Herbal Textual Research on Lablab Semen Album in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this paper， the name， origin， quality evaluation， producing area and processing methods of Lablab Semen Album in the famous classical formulas were researched by reviewing the ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature. The results showed that the name of Lablab Semen Album in the past dynasties was mostly derived from its shape and color， called Biandou and Baibiandou. The mainstream origin used in the past dynasties was Lablab purpureus， the medicinal parts were mainly white mature seeds， with the addition of the leaves in the Song dynasty and the flowers in the Ming dynasty. Since modern times， the authentic producing areas of Lablab Semen Album are Suzhou， Zhejiang and other places， and now mainly produced in Chuxiong and Xinping， Yunnan and Panzhihua， Sichuan. The traditional quality evaluation of Lablab Semen Album is evaluated as large， solid， full and white. The harvesting time of this herb is recorded from the eighth to the ninth lunar month in related literature， the pods are picked when the seeds are ripe， and the seeds are dried in the sun. In ancient times， the processing of Lablab Semen Album mainly consisted of frying the seeds with skin and then pulverizing for use， or soaking and peeling seeds for raw use. Based on the conclusion of the textual research， it is recommended that the seeds or flowers of the white flowering plants of L. purpureus， a member of the leguminosae， should be used in the famous classical formulas， and the dried seeds or dried flowers of Lablab Semen Album can be used as medicine if the formula did not clearly indicate processing requirements.

Herbal Textual Research on Linderae Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By reviewing the ancient and modern literature， the name， origin， medicinal parts and other aspects of Linderae Radix in famous classical formulas were systematically sorted out， so as to provide a basis for development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. Linderae Radix was first recorded in Bencao Shiyi in the Tang dynasty under name of Pangqi， and since Rihuazi Bencao of the Five dynasties， all generations of materia medica have used Wuyao as its proper name of the herb. The mainstream source of Linderae Radix used in the past dynasties is dried tuberous roots of Lindera aggregata contained in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The origins of Linderae Radix recorded in the past dynasties are mainly Guangdong， Guangxi， Hunan， Zhejiang， Anhui and others， since the Song dynasty， Tiantai county in Zhejiang province has been regarded as the authentic producing place， in modern times， it is still the authentic place of origin. At harvesting， in ancient times， the harvesting time of the roots was mostly in August， while in modern times， Linderae Radix is mostly harvested in winter and spring or throughout the year， and is dried directly after harvesting or cut thin slices and dried in the place of production. At processing， Linderae Radix was processed by removing the peel and heart， wine roasting， vinegar roasting and other methods in ancient times， and in modern times， it is mostly used in raw form as medicine. In conclusion， it is suggested that the processing method of fresh slicing and drying in the place of origin in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be adopted if Linderae Radix is involved in the development of famous classical formulas.

Correlation Analysis of Rattan from Chinese Medicine Based on Habit-habitat-medicinal Parts-property and Efficacy / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveThe relevant laws among the growth habits， habitat， medicinal site and sex， taste and efficacy of rattan derived traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） were explored to strengthen the demonstration of the quality theory and to provide theoretical basis for the clinical use and resource development of rattan. MethodThe characteristics， effects， parts， families and growth habits of some TCM from rattan were analyzed. By referring to Chinese Flora， Chinese Materia Medica， Chinese Materia Medica Dictionary and other literature， a total of 48 kinds of Rattan from Chinese medicines included in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were screened out， and their property and meridian tropism， medicinal parts， habitat and classification of TCM were statistically analyzed. Excel 2013 and SPSS Statistics 26.0 were employed for statistical research. ResultThe results of the analysis of rattan derived Chinese medicine showed that in the families and genera， Tetrandaceae > Dioscorea > Leguminoa > Cucurbitaceae > Woodtonaceae， etc. In the nature， cold > warm > flat > cool > hot； Bitter > sweet > octane > acid. In the liver meridian， liver > lung > heart > spleen > stomach = bladder = kidney > large intestine. In medicinal parts， root and rhizome > vine stem > fruit seed > flower > vascular bundle = whole grass. In terms of habitat distribution， Guangdong > Guangxi > Yunnan > Fujian > Zhejiang， et al. In the classification of TCM， dispelling wind and dampness > clearing heat > improving water and dampness > promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. ConclusionRattan from TCM are mainly cold in nature， bitter in flavors， and entered liver meridian， and the root and stem of Rattan are mainly used in medicine， mostly distributed in the southeast coast of China. The main effects are to channel and activate collaterals， dispel wind and dehumidification， promote blood circulation and relieve pain， clear heat and detoxify. The morphology habit， growth environment and medicinal parts of Rattan from Chinese medicine were correlated with the property and efficacy. There was a certain correlation between the growth habits， habitat and medicinal site of rattan derived Chinese medicine and its sexual and taste effect， which provided reference for the development and utilization of rattan derived Chinese medicine resources.

