple ，rapid，specific， reproducible and accurate. It can be used for the content determination of lupenone and stigmasterol in different parts of M. basjoo . The stem of M. basjoo can replace the rhizome of M. basjoo as the source of lupinone and stigmasterol.

Herbalogical study on historical evolution of Juhong and Huajuhong / 中国中药杂志

In ancient times, there were two types of "Juhong" came from the tangerines(Citrus reticulata) and the pomelos(C. grandis and its cultivars), which corresponded to Juhong and Huajuhong recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia respectively. In different periods, Juhong basically came from the same species and the same medicinal parts, but there were also some differences. This article sorted out the ancient and modern literature, under the guidance of "Succession theory of Medicinal materials varieties" and "Change theory of Medicinal materials varieties"(XIE Zong-wan), and combined with field investigation, the evolution and reasons of the original plants and medicinal parts of Juhong were analyzed. In the Han Dynasty and before, the peel of tangerines and pomelos were both used as medicine. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the way tangerine peel was used was dried and aged, and then "soaked in hot water and scraped off the mesocarp", which had the essence of only using exocarp as medicine of Juhong already, and its original plant was C. reticalata. In the Song Dynasty, the name of "Juhong" and its medicinal usage were recorded in book on materia medica, and the species and medicinal parts of tangerine were inherited from the previous dynasties. The way tangerine peel was used was only dried and aged without removing the mesocarp. The medicinal material obtained by the way was called Chenpi(dried and aged tangerine peel). The item "Juhong" listing as a separate medicinal material was first recorded in the Collected Discussions from Materia Medica(Bencao Huiyan) in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the Dao-di habitat of Juhong was recorded as Guangdong province in most books on materia medica, and the original plants probably were C. reticalata and C. grandis 'Tomentosa'(Huazhou pomelo, a special cultivated species of C. grandis produced in Huazhou, Guangdong, which was recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as "Huajuhong"), according to the records in the local chronicles. During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the original plants of Juhong were C. reticalata and C. grandis 'Tomentosa'. Of the two, the latter one was considered as the better. As far the medicinal part, it was still the exocarp, while the whole young fruit of C. grandis 'Tomentosa' began to be used as medicine. After the founding of The People's Republic of China, the exocarps of Citrus reticalata, C. grandis and C. grandis 'Tomentosa' were listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia under "Juhong". From the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Republic of China, C. grandis exocarp was a fake of Juhong. Therefore, it was contradictory to historical records that C. grandis exocarp was listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as Huajuhong. Juhong had been divided into two types as "Juhong" and "Huajuhong" since 1985. The medicinal part of Huajuhong was only the exocarp of immature and nearly mature fruits, but not the whole young fruit, the actual mainstream medicinal part of Huajuhong. The results are helpful to clarify the historical evolution of species and medicinal parts of Juhong and Huajuhong. It is suggested that in the next edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, only C. grandis 'Tomentosa' should be included as the original plant of Huajuhong, and C. grandis should be deleted, and the young fruit should be added in the medicinal parts besides the exocarp of immature and nearly mature fruit.

Analysis of Ongoing Change Characteristics of the Contents of Syringin and Total Flavonoids in Different Medicinal Parts of Toricellia angulata from Guizhou / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study ongoing change characteristics of the contents of syringin and total flavonoids in different medicinal parts （root bark ，tree bark ，leaf）of Toricellia angulata from Guizhou ，and to provide reference for the development and application of T. angulata . METHODS ：The root bark ，tree bark and leaf parts of T. angulata during different harvesting periods （Jan.-Dec.） were taken as the research samples. The content of syringin was determined by HPLC. The determination was performed on Agela Promosil C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.5％ phosphoric acid solution-acetonitrile （gradient elution）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set as 210 nm，and column temperature was 35 ℃. The sample size was 5 μL. The content of total flavonoids was determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry under detection wavelength of 510 nm. RESULTS ：The linear range of syringin and total flavonoids were 0.095 9-1.150 8 mg/mL（r＝0.999 6）and 0.072 2- 1.083 0 mg/mL（r＝0.999 9），respectively. RSDs of precision ，stability and repeatability tests were all less than 3％（n＝6）. The average recoveries were 101.74％（RSD＝2.36％ ，n＝6）and 99.63％（RSD＝2.19％ ，n＝6），respectively. During different harvesting periods ，the contents of syringin in root bark ，tree bark ，leaf of T. angulata collected on Aug. ，May and Sept. were the highest，and the contents of total flavonoids in samples collected on Feb. ，Dec. and Sept. were the highest. The contents of syringin in different medicinal parts of T. angulata were in descending order as follows as tree bark ＞root bark ＞leaf，and the content of syringin was commonly relatively high in tree bark part ；the content of total flavonoids in different medicinal parts of T. angulata were in descending order as follows as root bark ＞tree bark ＞leaf，and the contents of total flavonoids in three medicinal parts was generally low. The content of total flavonoids in root bark was the highest in Feb. of that year ，and the content of syringin in root bark at same month was second only to Aug. of that year ；the content of syringin in tree bark was the highest in May ，and the content of total flavonoids in tree bark at same month was second only to Oct. and Dec. of that year ；the contents of total flavonoids and syringin in leaf were the highest in Sept. of that year. CONCLUSIONS ：It is suggested that Feb. is the best time for harvesting root bark ，May for tree bark and Sept. for leaf of T. angulata .

