La verdad como camino: comisiones de la verdad en américa latina

Muchos países del mundo, en especial de Latinoamérica, Asia y África, han atravesado en las últimas décadas por etapas difíciles -dictaduras y conflictos armados- que generaron la perpetración sistemática y generalizada de violaciones graves a los derechos humanos. Y gran parte de estas naciones ha implementado en sus procesos transicionales hacia la consolidación del posconflicto o de la democracia una Comisión de la Verdad, a fin de ajustar cuentas con ese pasado violento. Es la memoria histórica lo que se construye allí y que busca dejar atrás un periodo complicado para dar paso a un nuevo tipo de Estado. En este artículo se busca conocer las diversas Comisiones de la Verdad en América Latina, proponiendo una clasificación de las mismas en cuanto a los grandes retos que tuvieron que enfrentar para cumplir con su misión, lo que es válido en el sentido de que estas instancias se constituyen en los referentes más próximos de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición que está funcionando hoy en día en Colombia y que tiene como meta conducir a "una ruta para cerrar de manera definitiva el conflicto armado y dejar a las nuevas generaciones una nación en la que se pueda convivir y se respete la dignidad humana" (Comisión de la Verdad). La metodología que se aborda aquí es la del Estudio de Casos, en el marco del Método Comparativo. La elección del análisis cualitativo fundamentado en el método comparativo se basa en conceptos expresados por especialistas como los ingleses Tom Mackie y David Marsh, que avalan la importancia de comparar fenómenos políticos entre dos o más unidades de estudio, al ser prácticamente imposible, en la investigación social, utilizar un diseño experimental perfectamente contralado, con variables exactas (Mackie y Marsh, 1997, pp. 188 ).

Many countries in the world, especially in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, have been going through difficult processes in the last decades -dictatorships and armed conflicts - that generated the systematic and widespread perpetration of serious human rights violations. And several of these nations have implemented a Truth Commission in their transitional processes towards the consolidation of the post-conflict or democracy, in order to settle accounts with that violent past. It is a historical memory that is being built there, one that seeks to leave behind a complicated period to give way to a new type of State. This article seeks to review the various Truth Commissions in Latin America, proposing a classification of them in terms of the great challenges they had to face to fulfill their mission, which is valid in the sense that these instances constitute the closest references of the Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence, and Non-Repetition that is working today in Colombia, and which aims to lead to "a route to permanently close the armed conflict, and leave to the new generations, a nation in which human dignity can be lived together and respected" . The methodology addressed here is that of the Case Study, within the framework of the Comparative Method. The choice of qualitative analysis based on the comparative method is based on concepts expressed by specialists such as the English Tom Mackie and David Marsh, who support the importance of comparing political phenomena between two or more study units, as it is practically impossible in social research, use a perfectly controlled experimental design, with exact variables.

Representaciones sociales de hechos históricos como barreras psicosociales para la construcción de la paz / Social Representations of Historical Events as Psychosocial Barriers to Peacebuilding

Resumen En el proceso de construcción de las representaciones sociales de hechos histórico (RSHH) construidas por ciudadanos del común del Valle de Aburrá (Colombia) se pudo evidenciar como a partir de valencias de poder, desde élites dominantes que hacen uso de la retórica política, los medios de comunicación y la educación básica, se producen y reproducen versiones estereotipadas de la historia. Se posiciona así una memoria hegemónica que se reproduce y desde la cual se prefabrican actores como única causa de la violencia y se exculpan otros actores que incluyen a las mismas élites, políticos y al Estado, quienes se auto determinan como víctimas y no como actores del conflicto armado en Colombia. Así, estas RSHH terminas configurando y objetivando un enemigo absoluto con el cuál es imposible una negociación política, que se traduce en una barrera para la construcción de la paz y la reconciliación en Colombia.

Abstract In the process of construction of social representations of historical facts (RSHH) built by ordinary citizens of Aburrá Valley, Colombia, it was possible to show how from power valences, from dominant elites that make use of political rhetoric, the media, and basic education, stereotyped versions of history are produced and reproduced. In this way, a hegemonic memory is reproduced and from which actors are prefabricated as the only cause of violence and other actors are exculpated, by including the same elites, politicians, and the State, who determine themselves as victims and not as actors of the armed conflict in Colombia. Thus, these RSHH end up configuring and objectifying an absolute enemy with whom political negotiation is impossible, which translates into a barrier for the construction of peace and reconciliation in Colombia.