Comparative analysisof Saponins in different medicinal parts of Panax Ginseng / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the differences of Saponins in different parts of Panax ginseng, which couldprovide reference for a comprehensive quality evaluation.Methods:UFLC- Triple-TOF-MS/MS was used to analyze the Saponins in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Folium and Ginseng Flos,The analysis was carried out on a SynergiTM Hydro-RP 100A column, Gradient elution of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) (A)-acetonitrile (B). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the grouping of samples, and partial least squares regression (PLS-DA) was used to classify the samples to find the differences of chemical components in different medicinal parts of Panax ginseng. Significant differences in saponins and its rules were found by multivariate statistical analysis.Results:PCA indicated that there was remarkable difference in saponins of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Folium and Ginseng Flos, ten different components were found by PLS-DA. Conclusion:There exists obvious differences of different medicinal parts of Panax Ginseng which could provide foundation for the further research and rathional use of Panax ginseng.

Herbal Textual Research on Forsythiae Fructus in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this paper， the name， origin， medicinal properties， specifications， clinical efficacy， producing area， quality evaluation and processing methods of Forsythiae Fructus in the famous classical formulas are researched by consulting related herbal literature， medical books and prescription books. The results showed that Forsythiae Fructus was sourced from Hypericum ascyron and its genus plants before Song dynasty， and it is used as medicine in many parts. After Song dynasty， Forsythiae Fructus is sourced from the fruit of Forsythia suspensa. Since the Ming dynasty， Forsythiae Fructus is divided into Qingqiao and Laoqiao according to different harvesting time. According to the research results， it is suggested to refer to the following suggestions for the application of Forsythiae Fructus in the development of famous classical formulas：①F. suspensa should be chosen as the origin since the Ming and Qing dynasties. ②If there is no special requirement for the source of prescriptions， it is recommended that Laoqiao be used in famous classical formulas since the Ming and Qing dynasties. ③The harvest time of Qingqiao should be from July 15th to August 15th， and Laoqiao should be in September， and it should be the husk after the seeds have been removed.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and HPLC / 中国中药杂志

Paridis Rhizoma(PR) is prepared from the dried rhizome of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis(PPY) or P. polyphylla var. chinensis(PPC) in Liliaceae family. The rapid development of PPY or PPC planting industry resulted from resource shortage has caused the waste of a large number of non-medicinal resources. To clarify the chemical compositions in rhizomes, fibrous roots, stems, leaves, seeds and pericarps of PPC, and explore the comprehensive application value and development prospect of these parts, the qualitative and quantitative analyses on the different parts of PPC were carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). A total of 136 compounds were identified, including 112 steroidal saponins, 6 flavonoids, 11 nitrogen-containing compounds and 7 phytosterols. Rhizomes, fibrous roots, and seeds mainly contained protopennogenyl glycosides and pennogenyl glycosides; leaves and stems mainly contained protodiosgenyl glycosides and diosgenyl glycosides; pericarps mainly contained pennogenyl glycosides, followed by diosgenyl glycosides. The total level of four saponins was the highest in fibrous roots and rhizomes, followed by those in the pericarps and arillate seeds, and the lowest in the stems and exarillate seeds. This study can provide data support for the comprehensive development and rational application of non-medicinal parts of PPC.