Comparison of Medicinal Part Quality of Typha angustifolia / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To compare the quality between Stamen typhae and pollen of T. angustifolia ，and provide scientific evidence for the improvement of quality standard of T. angustifolia . METHODS ：Fifteen batches of S. typhae were collected. Pollen minus sieve ，impurity plus sieve （filament and anther ）were sift out from S. typhae according to the identification method of T. angustifolia in Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2015 edition）. The characteristics and components of S. typhae and pollen ，filament and anther of T. angustifolia were comfirmed by impurity ， character examination and microscope ， TLC. The contents of isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside and typhaneoside in S. typhae and pollen ，impurities plus sieve （filament and anther ）of T. angustifolia were determined by HPLC. RESULTS ：S. typhae was a mixture of pollen ，anther and filament of T. angustifolia ，in the form of brownish yellow flocculent. The pollen of S. typhae was yellow powder with delicate hand feel ，slight smell and light taste；the surface of cells was slightly striped. The filaments and anthers were filiform and short-term ，rough and astringent ，and the cell surface were long strip. TLC chromatogram of S. typhae ，pollen and impurity of T. angustifolia had the same color spots at the same location. The contents of isorhamnetin- 3-O-neohesperidoside，typhaneoside and their aggregate were the highest in pollen （0.42％，0.24％，0.64％）；the second in S. typhae （0.22％，0.17％，0.39％）；the lowest in the impurities plus sieve （0.19％， 0.14％，0.33％）. The total contents of isorhamnetin- 3-O-neohesperidoside and typhaneoside in S. typhae and in impurities plus sieve did not reach the content limit stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia （not less than 0.50％）. CONCLUSIONS：The medicinal components of T. angustifolia mainly exist in pollen. It is suggested that S. typhae should be used as the raw material to obtain pollen，and should not be used directly.

Comparison of Catalpol and Aucubin Contents in Different Parts of Wild Centranthera grandiflora / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To determine and compare the contents of catalpol and aucubin in different parts （root， stem， leaf and flower） of wild Centranthera grandiflora， and to provide reference for the selection of medicinal parts and source development. METHODS： HPLC method was used to determine the contents of catalpol and aucubin in root， stem， leaf and flower of wild C. grandiflora， and the contents of different parts were analyzed comparatively. The determination of catalpol was performed on Agilent TC-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-0.1％ phosphoric acid （1 ∶ 99， V/V） at the flow rate of 1 mL/min； the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm， and sample size was 20 μL. The column temperature was 35 ℃； the determination of aucubin was performed on SPHERI-5RP-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water （3 ∶ 97， V/V） at the flow rate of 1 mL/min； the detection wavelength was set at 205 nm， and sample size was 20 μL； the column temperature was 25 ℃. RESULTS： The linear range of catalpol and aucubin were 0.061 5-3.321 and 0.000 36-0.216 mg/mL （all r＝0.999 9）. The limits of detection were 0.016 and 0.007 μg/mL. The limits of quantitation were 0.052 and 0.023 μg/mL. RSDs of precision， stability （24 h） and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2.00％ （n＝6）. The average recoveries were 99.34％ and 99.61％， and RSDs were 1.06％ and 1.12％， respectively （n＝6）. The average content of catalpol in root， stem， leaf and flower wild C. grandiflora were 1.609， 3.030， 11.095 and 1.921 mg/g， respectively. The contents of aucubin in different parts were 0.441， 0.020， 0.005 and 0.006 mg/g，respectively. CONCLUSIONS：The established HPLC method meets the requirements of quantitative analysis. Catalpol is mainly distributed in the leaves of wild C. grandiflora， and aucubin is mainly distributed in the roots of wild C. grandiflora. The experimental conclusion provides a reference for the reasonable selection of different medicinal parts as raw materials to develop medicine with different efficacy.