O resgate da memória histórica como estratégia de desconstrução do racismo / The rescue of historical memory as a strategy for the deconstruction of racism / El rescate de la memoria histórica como estrategia para la deconstrucción del racismo

Crianças atingidas pelo racismo acabam por expressar a negação da identidade negra em virtude dos estigmas associados à negritude. A Psicologia Comunitária, utilizando como aporte teórico-metodológico a problematização e a conscientização, pode proporcionar a potencialização dos sujeitos por meio do resgate da memória histórica e da desconstrução dos estereótipos de inferioridade racial. O presente artigo apresenta uma experiência profissional de práticas grupais com crianças, cujo principal objetivo consistiu em propiciar o resgate da memória histórica da cultura negra por meio da contação de histórias, visando combater o racismo.

Children affected by racism end up expressing the denial of black identity because of the stigmas associated with blackness. Community Psychology, using problematization and awareness as a theoretical-methodological contribution, can provide the potentiation of subjects through the rescue of historical memory and the deconstruction of racial inferiority stereotypes. This article presents a professional experience of group practices with children whose main objective was to propitiate the rescue of the historical memory of the black culture through the storytelling, aiming at fighting racism.

Los niños afectados por el racismo terminan expresando la negación de la identidad negra debido a los estigmas asociados con la negrura. La Psicología Comunitaria, utilizando la problematización y la concienciación como una contribución teórico-metodológica, puede proporcionar la potenciación de los sujetos mediante el rescate de la memoria histórica y la deconstrucción de los estereotipos de inferioridad racial. Este artículo presenta una experiencia profesional de prácticas de grupo con niños cuyo objetivo principal era propiciar el rescate de la memoria histórica de la cultura negra a través del relato de historias, con el fin de luchar contra el racismo.

La descripción documental como medio de acceso a la memoria institucional: experiencia de uso del software ICA AtoM en la Fundación Universitaria para el Desarrollo Humano -UNINPAHU- Bogotá, Colombia / Documentary description as a means of access to institutional memory: experience using the ICA AtoM software at the University Foundation for Human Development -UNINPAHU- Bogotá, Colombia

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la metodología y resultados de la investigación realizada sobre la adaptación e implementación de un software de código abierto para la descripción documental acorde a las normas internacionales de descripción, en la Fundación Universitaria para el Desarrollo Humano-UNINPAHU. Motivó la investigación el cumplimiento de la normatividad archivística que obliga a las entidades a realizar la descripción de los documentos para un mejor acceso a la información, por tanto, el alcance de este estudio describe los actos administrativos institucionales, en este caso una muestra de la serie documental simple, resoluciones rectorales. La metodología de investigación utilizada fue descriptiva, aplicada y exploratoria, ya que se emplearon teorías, normas y herramientas tecnológicas para la descripción documental, con el fin de contribuir a la institución con un sistema de información que le permita a nivel administrativo describir y controlar su producción documental, y a nivel académico fortalecer las prácticas archivísticas de sus estudiantes. Finalmente se concluye que el sistema de información implementado permitió el registro de metadatos de las resoluciones y su recuperación por los distintos puntos de acceso, lo cual beneficia a la institución al tener un sistema que le permita conservar y acceder a su memoria institucional. El resultado fue la implementación y personalización del sistema de información ICA-AtoM en ambientes administrativo y académico para la Universidad UNINPHAU.

Abstract This article presents the methodology and results of the research carried out about the adaptation and implementation of a software with an open source for the documentary description according to the international standards of description in the University Foundation-UNINPAHU. The research was motivated by compliance of the archival regulations that oblige the entities to make the description of the documents for a better to the access to information; therefore, the scope of this study was to describe the institutional administrative acts, in this case a sample of the simple documentary series, rectoral resolutions. The research was applied and exploratory, since theories, norms, and technological tools were used for the documentary description, in order to contribute with an information system that allows the administrative level to describe and control its documentary production, since academic level strengthen the archival practice of their students. Finally, it is concluded that the implemented information system allowed the registration of metadata of the regulations and their recovery by the different points of access, which benefits the institution by having a system that allows it to conserve and access to institutional memory. The result was the implementation and personalization of the ICA-AtoM information system in administrative and academic environments for the university -UNINPAHU.

