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Resumen Objetivo. Realizar el diagnóstico de la calidad bacteriológica del agua del Humedal Gualí-Tres Esquinas, por medio de indicadores de aguas residuales (coliformes totales, Escherichia coli y Enterococcus spp). Métodos. Se tomaron catorce muestras de agua de diferentes puntos del humedal (7 en la zona Tres Esquinas y 7 en la zona del parque industrial Cofradía). El recuento de microorganismos se realizó por el método de filtración de membrana siguiendo el Standard Methods, los microrganismos fueron identificados mediante BBL Crystal. Resultados. El agua del Humedal Gualí-Tres Esquinas contiene un alto número de E.coli, coliformes totales y Enterococcus spp., lo que confirma la contaminación de origen fecal en todo el ecosistema, los recuentos más altos se encontraron en la zona parque industrial La Cofradía para coliformes totales y Enteroccocus spp. y en la zona de Tres Esquinas para E. coli.
Abstract Objective. To evaluate the bacteriological quality of the water of the wetland Gualí-Tres Esquinas, using residual waters indicators (total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus). Methods. Fourteen water samples were taken from different points of the wetland (7 in the Tres Esquinas zone and 7 in the Cofradía industrial park zone). The count of microorganisms was made by the membrane filtration method following the Standard Methods, the microorganisms were identified by BBL Crystal. Results . The water of the Gualí-Tres Esquinas Wetland contains a high number of E. coli, total coliforms and Enterococcus spp., confirming fecal contamination throughout the ecosystem, the highest counts were found in the La Cofradía industrial park zone for total coliforms and Enteroccocus spp. and in the Tres Esquinas zone for E. coli.
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Humans , Wastewater , Total Quality Management , Herpes ZosterABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo. Evaluar la calidad sanitaria del agua del Humedal Córdoba, por medio de indicadores de aguas residuales (coliformes totales, Escherichia coli y Enterococcus) y otros grupos bacterianos como Pseudomonas y Aeromonas. Métodos. Se tomaron quince muestras de agua de diferentes puntos de los sectores dos y tres del humedal, tanto en época de lluvia como en época seca. El recuento de microorganismos se realizó por el método de filtración de membrana siguiendo el Standard Methods. Resultados. Las aguas del Humedal Córdoba contienen un alto número de coliformes totales por lo que no deben ser usadas para fines de consumo humano y doméstico, agrícola o recreativo. La concentración de bacterias pertenecientes a los grupos de Coliformes y Enterococcus confirma la contaminación de origen fecal en todo el ecosistema. Esta contaminación se asocia al vertimiento de aguas residuales al humedal.
Abstract Objective. To evaluate the sanitary quality of the water of the Córdoba Wetland, using wastewater indicators (total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus) and other bacterial groups such as Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. Methods. Fifteen water samples were taken from different points in sectors two and three of the wetland, both in the rainy and dry seasons. The count of microorganisms was carried out by membrane filtration following the Standard Methods. Results. The water of the Córdoba Wetland contain a high number of total coliforms and should therefore not be used for human consumption and domestic, agricultural or recreational purposes. The concentration of Coliforms and Enterococcus confirms the fecal contamination in the ecosystem. This contamination is associated with the dumping of wastewater into the wetland.
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Water , Pseudomonas , Total Quality Management , Environmental Pollution , WastewaterABSTRACT
In order to analyze the law of membrane permeation of different alkaloids, seven traditional Chinese medicine alkaloids with different parent nucleus and substituent structures, including berberine, palmatine, sinomenine, matrine, oxymatrine, sophoridine, and tetrandrine, were prepared into the simulated solution with same molar concentration, and the membrane penetrating experiments with membrane RC1K and membrane RC5K were carried out. The dynamic transmittance, the total transmittance and the total adsorption rate of each substance were measured, and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the membrane surface before and after the membrane experiment were considered to predict and analyze the reason of differences in dynamic transmittance of different alkaloids. The results showed that there were significant differences in the dynamic transmittance of the chemical constituents of different alkaloids during penetrating the two membranes. The contamination degree on the surface of the membrane material was also different. The transmittance of the same compound through the RC5K membrane was larger than that through RC1K membrane. Within a certain range, the smaller the pore size of the membrane, the better the selective screening effect on the chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine. All the membrane surfaces were less polluted. The difference in transmittance between different substances on the same membrane showed a positive correlation with the difference in structural complexity, providing an experimental basis for the surface modification design in contamination control of membrane materials. In the design of membrane modified material, the surface properties of the membrane can be improved by grafting different polar groups, thereby changing the adsorption characteristics of the membrane surface. The pore size was designed accordingly to achieve the high transmittance and low pollution of the corresponding compounds.