Study on Inhibitory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Different Medicinal Parts from Syzygium jambos on the Activities of α- Glycosidase and α-Amylase / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To compare inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of different medicinal parts （root， stem， leaf， seed， flower and flesh） from Syzygium jambos on the activities of α-glycosidase and α-amylase. METHODS： Using half-inhibitory concentration value （IC50） as evaluation index， acarbose as positive control， inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of different medicinal parts from S. jambos on the activities of α-glycosidase （from yeast and small instestine in mice） and α-amylase were evaluated with in vitro inhibition model. The enzymatic dynamics and Lineweaver-Burk methods were used to analyze the inhibitory type of the best medicinal part on the activities of α-glycosidase and α-amylase. RESULTS： In the yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activity test， the order of inhibitory activity was S. jambos seed＞S. jambos stem＞S. jambos leaf＞S. jambos root＞S. jambos flower＞S. jambos flesh＞acarbose. In the mice intestine α-glucosidase inhibitory activity test， the order of inhibitory activity was S. jambos seed＞S. jambos stem＞S. jambos root＞S. jambos leaf＞S. jambos flower＞S. jambos flesh＞acarbose. In the α-amylase inhibitory activity test， the order of inhibitory activity was acarbose＞S. jambos seed＞S. jambos stem＞S. jambos root＞S. jambos leaf＞S. jambos flesh＞S. jambos flower. Ethanol extract of S. jambos seed had the stronger inhibition activity against α-glucosidase from yeast，α-glucosidase from small intestine in mice and α-amylase than other medicinal parts [IC50 were（6.64±0.24）， （32.77±2.46） and （41.18±1.63） μg/mL]. Ethanol extract of S. jambos seed had the stronger inhibition activity against α-glucosidase than acarbose [IC50 to α-glucosidase from yeast and α-glucosidase from small intestine in mice were （2 833.33±5.48）， （1 304.21±6.45） μg/mL] （P＜0.05）. The inhibitory effect of ethanol extract from S. jambos on the activity of α-amylase was less than that of acarbose [IC50 was （27.27±1.24） μg/mL] （P＜0.05）. Enzymatic dynamics showed that the inhibitory type of ethanol extract from S. jambos seed on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were both reversible competitive inhibition. CONCLUSIONS： Among different parts of S. jambos such as root， stem， leaf， seed， flower and flesh， S. jambos seed shows the strongest inhibitory effects on the activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase， which has the value of being developed for the treatment of diabetes or health food.

Introduction of 169 Single-flavored Drugs Included in The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of Indian / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To analyze the characteristics of 169 single-flavored drugs in The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of Indian， and to provide reference for China to expand new drug sources and study new indications. METHODS： Sanskrit drug names， botanical names （family names）， Chinese medicine names， medicinal parts， therapeutic uses in Ayurveda， distributions in India， distributions or cultivations （introductions） in other countries and regions， the main treatments of other countries and regions were introduced comprehensively， so as to analyze the distribution， family names characteristics， medicinal part and indication characteristics of 169 single-flavored drugs. RESULTS： Totally 169 single-flavored drugs were mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. There were 116 single-flavored drugs distributed throughout India （including introduction or cultivation） and medicinal； while 51 single-flavored drugs were only distributed in India； 21 single-flavored drugs were distributed and used in China； 10 single-flavored drugs have a distribution in China but have not been used； only one single-flavored drug had been used in China but had no distribution. Yunnan， Guangdong， Guangxi， Fujian were provinces （districs） where Ayurveda single-flavored drug was planted and used more frequently. Sri Lanka， Vietnam and Malaysia were countries where Ayurveda single-flavored drug was planted and used more frequently. The original plants of the 169 single-flavored drugs were derived from Euphorbiaceae and Dipterocarpaceae， Umbelliferae and Morus， etc. More roots and rhizomes were used. The types of commonly treatment diseases were digestive diseases， respiratory diseases， “symptoms， signs， and clinical and laboratory abnormalities， which cannot be classified elsewhere”， skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases， genitourinary system diseases， blood diseases， etc. The diseases with characteristic diagnosis and treatment were caused by imbalance of body wind， intermittent heat， imbalance of mucin and imbalances of three diseases. CONCLUSIONS： 169 single-flavored drugs in this paper are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions， and are often used to treat digestive diseases. This study can provide reference for the introduction and cultivation of Ayurveda single-flavored drug and for the development of new drug sources and new uses in China.