Resource Value Discovery and Utilization of Wastes in Industrialization of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The recycling of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） wastes is an important research topic to be solved urgently in the industrialization of TCM resources. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is a bulk Chinese herb mainly derived from Rheum palmatum，R. tanguticum，and R. officinale. At present，these three medicinal plants have been cultivated on a large scale and widely used in the fields of medicine，health care，food，cosmetics，and veterinary medicine，with an annual demand of more than 5 500 tons（1 ton=1 000 kg）. However，a large number of wastes such as non-medicinal parts and residues produced in the production and deep processing are discarded because there is no effective way of utilization，resulting in serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. The non-medicinal parts contain not only the chemical components and pharmacological effects similar to those of roots and rhizomes but also a variety of amino acids，mineral elements，and conventional nutrients. They have a long history of use，and the content of some resource components is higher than that in roots and rhizomes. In particular，their stems and leaves exhibit great potential to be consumed as food and medicine due to high safety. Besides，the content of anthraquinones in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma residue is high and it possesses good antibacterial activity. It can be seen that the waste from the industrialization of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma has high utilization value. Hence，based on the relevant literature and investigation on the application of producing areas in China and abroad，the paper summarized the utilization status of their medicinal and non-medicinal parts，the waste production in the industrialization，as well as the active substances and utilization ways and put forward the multi-level and multi-path utilization strategy of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma wastes，in order to provide reference for the rational development and application of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma resources and promote the effective utilization and green development of the corresponding wastes.

Herbalogical study on Liangmianzhen (Zanthoxyli Radix) / 中国中药杂志

Liangmianzhen(Zanthoxyli Radix) has long been used as medicine. The current medicinal parts are different from those in the ancient. As recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, the medicinal part is root. However, in ancient works, the medicinal parts include root, stem, leaf, and fruit. In an attempt to find the historical basis that stem is a reasonable medicinal part, the herbalogical study was carried out on this medicinal based on the formal names, synonyms, original plant, medicinal parts, habitat of the medicinal plant, producing area, processing and preparation methods, efficacy, and indications recorded in ancient Chinese materia medica and local gazetteers. The results showed that Liangmianzhen was firstly recorded as a medicinal in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica with the formal name of "Manjiao". "Manjiao" was adopted from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty when it was changed to "Rudijinniu", the name originating from the folk in the south of the Five Ridges. Now, the formal name is "Liangmianzhen", which was firstly recorded in Wuxuan County Gazetteer in 1914 and then as a synonym in the Updated Records of Picking Herbs in the South of the Five Ridges. According to the formal names, synonyms, and the descriptions of the original plant, the medicinal plants of Liang-mianzhen have the characteristics of shrub-like young seedlings, vine adult seedlings, corymbiform thyrsus, stems with thorns, amphitropous golden-yellow roots with horn-like branches, and thorns on both sides of the leaves. Thus, "Manjiao", "Rudijinniu", and "Liangmianzhen" were from the same species of Zanthoxylum nitidum(Rutaceae), which was also verified based on the growth environment, habitat, processing and preparation methods, efficacy, and indications. In ancient times, the stem and root were the main medicinal parts and leaves and fruits were also used. However, in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, root is recorded as the only medicinal part, which is obviously inconsistent with the records in the ancient classics. In light of the limited medicinal resources for Liang-mianzhen, other medicinal parts of Z. nitidum is recommended. This study clarified the medicinal parts of Z. nitidum in history. It is recommended that the stem be added to the medicinal parts of Z. nitidum in the next edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia.