Revertir la memoria del conflicto armado colombiano, análisis del discurso en la prensa escrita / Reversing the memory of the Colombian armed conflict, analysis of discourse in the written press

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre los procesos de reversión de memorias del conflicto armado colombiano publicados en la prensa escrita. Se adopta la noción de memoria revertida como dispositivo narrativo mediante el que se relatan acontecimientos del pasado a partir de la cobertura de eventos actuales con valor noticioso en los medios de comunicación. Se empleó el método de Análisis del Discurso sobre notas de prensa referidas a los procesos de reparación a víctimas del conflicto, adelantados en el marco de las disposiciones de la Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras (2011) en Colombia. Dicha narrativa opera a través de diferentes portadores de memoria, entendidos como personas en las categorías de víctimas y victimarios; la reparación como fenómeno a través del que se paga una deuda histórica, por medio del reconocimiento y búsqueda de la verdad; y lugares donde se conmemoran los eventos, representados en museos. El análisis revela una narrativa en la que se concibe la memoria institucional del conflicto como rectificación del olvido ante el sufrimiento de las víctimas. Este desplazamiento discursivo configura un marco de posibilidad para el desarrollo de formas diferentes de relacionamiento entre las víctimas, el Estado y la sociedad en general, legitimando así el accionar del Estado como ente aglutinador y factor de cohesión nacional.

Abstract This paper aims to make a discourse analysis of the processes that reverse memories of the Colombian conflict in national newspapers. The research adopts a theoretical approach that describes reversed memory as a narratological device which tells past events while covers the present in news media. Methodology of discourse analysis on news pieces refered to the processes of reparation of victims was employed. These processes are being carried out in accordance with legal provisions stablished by Law of Victims and Land Restitution (2011). The analysis shows a narrative construction in which institutional memory of the conflict is conceived as a rectification on forgetting the victims' suffering. Such a narrative operates through memory carriers, which are understood as people under the name of victims and victimizers; reparation as a phenomenon through discursive forms such as payment of historical debt, acknowledgment of the victim and seeking of truth; and places represented as museums. This narrative process shapes an escenario in which development of new sorts of relations between victims, the State and society, legitimizing the State as a factor of national cohesion.

La internacionalización e integración regional de la educación superior cien años después de la Reforma Universitaria de Córdoba de 1918 / A internacionalização e integração regional da educação superior cem anos após a Reforma Universitária de Córdoba de 1918 / The internationalization and regional integration of higher education one hundred years after the University Reform of Córdoba in 1918

Este ensayo discute el tema de la internacionalización e integración regional de la Educación Superior a partir de un ejercicio de memoria histórica en el que se rescatan los componentes centrales del proceso que originó la Reforma de 1918 en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina), protagonizada por el movimiento estudiantil de esa casa de estudios y que luego se extendió a otras universidades latinoamericanas. Para eso se abordan: el análisis político de los procesos de internacionalización e integración regional universitaria contemporáneos; los elementos centrales que permiten recuperar ideas de la Reforma Universitaria de 1918 y de su alcance como movimiento universitario a escala latinoamericana y el análisis de ese proceso efectuado en la época por José Carlos Mariátegui, intelectual marxista peruano que apoyó esas iniciativas.

Este ensaio discute a questão da internacionalização e integração regional da Educação Superior a partir de um exercício de memória histórica em que são resgatados os componentes centrais do processo que originou a Reforma de 1918, na Universidade Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina), protagonizada pelo movimento estudantil daquela casa de estudos e que depois se estendeu a outras universidades latino-americanas. Para tanto, são abordados: a análise política dos processos de internacionalização e integração universitária regional contemporânea; os elementos centrais que nos permitem recuperar as idéias da Reforma Universitária de 1918 e seu alcance como movimento universitário em escala latino-americana e a análise desse processo realizado na época por José Carlos Mariátegui, intelectual marxista peruano que apoiou essas iniciativas.