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Berberine Alkaloids , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , PermeabilityABSTRACT
Objective:To develop a more suitable sterile examination method for artemether injection in order to control its quality better. Methods:The direct inoculation and the membrane filtration was respectively used for the sterile examination of artemether in-jection. Results:In the direct inoculation method, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium perfringens grew well in the test tubes containing artemether injection in 24 h, and Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans grew well in 48 h. In the membrane filtration method, Staphylococcus aureus grew well in 24 h in the test group containing artemether injection, and the other 5 strains grew well in 48 h. Conclusion:The positive strains can grow well in the applicability test of both methods. However, due to the simpler operation and higher accuracy of membrane filtration method, it is recommended to be used for the sterile test of artemether injection.
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Objective To standardize the method of microbiological examination on Shegan Mixture in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015. Methods Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 was used. Microbial enumeration test and specified microorganisms test were used to verify Shegan Mixture. The samples were treated by membrane filtration. Six kinds of strains for microbiological counting and limiting bacteria were used to study applicability. Results Microbial counts of the five strains of the recovery ratio were between 0.5 to 2, and Escherichia coli tested by control bacteria was qualified. Conclusion The microbiological examination methods for Shegan Mixture can meet the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015.
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Objective To establish a method for the microbial limit test of zinc oxide and talcum powder lotion in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015.Methods Microbial enumeration test and specified microorganisms test with instructions were conducted from Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015,which involved 10 batches zinc oxide and talcum powder lotion and five species of bacteria in all.The samples were treated by centrifugation and membrane filtration.Microbial enumeration test:the total number of aerobic bacteria using TSA medium to examine,strains were Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Bacillus subtilis,Candida albicans,and Aspergillus niger;The total number of molds and yeasts using SDA culture medium to examine,strains were Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.Each strain was divided into two groups:Adding bacteria test group and bacteria control group.Samplecontrol group and negative control group of each culture medium was prepared respectively.Count the colonies and calculate the rate of recovery.Specified microorganisms test:Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were applicated and set the bacteria validation group,sample control group,and negative control group.The culture medium of each group was crossed on the corresponding medium plate,and Microflex LT mass spectrometer was used to identify the bacteria.Results The recoveries of all kinds of strains in microbial enumeration test,total yeast and mold count were 0.75-1.16 in all batches.In the validations of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,all kinds of strains were respectively detected in bacteria validation group,and there were no bacterial growth in sample control group and negative control group.Conclusion The microbiological examination methods for zinc oxide and talcum powder lotion can meet the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015.
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Objective:To develop a more suitable sterile examination method for artemether injection in order to control its quality better. Methods:The direct inoculation and the membrane filtration was respectively used for the sterile examination of artemether in-jection. Results:In the direct inoculation method, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium perfringens grew well in the test tubes containing artemether injection in 24 h, and Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans grew well in 48 h. In the membrane filtration method, Staphylococcus aureus grew well in 24 h in the test group containing artemether injection, and the other 5 strains grew well in 48 h. Conclusion:The positive strains can grow well in the applicability test of both methods. However, due to the simpler operation and higher accuracy of membrane filtration method, it is recommended to be used for the sterile test of artemether injection.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method of microbial limit test for liquid preparation of Iron sucrose injection before filtration and sterilization.METHODS:According to the microbial limit test in the 1005 and general rules 1006 of 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (vol.Ⅴ),plate method and membrane filtration method were used to measure total number of aerobic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Bacillus subtilis,Candida albicans,Aspergillus niger) and total number of molds and yeasts (C.albicans,A.niger).The optimal test method was obtained by comparing the bacterial recoveries.RESULTS:By plate method,the recoveries of P aeruginosa and B.subtilis were 2％ and 5％.The test sample was diluted 10 times with pH 7.0 sodium chloride-peptone buffer solution,and the bacterial recoveries were in the range of 88％ to 96％;but he medium was dark in color.By membrane filtration method,without rinse solution,the bacterial recoveries in the range of 88％ to 95％.Add rinse solution,the bacterial recoveries were in the range of 91％ to 103％.After validated,the recoveries of menbrane filtration method with tlushing fluid ranged 50％-200 ％,which was in line with the requnements.CONCLUSIONS:The membrane filtration method established in this experiment has higher bacterial recovery rate than the plate method.The bacterial recoveries rate were higher after adding rinse solution,and no dark substance in the surface of filter membrane affect the accotmt.It can be used as the microbial limit test method for preparation liquid of Iron sucrose injection before filtration and sterilization.
