Pupal parasitoids associated with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a semiarid environment in Brazil

Abstract Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests that affect the fruit-growing worldwide. In the northeastern Brazil, where a semiarid climate predominates and the production of tropical fruits for export is concentrated, some fruit flies, including Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are considered pests due to economic damage and quarantine restrictions. In several parts of the world, fruit fly population regulation is carried out with the support of hymenopteran parasitoids. In Brazil, some information exists about larval parasitoids of fruit flies, but little is known about pupal parasitoids of these tephritids, especially in Brazilian semiarid environments. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to know the pupal parasitoids associated with C. capitata in a semiarid environment in Brazil. The parasitoid survey was carried out in a semiarid region in the states of Rio do Norte and Ceará. To obtain the parasitoids, pupae (sentinels) of C. capitata from the laboratory, Applied Entomology Laboratory of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, were exposed to natural parasitism in the field. Six parasitoid (Hymenoptera) species were obtained: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia simplex Perkins, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia leiopleura Gibson, and Spalangia impunctata Howard (Pteromalidae); Trichopria anastrephae Lima (Diapriidae). These are the first records of pupal parasitoids associated with the fruit fly C. capitata in Brazil.

Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) / Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of plants to the fruit fly larvae, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. )

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata. Folhas de algodão-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa),pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) e tingui (Magoniapubescens) foram coletadas, secas e moídas em moinho de facas até a obtenção de um pó. Tais pós foram adiciona dos em água destilada para a preparação dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensões contendo os compostos hidrossolúveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. À dieta controle, adicionou-se somente água destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram constituídos por 10 repetições, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhão-manso são os mais tóxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro),sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui (Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae ofC. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. The joazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.(AU)

Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their parasitoids on cultivated and wild hosts in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their parasitoids on cultivated and wild hosts in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Information on frugivorous flies in cultivated or wild host plants and their parasitoids in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul is presented and discussed. Fruit fly samples were collected weekly in specific fruit trees, and McPhail® traps were installed in the same trees for a period of two years. The fruit flies infested ripe and unripe fruits of Averrhoa carambola L., Schoepfia sp., Psidium guajava L. and Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk and mature fruits of Anacardium occidentale L. and Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. Nineteen fruit fly species were obtained with the combination of sampling methods (collecting fruits and trapping), nine of them obtained with both methods, five found only in fruits and five only in traps. This is the first record of Anastrepha striata Schiner in a species of Sapotaceae, as well as for A. castanea Norrbom and A. daciformes Bezzi in Schoepfia sp. (Olacaceae), and for A. distincta Greene in fruits of P. guajava in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Fruit collections simultaneously associated with capture of fruit flies by McPhail traps in the same host plants are essential to understand the diversity of fruit flies and their relationship with hosts and parasitoids. Species of Braconidae and Pteromalidae were recovered, where Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) was the most abundant parasitoid in larvae of tephritids infesting both cultivated and wild host fruits.

Tratamento térmico de frutos da cajazeira utilizando vapor d'água, visando ao controle de Ceratitis capitata e à qualidade do fruto / Thermal treatment of Spondias mombin fruits using water vapour obsectiving control of Ceratitis capitata and fruit quality

As moscas-das-frutas atacam, preferencialmente, frutos maduros, mas podem atacar frutos verdes, nos quais depositam seus ovos. O fruto atacado fica mole e sua polpa totalmente comprometida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do tratamento térmico com vapor visando a controlar C. capitata sem danificar a qualidade do fruto de cajá. Inicialmente, os frutos foram colhidos, desinfestados e padronizados em função do tamanho e do ponto de maturação. Em seguida, foram seccionados longitudinalmente e infestados com dez ovos/fruto com idade de 24 horas. Após 72 horas da infestação, os frutos foram submetidos ao tratamento com vapor nas temperaturas de 46 e 50°C, nos tempos de exposição zero, dez, 20, 30 e 40 minutos. As avaliações de mortalidade foram realizadas após 7 dias, através da contagem do número de larvas sobreviventes. A análise química da polpa, quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e pH foi realizada com 48 horas após o tratamento térmico. Na temperatura de 46°C, os frutos de cajá devem permanecer expostos ao vapor pelo tempo de 27 minutos e, na temperatura de 50°C, por 20 minutos, visando ao controle de larvas de C. capitata, sem comprometimento das características físico-químicas avaliadas.

Fruit-flies attack mature fruits preferentially, and they could also attack immature fruits, and deposit its eggs. Fruits become soft and injured and pulp is totally compromised. The objective of this study was to evaluate efficiency of thermal treatment with vapor aiming C. capitata control without damaging fruit Spondias mombin quality. First, fruits had been harvested, disinfested and standardized according of the size and maturation point. After that, fruits were seccioned longitudinally and infested with ten eggs/fruits at 24-hour age. After 72 hours infestation, fruits were submitted at treatment with vapour at 46 and 50°C in exposition times of zero, ten, 20, 30 and 40 minutes. Mortality evaluations had been carried through 7 days after, by surviving larvae counting. Chemical pulp analysis, was done based on the total of soluble solids, titrable acidity and the pH, the thermal treatment, was carried 48 hours after. The temperature of 46°C, S. mombin fruits must remain displayed on vapour for 27 minutes and at 50°C during 20 minutes, aiming the control of the C. capitata larvae fruits flies, without compromising the characteristics physico-chemistry evaluated.

A Method for chromosome location of new Autosomal recessive mutations of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on crosses with three strains bearing autosomal-Y translocations / Un método para la localización cromosómica de nuevas mutaciones autosómicas y recesivas en Ceratitis capitata (Wiedmann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) basado en cruzamientos con tres líneas portadoras de translocaciones Y-autosoma

Se propone un método para la localización de cualquier nueva mutación autosómica recesiva en la mosca del Mediterráneo Ceratitis capitata (Wied). La localización cromosómica se logra mediante una serie de cruzamientos que detectan pseudo-ligamiento entre sexos y la mutación, empleándo tres líneas con translocaciones ligadas al cromosoma Y.

A method is proposed to locate any new autosomal and recessive mutation in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). A series of crosses searches for pseudo-linkage between sex and the mutation by employing three strains with Y-linked translocations, thereby indicating its chromosome location.