This essay discusses the issue of the internationalization and regional integration of Higher Education from an exercise of historical memory in which the central components of the process that originated the 1918 Reform at the National University of Córdoba, Argentina, were rescued as a protagonist to the student movement of that house of studies and then extended to other Latin American universities. For that, they are approached: the political analysis of the processes of internationalization and contemporary regional university integration; the central elements that allow us to recover ideas of the University Reform of 1918 and its scope as a university movement on a Latin American scale and the analysis of that process carried out at the time by José Carlos Mariátegui, a Peruvian Marxist intellectual who supported these initiatives.

Formación de la identidad sociocultural en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas

Las universidades cubanas de ciencias médicas se caracterizan por una proyección educativa humanista, donde la formación de la identidad sociocultural posibilita fortalecer el sentido de pertenencia. No obstante, constituye punto de partida de la presente investigación las insuficiencias teóricas existentes en el proceso formativo universitario en relación con la contextualización, las cuales limitan la pertinencia del desempeño de los estudiantes. El objetivo de la actual investigación radica en la elaboración de un modelo teórico para el logro de la formación de la identidad sociocultural en los estudiantes universitarios de ciencias médicas, que sea expresión de la relación entre la identificación del estudiante con el contexto histórico sociocultural y sus deberes sociales. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos como: inducción-deducción, análisis-síntesis y hermenéutico-dialéctico en la proyección teórica de la gestión universitaria. La investigación posee teóricamente la definición de procesos dialécticos en el logro de la formación identitaria de los estudiantes universitarios; siendo esto el resultado más importante. Lo cual fue valorado en talleres de socialización en los que existieron criterios positivos sobre su factibilidad y pertinencia. La preparación teórico-práctica de los futuros profesionales de la salud requiere de una visión sociocultural, donde el compromiso y la implicación social sustenten el desempeño con una dimensión cultural dirigida a fortalecer los valores identitarios que estimulen las acciones proactivas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las ciencias médicas.

The Cuban universities of the Medical Sciences are characterized by a humanist educational projection; where the formation of the sociocultural identity facilitates to strengthen the sense of ownership. Nevertheless it constitutes starting point of the present investigation the existent theoretical inadequacies in the process formative university student in connection with the work in the context that limit the relevancy of the acting of the students. The objective of the current inquiry resides in the elaboration of a theoretical model for the achievement of the formation of the sociocultural identity in the university students of the Medical Sciences that it is expression of the relationship among the student's identification with the sociocultural historical context and its social duties. Such theoretical methods were used as: induction-deduction, analysis-synthesis and hermeneutic-dialectical; in the study of the career of stomatology and the theoretical projection of the university administration. The investigation possesses the definition of dialectical processes theoretically in the achievement of the formation identitaria of the university students; being this the most important result. That which was valued in socialization shops, where positive approaches existed on their feasibility and relevancy. The theoretical-practical preparation of the professional futures of the health requires of a sociocultural vision, where the commitment and the social implication sustain the acting. Having a cultural dimension directed to strengthen the values identitarios that stimulate the actions pro-active in the process of teaching-learning of the Medical Sciences.

La memoria del conflicto armado en Bucaramanga: análisis de una experiencia investigativa desde las voces de las víctimas / Memoir of Armed Conflict in Bucaramanga: An Analysis of Research Experience from Victims' Voices

Resumen La relación del conflicto armado interno colombiano y el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga (Colombia), dentro de los estudios históricos de esta ciudad, es todavía una tarea pendiente. En este orden, es necesario complejizar los abordajes actuales en los estudios respecto a identidades, referentes, marcos y expresiones de la memoria en contextos de prolongado conflicto armado como es el caso de Colombia. Así mismo, es importante señalar nuevas posibilidades de investigación en lo referente a las relaciones de dicho conflicto armado persistente y la configuración de dichos referentes, marcos y expresiones de la memoria

Abstract The relationship of the Colombian internal armed conflict and the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, Colombia, within the historical studies of this city, is still a pending task. In this order, it is necessary that current studies regarding identities, relating approaches, frameworks, and expressions of memory, in contexts of prolonged armed conflict as in the case of Colombia, can be made more complex. Likewise, it is important to point out new possibilities of research regarding the relations of the persistent armed conflict and the configuration of related sayings, frames of reference, and expressions of memory.