Study on HPLC Characteristic Chromatogram and Chemical Pattern Recognition of Different Medicinal Parts of Cirsium japonicum / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish HP LC ch aracteristic ch romatogram of different medicinal parts of Cirsium japonicum ， and to compare the difference of chemical components in different medicinal parts of C. japonicum according to chemical identification method ，and to provide reference for quality control and evaluation of C. japonicum . METHODS ：Medicinal material （overground part ），leaves，flower，main stem and lateral stem of C. japonicum were determined by HPLC. According to the TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012A edition ），the chromatograms were matched to generate the HPLC characteristic chromatogram of each medicinal part. The differences of common characteristic peak area were analyzed according to variance analysis of single factor. The chromatographic peaks were identified by comparison of reference substance. Meanwhile，the chemical pattern recognition was performed to research the different medicinal parts of C. japonicum according to principal component analysis （PCA）and cluster analysis. RESULTS ：HPLC characteristic chromatograms of medicinal material ， leaves，flower，main stem and lateral stem from C. japonicum were established respectively ，and 15 common peaks were confirmed for medicinal material ，leaves and flower of C. japonicum ；11 common peaks were confirmed in chromatograms of main stem and lateral stem from C. japonicum （absence of No. 7，9，12，13 peak）. The contents of chemical components were different greatly among different medicinal parts. No. 1，2，3，10，11 peaks were identified as neochlorogenic acid ，chlorogenic acid ， cryptochlorogenic acid ，linarin and pectolinarin. Results of PCA and cluster analysis showed that chemical pattern recognition and clustering of the flower and stem of C. japonicum were distinct and can be clustered into one category respectively. However ，the leaves distribution of C. japonicum was relatively scattered ，so it was difficult to cluster . CONCLUSIONS ：Established HPLC characteristic chromatogram-chemical pattern recognition can reflect the differences of different medicinal parts of C. japonicum integrally， comprehensively and truly ， which has vital significance for origin indentification ， quality control and overall evaluation of C. japonicum .

Textual Research on the Medical Use of Paederiae Herba / 中国药房

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To make a textual research on ethnic medicine Paederiae Herba，and to provide reference for further research and comprehensive development and utilization of Paederiae Herba. METHODS：Five materia medica works such as Compendium of Materia Medica Collection and Examination of Plant Names and Actual Maps，55 modern materia medica works such as Chinese materia medica and Flora of China published from 1960 to 2016，and a number of literatures were synthesized and sorted out. The name，original species，origins，harvesting and processing，flavor and meridian tropism and so on of P. scandens were studied. Its mainstream varieties were mainly clarified and use of them in various nationalities were sorted out. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：The name of“Paederiae Herba”was first recorded in the Qing Dynasty’s Examination of Plant Names and Actual Maps. The main variety of Paederiae Herba was Paederia scandens （Lour.） Merr.，also known as “Jishiteng”. The medicinal part was the aboveground part. It distributed in bushes of hillsides，forests，forest margins，valleys and shrubs at an altitude of 200 to 2 000 meters or wound around shrubs. It was mainly produced in the Yangtze River Valley of China and its southern regions. The processing methods are mostly shade-drying or removing impurities，washing，cutting and drying. Its sweet， astringent，flat，and it can be used for digestion，pain relief，detoxification and clearing damp，and can be used for food retention， chest，abdomen and abdomen pain，eczema，sores，swelling and pain. It was used in the folk of Miao，Tujia and Zhuang nationalities in China. There are still some problems such as mixed varieties and different processing methods in the market circulation. All these have brought many challenges to the research of quality standard of Paederiae Herba.

Status and prospects of resource utilization of non-medicinal parts of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium / 中草药

Chrysanthemum morifolium is a traditional Chinese medicinal material in China. The yield of non-medicinal parts is much higher than the inflorescence, and the yield of stems and leaves of C. morifolium is 3.5 times of medicinal parts. For a long time, the non-medicinal parts of C. morifolium have not been fully used, resulting in great waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, the in-depth research and development of non-medicinal parts of C. morifolium deserve attention. Research shows that the non-medicinal parts of C. morifolium is rich in volatile oil, flavonoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides and other components, which have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-convulsion and improvement of intestinal disorders. This article summarizes the research situation of chemical components, pharmacological effects, and resource utilization status of stems, leaves, roots and other non-medicinal parts produced during the cultivation and production of medicinal C. morifolium, in order to provide the scientific basis and reference for the development, utilization and industrialization of the non-medicinal parts of medicinal C. morifolium.

Discussion on variation law of origin and medicinal parts of Chinese medicine materials in Chinese Pharmacopoeia / 中草药

Under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) variety, quality and TCM resource theory, based on the consistency of clinical efficacy and the availability of Chinese medicinal materials, the change reasons had been analyzed and its change rule had been expounded in this paper from the perspective of the origin and medicinal parts of the Chinese medicinal materials in Chinese Pharmacopoeia of various editions. On the basis of this study, the future trend of the total number of Chinese medicinal materials, multi-base original varieties and multi-part varieties would been predicted in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the corresponding suggestions had been put forward according to deficiencies in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, so as to realize effective control of the quality of Chinese medicinal materials.