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Objective To study the microorganism viability in compound resorcinol lotion ,confirming with bactericidal compound resorcinol lotion .Methods 5 bottles of compound resorcinol lotion were respectively added Escherichiacoli ,Staph‐ylococcus aureus ,Bacillus subtilis ,Candida ,Aspergillus niger ,placed 24 h ,then the membrane filtration method was used respectively in 5 species of microbial limit test .Results In compound resorcinol lotion ,5 microbial strains were not given birth to bacterium ,were killed ,the recovery rate was zero .Conclusion Microbial cannot survive in compound resorcinol lotion .
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Objetivo. Determinar la calidad bacteriológica del agua de la red de distribución del acueducto veredal El Charco ubicado en el municipio de San Miguel de Sema, Boyacá - Colombia, mediante los indicadores microbiológicos coliformes totales, Escherichia coli y Enterococcus. Métodos. Se tomaron doce muestras de agua de diferentes puntos de la red de distribución del acueducto. El recuento de microorganismos se realizó por el método de filtración de membrana siguiendo el Standard Methods. Resultados. En las muestras analizadas, se determinó presencia de coliformes totales y Enterococcus. Se evidenció que las muestras analizadas en el acueducto veredal superan las 0 UFC/100 mL en los indicadores Coliformes totales y Enterococcus, por tal razón no es apta para el consumo humano.
Objective. To determine the bacteriological quality of the water of the distribution network of the aqueduct El Charco located in the municipality of San Miguel of Sema, Boyacá - Colombia, were use the microbiological indicators total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. Methods. There took twelve water samples of different points of the distribution network of the aqueduct. The count of microorganisms was realized by membrane filtration following the Standard Methods. Results. There was demonstrated that the samples analyzed in the aqueduct veredal overcome the 0 CFU/100 mL of total Coliforms and Enterococcus, for such a reason it is not suitable for the human consumption.
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Water Quality , Water Samples , Enterococcus , ColiformsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To establish a method of microbial limit test for Ofloxacin gel. METHODS:Test sample solutions were prepared by MnSO4,CaCl2 and MgCl2 gelout with different concentrations,the numbers of bacteria and control bacteria were detected by membrane filtration method,and the numbers of molds and yeasts were determined by conventional method. RE-SULTS:The conventional method showed the recoveries of Candida albicaus and Aspergillus niger were more than 70% after not treated by gel breaker;the membrane filtration method showed the recoveries of Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aurus and Baci-lus subtilis were more than 70% after treated by 5% MnSO4,3% CaCl2 and 1% MgCl2;the membrane filtration method could de-tect the control bacteria after treated by gel breaker. CONCLUSIONS:Gel breaker with appropriate concentrations can effectively eliminate the antibacterial activity of Ofloxacin gel. The established method is suitable for its microbial limit test.
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OBJECTIVE: To carry out standardization research on pre-filtration method for microbial test solutions of drugs and establish a new double-membrane filtration method in microbial tests. METHODS: New filters with double-membranes of different materials or pore-sizes were designed and used as pre-filters for microbial tests. The effects of test solution pre-filtration on several wild-type strains were evaluated and compared with the methods described by Chinese Pharmacopoeia. RESULTS: No statistical difference was found between the double-membrane filtration method and the pharmacopoeia method. However, filter-clogging was significantly reduced by using the double-membrane filtration method, and the double-membrane filtration method could also eliminate the antibacterial activity of the samples, thus reducing the damage or loss of microorganisms in special samples. CONCLUSION: The double-membrane filtration method meets the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia; the test results are valid and the method can be used for sterility test and microbial limit test for drug products.