Memoria, historaas de vida y papel de la escuch en la transformación subjetivaa de víctimas / sobrevivientes del conflicto armado Colombiano / Ope chair memoryy, ife stories, and the role of listening in the ssubjective transformation of victims / survivors of the Colombian armed conflict

El presente artículo de investigación pretende, desde una mirada cualitativa, evidenciar la importancia de los procesos de intervención/investigación en memoria colectiva y memoria histórica, fundamentados en la elaboración de historias de vida, para la construcción de miradas complejas y la reflexión sobre aspectos psicosociales, socio-simbólicos y socio-estructurales, tanto de los sujetos participantes, como también de los contextos en los cuales habitan y se mueven estos sujetos, en particular en su relación con el conflicto armado, sus consecuencias en la subjetividad, pero también las resistencias, las formas de afrontamiento y los procesos de transformación vividos. En el presente texto se evidencia cómo se puede hacer una mirada de lógicas del conflicto armado en Colombia a partir de los relatos de vida 58 participantes y las historias de vida de 4 participantes más. Además, de mostrar la importancia del testimonio y su relación con la escucha en los procesos de reconstrucción de la memoria y la acción psicosocial con víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano. Lo que lleva a concluir, que las historias y relatos de vida referidas tienen en común, como hilo conductor la resistencia (incluyendo al afrontamiento y la resiliencia), es decir, una lectura, una interpretación centrada en las capacidades, en la fuerza para asumir, en las salidas que se fueron encontrando, en las luchas cotidianas y en los sentidos encontrados aún en medio del horror.

This research article aims to demonstrate, from a qualitative point of view, the importance of the processes of intervention and research in both collective memory and historical memory, based on the development of life stories, for the construction of complex looks and the reflection on psychosocial, socio-symbolic and socio-structural aspects, both of the participating subjects and the contexts in which these subjects live and move, particularly in their relationship with the armed conflict, their consequences on subjectivity, but also the resistance, the forms of the coping perspective, and the processes of transformation experienced. In this text, it is made evident the manner how the armed conflict in Colombia can be looked logically, from the real-life stories of 58 participants and the life stories of 4 other participants. Besides, of showing the importance of the testimony and its relationship with the listening in the reconstruction processes of the memory and the psychosocial action with victims of the Colombian armed conflict, which leads to the conclusion, that the real-life stories and life stories herein referred, have in common, is resistance as the main driving force (including the coping perspective and resilience), that is to say, a reading, an interpretation based on the capabilities, in the force to assume, in the solutions provided, in the daily struggle, and in the senses found, even in the midst of horror.

La Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública y la impronta del Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez / The Cuban School of Public Health and the mark of Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez

Se realiza un recorrido histórico por la vida y la obra del Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez a diez años de su desaparición física donde se ponen de manifiesto sus aportes a la consolidación del Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba y a la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública. Se resalta la importancia de mantener la vigencia y la memoria histórica de la Escuela Cubana de Salud Pública, que no surgió de la nada, sino que tiene sus orígenes en la propia historia de Cuba, su ética, su cultura, su idiosincrasia, y la capacidad peculiar del pueblo para generar hombres y mujeres que expresen en la obra de la vida los principios que sustentan los componentes teóricos y prácticos de la salud pública, su aplicación y sus resultados en el estado de salud de la población en el país con características propias, con iguales criterios y con un método determinado y peculiar de enseñar y abordar su praxis social

It takes a historical journey through the life and work of Dr. Abelardo Ramírez Márquez to ten years of his death which highlight their contributions to strengthening the National Health System of Cuba and the Cuban School of Public Health. The importance of maintaining the currency and the historical memory of the Cuban School of Public Health, who came from nothing, but has its origins in the history of Cuba, their ethics, their culture, their idiosyncrasies, and unique capacity of the people to generate men and women express the life work of the principles underlying theoretical and practical components of public health, its implementation and its results in the health status of the population in the country with its own characteristics , with the same criteria and with a particular and peculiar method of teaching and addressing their social praxis

A construção da memória histórica da ditadura militar brasileira: contribuiçãodas narrativas de familiares de presos políticos / The construction of historical memory of Brazilian military dictatorship: contribution of narratives from political prisoners’ relatives