UPLC fingerprint-based analysis of differences in chemical components from different parts of Stephania tetrandra / 中草药

Objective: To analyze and compare UPLC fingerprints of root, rhizome, stem, and leaf of Stephania tetrandra, learn the differences in chemical component types and contents of main active components, and provide basis for rational development and utilization of S. tetrandra. Methods: UPLC was used to obtain characteristic chromatograms of different parts; The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprints of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Version 2012) was run to capture the common peaks of different parts and calculate their similarity and analyze the characteristic peaks of different parts. SPSS 23.0 was run to compare the difference in component contents of the roots and rhizomes using the paired sample t-test. Results: The similarity in chemical composition between root and rhizome was 0.928, indicating they have similar chemical composition, and both of them contained tetrandrine and fangchinoline, the index components. The similarity between rhizome and leaf was 0.947; The similarity was low between stem, leaf and root and rhizome, and there were no tetrandrine and fangchinoline in the first two parts. The results of paired samples t-test show that the total content of chemical components in rhizome was higher than that in roots, and the mainly difference came from other non-index components, but there was no significant difference between tetrandrine and fangchinoline. Conclusion: Significant differences are present in chemical composition types and contents of different medicinal parts of S. tetrandra; The type of chemical components in rhizome is similar to that in root, and the content of some components in rhizome is significantly higher than that in root, which means that rhizomes can be used as an equivalent of roots. Stems and leaves cannot be a substitute for roots because they do not contain tetrandrine and fangchinoline, but they contain many other chemical components which can be utilized as a new resource.

Research Progress on Commodity Specification and Grade of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Some Suggestions / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The commodity specification and grade is a symbol of quality of Chinese medicinal materials,a standard to measure and evaluate the quality of Chinese medicinal materials,and an important part of the quality control system of Chinese medicinal materials.This article reviewed relevant research literature of commodity specification and grade of Chinese medicinal materials,including the formation and policy support of specification and grade.It analyzed the specific research examples of the commodity specification and grade of Chinese medicinal materials according to the classification of medicinal parts,and summarized the research conditions of the commodity classification at present stage.Aiming at the current research difficulties and the lack of unified standards in specification and grade of Chinese medicinal materials,some advice including research objects,methods,management,publicity,promotion and application are put forward,so as to provide references for the research on the commodity specification and grade of Chinese medicinal materials.

Content Determination of Nine Constituents in Different Medicinal Parts of Pimpinella thellungiana / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To develop a method to quantify nine constituents in different medicinal parts of Pimpinella thellungiana, in order to compare the content difference of the nine constituents, namely protocatechuic acid,gallic acid,neochlorogenic acid,chlorogenic acid,cryptochlorogenic acid,luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide,isochlorogenic acid A,apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide and isochlorogenic acid C. Method:The analysis was performed on an Agilent TC-C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) with acetonitrile and mixed acid solution (0.1% phosphoric acid-0.1% glacial acetic acid) as mobile phase for gradient elution. The handover detection wavelengths were at 265 and 325 nm. The column temperature was 20℃, and the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1. The experiment data was analyzed using the software of Markerlynx XS. Result:The nine constituents of protocatechuic acid,gallic acid,neochlorogenic acid,chlorogenic acid,cryptochlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide,isochlorogenic acid A,apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide and isochlorogenic acid C had a good degree of separation and a good linearity in their respective linear ranges(r>0.999 8). The average recoveries ranged from 99.11% to 100.76%,and the RSD ranged from 0.9% to 2.0% 。The results showed that the contents of the nine constituents had significant differences in different medicinal parts of P. thellungiana. The average contents of the nine constituents were the highest in leaves,which was followed by stem,and the lowest was in root. Conclusion:The study could provide evidence for the quality control,clinical application,and scientific resources utilization of P. thellungiana.