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Introduction Since the launch of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, more than 70% of the endemic countries have implemented mass drug administration (MDA) to interrupt disease transmission. The monitoring of filarial infection in sentinel populations, particularly schoolchildren, is recommended to assess the impact of MDA. A key issue is choosing the appropriate tools for these initial assessments (to define the best intervention) and for monitoring transmission. Methods This study compared the pre-MDA performance of five diagnostic methods, namely, thick film test, Knott's technique, filtration, Og4C3-ELISA, and the AD12-ICT card test, in schoolchildren from Brazil. Venous and capillary blood samples were collected between 11 pm and 1 am. The microfilarial loads were analyzed with a negative binomial regression, and the prevalence and associated 95% confidence intervals were estimated for all methods. The accuracies of the AD12-ICT card and Og4C3-ELISA tests were assessed against the combination of parasitological test results. Results A total of 805 schoolchildren were examined. The overall and stratified prevalence by age group and gender detected by Og4C3-ELISA and AD12-ICT were markedly higher than the prevalence estimated by the parasitological methods. The sensitivity of the AD12-ICT card and Og4C3-ELISA tests was approximately 100%, and the positive likelihood ratios were above 6. The specificity of the Og4C3-ELISA was higher than that of the AD12-ICT at different prevalence levels. Conclusions The ICT card test should be the recommended tool for monitoring school-age populations living in areas with ongoing or completed MDA. .
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Animals , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Antigens, Helminth/blood , Filariasis/diagnosis , Wuchereria bancrofti/immunology , Brazil , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Objective To establish a method for microbial limit test of fast vertical liquid hand disinfectant gel .Methods The membrane filtration method, in accordance with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 Edition (part two) relevant requirements of microbial limit test method for validation of microbial limit test for fast vertical liquid hand disinfectant gel .Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida a lbicans, Aspergillus niger were taken as test bacteria , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were taken as control bacteria .Verification test was carried out in parallel test for 3 independent , recoveries and every trail rate were calculat-ed.Results In bacteria, molds and yeasts count method validation test , recovery test strain rate , the control bacteria test results met the requirements.Conclusion The membrane filtration method was feasible and effective , which could be used for microbial limit test of fast vertical liquid hand disinfectant gel .
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La plasmaféresis por método de filtración de membrana es un tratamiento eficaz para pacientes con síndrome de Guillain-Barre grave.Objetivo: demostrar las ventajas de la plasmaféresis por filtración de membrana en el tratamiento de las formas graves del síndrome de Guillain-Barre. Método: se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de Camagüey, desde enero de 2007 a enero de 2011. La muestra fue de 23 pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de Guillain-Barre con parálisis respiratoria. Se utilizó para la plasmaféresis una máquina de hemodiálisis convencional Fresenius 4008-D, filtros de plasma y líneas sanguíneas para hemodiálisis. Los volúmenes de plasma extraídos fueron de 3000 ml, se utilizaron como soluciones de reemplazo albúmina humana y plasma fresco, la información fue recogida en planillas a partir de las historias clínicas, se procesaron las frecuencias relativas y porcentajes de las variables.Resultados: la recuperación de la fuerza muscular fue significativa y la rápida salida de la ventilación de los pacientes después de las primeras cinco sesiones. Se presentaron pocas complicaciones. El tratamiento fue efectivo para el 95,6 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusiones: el tratamiento fue efectivo, la mejoría se obtuvo después de los cinco recambios, el tiempo necesario para obtener el volumen plasmático deseado fue de una hora y media a dos horas y media, más rápido que por el método de centrifugación, redujo el tiempo de recuperación de la fuerza muscular y de la ventilación mecánica, resultó ser, además, una técnica segura y rápida para el paciente que padece de esta enfermedad
Plasmapheresis by membrane filtration method is an effective treatment for patients with serious Guillain-Barré syndrome. Objective: to demonstrate the advantages of plasmapheresis by membrane filtration in the treatment of severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. Methods: a prospective and descriptive study was conducted in the intensive care unit at the Provincial Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech, Camaguey; from January 2007 to January 2011. The sample was composed of 23 patients with diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome with respiratory paralysis. For plasmapheresis was used a conventional haemodialysis machine Fressenius 4008-D, and plasma filters and blood lines for haemodialysis. Extracted plasma volumes were about 3000 ml, as replacement solutions albumin human and fresh plasma were used. The information was collected in forms from clinical histories, relative frequencies and percentages of variables were processed. Results: the recovery of muscle strength was significant and the quick exit of the ventilation of patients after the first five sessions. Few complications were presented. The treatment was effective for 95, 65 percent of patients. Conclusions: the treatment was effective; improvement was obtained after five exchange transfusions; the needed time to obtain the desired plasma volume was on an hour and a half to two hours and a half, quicker than the centrifugation method. It reduced the time of recovery of muscle strength and mechanical ventilation, turned out to be, in addition, a safe and quick technique for patients who suffer from this disease
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Humans , Centrifugation , Membrane Filtration , Plasmapheresis , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/diagnosis , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Guatavita es un municipio ubicado en el Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia. Posee recursos hídricos como ríos, quebradas, lagunas y nacimientos, que representan un alto porcentaje del agua con que se abastece. El municipio tiene 16 acueductos en funcionamiento, pero solo el que abastece a la población de la zona urbana cuenta con un sistema de tratamiento de agua. En la zona rural existen 14 acueductos con un sistema básico de pretratamiento. Se analizó la calidad bacteriológica del agua de consumo humano de la zona urbana y rural (veredas Corales, Potrero Largo y Carbonera Alta), por medio de los indicadores de contaminación: coliformes totales y Escherichia coli, mediante la técnica de filtración por membrana. El agua de consumo humano de la zona urbana cumplió con los parámetros establecidos en la Resolución 2115 de 2007 del Ministerio de Protección Social, contrario a la zona rural, donde se encontraron recuentos de los indicadores de contaminación fecal, superiores a lo establecido. Por lo tanto, este recurso debe ser considerado como "agua natural", no apta para consumo humano, según el Decreto 1594 de 1984, por lo que debe ser destinada para potabilización bajo un tratamiento convencional.