O presente trabalho investiga o cenário das ações sócio-políticas e afetivas dos familiares de militantes políticos do período ditadura militar brasileira (1964-1985) e elucida conteúdos dememórias pessoais e comuns que podem favorecer a construção da memória histórica de um períodoimportante do nosso passado. Além disso, exploraram-se os elementos representacionais que formam a rede de significações e práticas que os familiares construíram quanto à trajetória dos exmilitantes políticos. Foram realizadas sete entrevistas com pessoas cujos parentes militaram contra o regime no Espírito Santo ou em Minas Gerais. A análise das narrativas dos familiares aponta para informações que podem contribuir para a assimilação de discursos antes silenciados à memórianacional do regime militar e evidenciam a importância dos familiares no processo de militância dos parentes em suas diversas fases (militância, clandestinidade, prisão, tortura). Os dados ainda revelam algumas obscuridades sociais e pessoais que persistem em torno daquele período, trazendo à tona as consequências decorrentes da militância política para a dinâmica da família e para seus membros. Espera-se que este trabalho, a partir da divulgação dos relatos orais constituintes de memórias pessoais, comuns e coletivas, contribua para a reconstrução e atualização da memória histórica da ditadura militar no Brasil.

The present work investigates the setting of socio-political and affective actions of families of political militants in the Brazilian military dictatorship period (1964-1985) and elucidatescontents of personal and common memories that may favor the construction of the historical memory of such an important period of our past. Additionally, there was an exploration of the representational elements that form the network of meanings and practices that the families constructed in terms of the trajectory of the former political militants. Seven interviews wereconducted with people whose parents had militated against the regime in Espírito Santo or in Minas Gerais. The analysis of relatives’ narratives points out to information that may contribute to the assimilation of discourse that was previously silent to the national memory of the military regime, and also evidence the importance of families in the militancy process of relatives in its diverse phases (militancy, illegality, prison, torture). The data also reveal some persisting social and personalobscurities around that period, bringing to light the resulting consequences of political militancy for the dynamics of families and their members. It is expected that this work, by means of the diffusion of oral reports that constitute personal, common and collective memories, contributes to thereconstruction and update of the historical memory of the military dictatorship in Brazil.

A memória social de um crime e de uma pena de morte no Brasil império / The social memory of a crime and of a capital sentence in Brazilian imperial period

A presente pesquisa tem como foco a condenação à morte e a execução, porenforcamento, em 1855, do fazendeiro Manuel da Motta Coqueiro, como mandante da chacina de uma família, em Macabu, localidade do município de Macaé, no estado do Rio de Janeiro.Durante o processo judiciário, surgiram sérias dúvidas quanto à culpa do condenado. A repercussão jornalística e literária da época e uma contínua produção editorial e artística fizeramcom que o episódio não tenha caído no esquecimento ao longo de mais de 150 anos. Com base numa perspectiva psicossocial da memória, a pesquisa buscou verificar a extensão e as condições com que a memória do episódio se encontra presente na população atual de Macaé. Foramrealizadas 400 entrevistas semiestruturadas com uma amostra estratificada representativa dapopulação. Os resultados mostram que apenas 20,5% dos entrevistados têm lembrança ou conhecimento do episódio e que, destes, 80% acreditam que a justiça falhou e 60% que tal falhafoi intencional. A construção da memória privilegiou dois conteúdos para os quais não há qualquer comprovação objetiva: uma maldição supostamente lançada pelo condenado sobre acidade de Macaé e a crença de que se tratou da última execução legal realizada no país.

The focus of the present research is the capital sentence and the hanging execution, in 1855, of Manuel da Motta Coqueiro, a farmer accused of ordering the massacre of a whole family in Macabu, a locality in the city of Macaé, State of Rio de Janeiro. During the judicial process, serious doubts about the defendant guilty emerged. The occurrence of a great journalistic and literary repercussion at that time, as well as a continuous editorial and artistic production, prevented the episode from being forgotten over more than 150 years. Based on a psychosocial perspective of the memory, this research aimed to find the extension and the context in which that episode memory exists in the contemporary population of Macaé. Four hundred semi-structured interviews have been accomplished with a stratified samplerepresentative of such population. The results showed that 20,5% of the respondents have some memory or knowledge about such episode; the results also showed that 80% of this group of respondents believe in a justice failure and that 60% consider that such failure was intentional. The building of that memory favored two propositions for which there is no objective evidence: an imprecation presumably launched by the defendant upon the city of Macaé, and the belief that such execution has been the last legal one carried out in Brazil.