Herbal textual research on Chinese medicine "Huangjing" (Polygonati Rhizoma)and some enlightenments / 中国中药杂志

To clarify the change and development of the original plants， medicinal organs， traditional functions， resource distribution of "Huangjing"(Polygonati Rhizome)， a traditional Chinese medicine， we investigated Polygonatum species on the ancient Chinese herbal texts. The name of "Nüwei" was first carried out in the book of Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic. Its effects included two aspects： one was similar to "Weirui"(Polygonati Odorati Rhizome， "Yuzhu")， that was tonifying， nourishing one's vitality， removing wind and dampness， settling five organs， making body lightness， keeping longevity and not being hungry; the second was alike to "Huangjing" recorded in the book of Ming Yi Bie Lu(Appendant Records of Famous Physicians). Specifically， "Weirui" possesses the therapeutic effect of "Nüwei"， while "Huangjing" possesses the tonic effect of " Nüwei". Thereafter， the following ancient Chinese herbal texts kept those two names and function records. Accordingly， we hold the point of view that "Huangjing" was first carried out in the book of Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic in the synonym of "Nüwei". "Yuzhu" included the "Huangjing" in ancient herbal text before Qing Dynasty， that was further confirmed by the research on change and development of the original plants. The identification between "Yuzhu" and "Huangjing" was based on the shape of rhizome and size before early Tang Dynasty. The shape was a key character and used up to now， but size was not reasonable. The opposite phyllotaxy was an important character of authentic "Huangjing" from Tang to Qing Dynasty. The seedling of Polygonatum sibiricum and P. kingianum， the adult plant of P. cyrtonema with alternate leaves were misused as "Yuzhu"("Nüwei" and "Weirui") at that time. Therefore， both "Yuzhu" and "Huangjing" should be used as key words during the search of ancient prescriptions and development of new drugs and health foods. The leaves， flowers， fruits and seedlings could be used as food or medicine other than the rhizomes in ancient China， but they haven't been developed in modern times. The culture of "Huangjing" had a long history starting with Tang Dynasty， which was recorded in Tang poetry. Then in Ming Dynasty， the culture method was described in Compendium of Materia Medica， that was cutting the rhizomes into 2 feet， planting sparsely(they would be grown densely in the next year)， or sowing the seeds. The harvesting and processing were first recorded in Ming Yi Bie Lu： "harvest the roots in February， dry in the shade". Then the processing method was changed to "steaming and drying in the sun， repeatedly for nine times" in Shi Liao Ben Cao(Dietetic Materia Medica) and "harvesting in August as well" in Ben Cao Tu Jing(Commentaries on the Illustrations). No breakthrough has been taken in the breeding of cultivars and key cultivation technologies yet. As to the geo-authentic habitats， Mount Songshan and Maoshan were firstly recorded as the best producing areas of "Huangjing" in Ben Cao Tu Jing. But Maoshan， Jiangsu province and Mount Songshan， Henan province， are not main producing areas in modern China. Consequently， the plantation plan of Polygonati Rhizome needs further study.

Research progress of chemical components and pharmacological effects of non-medicinal parts of Crocus sativus / 中国中药杂志

The dried stigma of Crocus sativus (saffron) is a world&s precious spice and traditional medicine possessing plenty of pharmacological effects. Because the stigma represents only 7.4% of total weight of the fresh flower, when the stigma is separated from the flowers, large quantities of floral bio-residues are discarded. Accordingly, the utilization of the non-medicinal parts of saffron has drawn people&s attention. Studies showed that the non-medicinal parts of saffron were rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides, et al. They were proved to have some pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant activity, antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammation and liver protection. The paper is to review the current research progress on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of the non-medicinal parts of saffron, which can serve as a reference for the further research and development of non-medicinal parts of saffron.