Guatavita is a municipality in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Guatavita has water resources such as rivers, streams, lakes and springs, which provide a large proportion of the water consumed by the population. Sixteen water supply systems are in operation, but only the one supplying the urban area is equipped with water treatment facilities. In the rural area there are 14 aqueducts with a basic pretreatment system. An analysis was made of the bacteriological quality of the water for human consumption in urban and rural areas (districts of Corales, Potrero Largo and Carbonera Alta) based on two contamination indicators: total coliforms and Escherichia coli, using membrane filtration technique. The water for human consumption in the urban area complied with the parameters contained in Resolution 2115/2007 of the Ministry of Social Protection. In the rural area, however, fecal contamination indicators were above the established limits. Therefore, this resource should be viewed as "natural water" not suitable for human consumption, according to Decree 1594/1984, and destined for potabilization by conventional treatment.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish an optimal method for microbial limit test for ciclopirox olamine vaginal suppository.METHODS:The microbial limit test for antibacterial agents was validated by plating method and membrane filtration method,and the optimal method for the test of bacteria and mold were confirmed based on the recovery rate of artificially sprayed bacteria.RESULTS:By plating method,the recovery rate of artificially sprayed E.coli was more than 70%,whereas that of mould was 0%;however,by membrane filtration method,the recovery rates of bacterial and mould were all higher than 70% when flushing doses of bacteria,mold,and control bacteria were 200 mL,300 mL,and 200 mL,respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The membrane filtration method could be used for the microbial limit test of the preparation the drug quality can be kept under effective control,and the established method is accurate and reliable.
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Objective To investigate the in-vitro antibacterial effect and sterility test of Danshen injection(DI). Methods Three kinds of in-vitro antibacterial and bacteriostatic methods were used to investigate the in-vitro antibacterial effect of DI and to establish its sterility test according to the results of the antibacterial effects. By validation test, the validity of its sterility test was evaluated. Results The results of doubling dilution test showed that the minimum bacteriostatic concentration of DI is 0.098 mg/mL, and its minimum bactericidal concentration is 1. 563 mg/mL in ethanolsulfate medium and 0.195 mg/mL in nutrient meat soup medium. Rate of recovered bacterium was much more than 80% by membrane filtration method. Conclusion DI has strong in-vitro bacteriostatie effects for staphylococcus aureus and the effectual method of its sterility test is membrane filtration method.
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Nuclepore polycarbonate membrane filtration was applied for the purification of tacky-zoites in the peritoneal exudate and the saline peritoneal washing from infected mice with Toxoplasma gondii RH strain or Beverley strain. The recovery rate of tackyzoites by this method was 65. 8% and the purity of the protozoa in the filtrated suspension was as high as 98. 87%, while the protozoa in 98. 4% of the host leucocytes and 85. 2% of host erythrocytes were elimina ted respectively. The ratio of host cells to the protozoa in filtrated suspension was both lower than 1 : 100. Stain of tackyzoites with fluorescent dyes showed that more than 99% of the protozoa were alive after filtration and the re-infection of mice with the purified tackyzoites suggested that the viability, toxicity and infectivity of the tackyzoites were not affected apparently. This method was shown to be a harmless, highly efficiency, time-saving, simple, and ease method for the purification of T. gondii tackyzoites.