Expresiones juveniles en espacios de violencias: Una forma de hacer memoria y denunciar el olvido / Juvenile expressions in spaces of violence: a manner to make memory and denounce oblivion

Éste escrito, resultado de investigación, tiene el objetivo de develar la idea de ciudad - pánico, para enunciar la violencia en Medellín. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser éste el telón de fondo, éstas líneas se centrarán en las diversas formas de movilización juvenil que emergen en diferentes barrios marginales de la ciudad como formas de hacer frente a una realidad de exclusión y violencia.

This writing, a research result, aims to unveil the idea of city-panic, to outline the violence in Medellin. However, despite this being the backdrop, these lines will focus on various forms of youth mobilization that emerge in different marginal neighborhoods of the city as ways to deal with a reality of exclusion and violence.

A memória histórica de Getúlio Vargas e o Palácio do Catete / The historical memory of Getúlio Vargas and the Catete Palace

O artigo trata da memória histórica de Getulio Vargas (1883-1954) - que governou o país de 1930 a 1945 e de 1951 a 1954 -, em sua estreita associação com o Palácio do Catete, no Rio de Janeiro, sede da Presidência da República naquele período. Tal memória foi investigada em termos das representações sociais de Getúlio manifestadas por 410 visitantes de uma exposição realizada no Palácio - hoje, Museu da República - em homenagem ao cinqüentenário da sua morte. Os resultados, obtidos a partir das respostas a uma tarefa de associação livre e a um questionário expedito, evidenciam que a memória construída a propósito da trajetória histórica de Vargas é complexa e controvertida, mas tende nitidamente para o pólo positivo, visto que predominam as avaliações de que Getúlio fez mais coisas boas do que ruins e de que merece ser lembrado como "pai dos pobres" e como "maior estadista do Brasil".

The article deals with the historical memory of Getúlio Vargas (1883-1954) - who governed Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954 -, in its close association to the Catete Palace, in Rio de Janeiro, which was the Republic Presidency's seat during that period. Such a memory was investigated in terms of the social representations about Getúlio which were manifested by 410 visitors to an exhibition held in the Palace - Republic Museum, nowadays - in honor to the fiftieth anniversary of his death. Results, which were obtained from responses to a free association task and to a concise questionnaire, evidence that the memory which was built about the historical trajectory of Vargas is a complex and controversial one, but it tends sharply for the positive pole, since the evaluations that Getúlio did more good than bad things and that he deserves to be remembered as "father of the poor people" and as "Brazil's greatest statesman" prevail.

Sobre a psicologia social no Brasil, entre memórias históricas e pessoais / On social psychology in Brazil, among historical and personal memories

Este artigo envolve uma recuperação de fatos e textos diversos, assim como de experiências vividas, que alimentaram o funcionamento de memórias históricas e a construção de memórias pessoais ao longo dos quarenta anos da trajetória acadêmica do autor como estudante e como professor de psicologia social no Rio de Janeiro. Procura-se, através dos relatos de tais memórias, caracterizar diferentes fases e orientações no desenvolvimento da psicologia social no Brasil, especialmente em suas relações com a psicologia e com as ciências humanas e sociais, bem como registrar algumas das condições - culturais, editoriais, políticas - e personagens individuais que exerceram influência nesse processo acadêmico. Sustenta-se ainda, à luz dessas memórias, que a avaliação, apropriação e articulação de contribuições oriundas da Europa e dos Estados Unidos levou finalmente à constituição de uma psicologia social brasileira que é caracteristicamente plural, crítica e avessa a fronteiras disciplinares rígidas.

This article involves a recollection of several facts and texts, as well as of lived experiences, that have fed the functioning of historical memories and the construction of personal memories along the forty years of the author's academic trajectory as a student and as a professor of Social Psychology in Rio de Janeiro. Through the reports of such memories, it seeks to characterize different phases and orientations in the development of Social Psychology in Brazil, specially in its relationships with Psychology and with human and social sciences, as well as to register some of the conditions - cultural, editorial, political - and individual characters that exerted influence in that academic process. Under the light of those memories, it still sustains that the evaluation, appropriation and articulation of contributions originating from Europe and from the United States led finally to the constitution of a Brazilian Social Psychology that is characteristically plural, critical and opposite to rigid disciplinary borders.