HPLC Fingerprints of Different Medicinal Parts of Morus alba L / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish and compare the HPLC fingerprints of different medicinal parts of Morus alba. METHODS: An HPLC analysis was performed on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 (4. 6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) chromatographic column, using gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was kept at 30 ℃, and the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. The data was analyzed with Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Version 2004A). RESULTS: The HPLC fingerprints and common models of different medicinal parts of M. alba were established. The numbers of common peaks obtained in the fingerprints of Mori Cortex, Mori Ramulus, Mori folium, and Mori Fructus were 10, 11, 12, and 8, respectively. Ten characteristic peaks were identified by comparison with the reference substances and accurate molecular weights determined by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Mori Cortex and Mori Ramulus both had mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, kuwanon G, and morusin. Rutin and isoquercitrin were detected in both Mori folium and Mori Fructus. CONCLUSION: The method is stable, reliable, and repeatable. The composition profiles of different medicinal parts are established, which provides a scientific basis for the quality control of M. alba.

Comparison of Antidiuretic Activity of Ootheca Mantidis before and after Processing and Its Medicinal Part against Insufficiency of Kidney-Yang and Diuresis Rats / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To compare antidiuretic activity of Ootheca Mantidis before and after processing,and to explore the best medicinal part and mechanism of Ootheca Mantidis. METHODS:96 rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,positive group,Ootheca Mantidis group,Ootheca Mantidis stir-fried with salt group,steamed Ootheca Mantidis group, crude product eggs and egg shell groups,processed product eggs and egg shell groups,with 8 rats in each group,12 groups in to-tal. Except blank group,other groups were given adenine 250 mg/kg,ig,for 4 weeks to induce kidney-yang and diuresis model. From third week,Ootheca Mantidis crude drug group and processed Ootheca Mantidis group were all given relevant medicine 0.11 g(crude drug)/ml i.g,and crude product eggs and egg shell groups and processed product eggs and egg shell groups were given rel-evant medicine,ig,once a day,by mass ratio of eggs to egg shell(cude drug 1∶2.4,salt stir-fried product 1∶1.7,steamed prod-uct 1∶2.1)for consecutive 4 weeks. The urinary volume,body weight,renal index and the serum contents of ADH and ALD were all determined. RESULTS:Compared with blank group,body weight and serum content of ADH and ALD decreased in model group,while renal index and urinary volume increased(POotheca Mantidis stir-fried with salt group>Ootheca Mantidis group,and steamed Ootheca Mantidis shell group had best exchange. CONCLUSIONS:The an-tidiuretic activity of Ootheca Mantidis has been enhanced after processing. The egg shell of steamed Ootheca Mantidis is main me-dicinal part. To increase the serum content of ADH might be one of the main mechanism of arresting polyuria.

Historical Studies about Medicinal Part of Chinese Crude Drug \lq\lqUncaria Hook\rq\rq (Part2) / 日本東洋医学雑誌

The crude Chinese drug “Uncaria hook” is a hook, or a twig with an attached hook of Uncaria plants seen in today's Chinese and Japanese medicinal markets. However, through herbological studies we found that the botanical origin of Uncaria hook was Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq., and that until the middle of Ming Dynasty in ancient China, the medicinal part used was the twig bark, not the hook itself, and use of the twig with hook was begun in the later Ming Dynasty. This change in practice seems to have been influenced by herbal descriptions written in the Ming Dynasty. Some of these stated that the medical effect of hooks was stronger than that of the bark.To determine the appropriate medicinal part of this crude drug in terms of chemical quality, we analyzed the alkaloid contents of Uncaria rhynchophylla bark, hooks, and twigs collected in Japan. Our result showed that the alkaloid content of the bark was higher than that of the twigs and hooks. Rhynchophylline and hirsutine, the alkaloid contained in Uncaria hook, were reported to improve memory learning and to cure hypertension, respectively. Since the alkaloid content profile of the bark was different from that of the hook, a question arose as to whether the medicinal properties of the part commonly used as “Uncaria hook” meet the requirement of the crude drug. Further pharmacological study is expected.

Studies of Rhei Rhizoma (Da-huang; Daio). (I). A Herbological Study on its Medicinal Effects and Medicinal Parts / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Although the crude drug Rhei Rhizoma (Chinese: Da-huang; Japanese: Daio) is now commonly employed as a purgative, some question remains as to whether it was originally used as a depurative (purifying agent; specifically an agent for expelling Stagnated Blood) or purgative in ancient times. There is also some confusion as to the medicinal part of the crude drug being sold on the market. This herbological study was carried out in order to clarify these issues.<br>The results showed that Rhei Rhizoma was originally used mainly as an agent to expel Stagnated Blood, although it was also used for its purgative and other properties. Until the Qing dynasty, the rhizome of the large Rheum species, including R. palmatum, was known as the best quality Da-huang. The recent use of the root is thought to be due to recognition of the purgative properties of Da-huang.<br>Da-huang has many medicinal properties in addition to its usefulness as a purgative, and there is a need for further study of these properties as well as the differences between the pharmacological actions of the rhizome and those of the root.