Main components analysis in different parts of Rheum palmatum / 中草药

Objective: To analyze the main components in different parts of Rheum palmatum. Methods: The anthraquinones, soluble polysaccharides, cellulose, and mineral elements in the taproots, root heads, fibrous roots, root barks, petioles and leaves were detected by HPLC, UV, Weende, and ICP-AES. Results: The contents of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in taproots, root heads, fibrous roots, and root barks were 3.22-4.33, 1.33-2.32, 3.21-3.68, 3.22-3.76 mg/g, 0.77-1.36, 2.46-2.52, 1.16-1.46, 1.02-1.21 mg/g, 0.27-0.39, 0.28-0.34, 0.30-0.42, 0.31-0.67 mg/g, 2.85-3.70, 2.78-3.01, 4.02-4.81, 4.05-4.72 mg/g and 1.88-2.44, 1.82-2.01, 2.48-3.02, 3.61-4.46 mg/g, respectively. The contents of aloe-emodin, rhein, and emodin in leaves were 0.56-1.07, 0.45-0.69, 1.41-1.91 mg/g. The soluble polysaccharides in the taproots, petioles and leaves were 9.76%-10.42%, 5.76%-7.63%, and 3.50%-5.72%. The cellulose contents in petioles and leaves were 15.54% and 10.20%. Ca was the most abundant with 88.53 mg/g in leaves, followed by K with 32.42 mg/g, Mg with 12.93 mg/g, Al with 1.22 mg/g, and Fe with 1.17 mg/g. In the petioles, Ca with 80.60 mg/g and K with 28.73 mg/g were higher than those in roots with 21.08 and 14.09 mg/g. Na with 2.66 mg/g was also higher than that in roots with 0.26 mg/g and in leaves with 0.57 mg/g. Conclusion: The types and contents of anthraquinones in roots are higher than those in petioles and leaves, with the understanding of traditional medicinal parts. Emodin in leaves is five times as those in roots, petioles, and leaves, and also contains a certain amount of cellulose and soluble polysaccharide component, a wide variety of elements. From above analysis, the petioles and leaves could be deeper utilized.

Research progress on medicinal plant resources of bupleurum l / 中草药

Bupleuri Chinensis Radix, as traditional Chinese medicine, has great use amount in the past dynasties, and the amount of the existing wild resources is not enough to provide market demand. In order to protect the wild resources and expand the source of medicinal materials, the research on the chemical composition, pharmacological action, clinical application and other aspects of Bupleuri Chinensis Radix and other plants in the same genus have been widely carried out. The paper reviews the study of medicinal plant resources of Bupleurum L. in China from the distribution and species, chemical composition of medicinal parts, resources protection and utilization of Bupleurum L. medicinal plants, etc, to provide new clues for Bupleurum L. resources development.

Comparison of Different Producing Areas and Parts on the Contents of Heavy Metals in Vespae Nidus / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for simultaneous determination of 5 heavy metals in Vespae Nidus,and to dis-cuss the effects of difterent producing area and part on the contents of heavy metals in Vespae Nidus. METHODS: The contents of arsenic(As),mercury(Hg),lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd)and copper(Cu)were determined by atomic spectrophotometry(hydride generation method,cold vapor method,graphite furnace method and flame method). The difference in the contents of heavy metals in samples were compared among different producing areas by analyzing data. RESULTS:The linear range of As,Hg,Pb,Cu, Cd were 0-40 ng/mL(r=0.9930),0-0.9 ng/mL(r=0.9974),0-80 ng/mL(r=0.9955),0-8 ng/mL(r=0.9927),0-800 ng/mL(r=0.9966),respectively. Limit of quantitation were 4.473,2.35×10 - 3 ,8.380,2.128,54 ng/mL,limit of detection were 1.342,0.701× 10 - 3,2.514,0.632,16 ng/mL. RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 5.0%. The recoveries were 84.26% -102.25%(RSD=7.71% ,n=6),90.90% -115.31%(RSD=9.38% ,n=6),92.16% -105.70%(RSD=6.19% ,n=6), 90.81%-113.99%(RSD=8.86%,n=6),91.63%-102.79%(RSD=5.09%,n=6). The phenomenon that heavy metals of sample from Shandong and Hebei exceed the standard was the most serious. Main heavy metal which exceed the standard was Pb. The con-tent of Pb in Chamber was higher than other parts. CONCLUSIONS: The method is simple,precise,stable and reproducible,and can be used for simultaneous determination of 5 heavy metals in Vespae Nidus. There are different contents of heavy metal in Ves-pae Nidus of different producing areas and parts.