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Background: Pain is an unpleasant, intense feeling. During menstruation, contraction of the uterus to expel the built-up lining. Prostaglandin hormone is responsible for the muscle contraction in the uterus, which causes press against the blood vessels around it. It leads to a cut-off oxygen supply to muscle tissue, which triggers pain. One of the treatments for primary dysmenorrhoea is regular exercise and relaxation techniques. Stretching exercises help to relieve pain by reducing stress, improving flexibility, and strengthening the muscle. This study aims to find out the effect of stretching exercises on menstrual pain among adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional evaluative study was conducted among the adolescent girls of Selected schools in Navi Mumbai, India from October 2021 to February 2022 to analyze the relationship between stretching exercises and menstrual pain among adolescent girls. A numerical pain scale and a modified women’s health questionnaire were used to collect data from 100 adolescent girls. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select adolescent girls. Statistical Analysis: SPSS 24.0, software was used to tabulate and analyze the data. Results: This study result shows that a maximum of girls from age of 15–17 years (48%). A total of 82% of girls experienced menstrual pain. After doing stretching exercises, girls reduced their total pretest mean score from 2.65 to 1.99 post-test mean score. Posttest menstrual symptoms were reduced than the pretest menstrual symptoms after 8 weeks of intervention, so it was proven that stretching exercises helped in reducing menstrual pain and coping with problems.(‘p-value was <0.0001) Conclusion: Menstrual pain was a common problem among adolescent girls in schools of Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Dysmenorrhea adversely affects school attendance in adolescents. Regular daily exercises were can help to reduce menstrual pain among adolescent girls.
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Despite being one of the most common gynecological issues faced by women of reproductive age, dysmenorrhea largely remains an ignored, underdiagnosed and untreated condition. It continues to be a public health issue and has a significant impact on the quality of life of the affected women in terms of inability to lead routine activities, absenteeism from academic activities or work and reduced social activities. Currently, existing evidence correlates and implicates the excessive synthesis of prostaglandins with the menstrual pain. Hence, treatment approaches that can inhibit prostaglandins' production or already formed prostaglandins can provide relief in dysmenorrhea. In this review, the impact of dysmenorrhea on the quality of life of women, the role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea, and how nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like mefenamic acid can be safe and effective in managing dysmenorrhea are discussed.
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Background:The study aims to prove the efficacy of Homoeopathic Medicines in Dysmenorrhoea was conducted for 1½ year in the age of 14-45 years. Dysmenorrhoea is commonest complaint in females affecting half of females in the age of 11-45 years. It is one of the leading causes of periodic absentee in colleges and school. It incapacitates women in her day to day life1. It is defined as painful menstruation of uterine origin and is divided in two categories Primary and secondary. Primary begins typically during adolescences and there is no pelvic cause while secondary is uncommon during adolescences and results from pelvic origin. This article focuses on classification, pathology, clinical type and efficacy of homoeopathic medicines. The aim is to give a pain free menstruation to female thus improving quality of life in women. Material And Methods:A total of 20 patient were selected who complained of moderate to severe dysmenorrhoea for 1½ year with holistic approach according to model case proforma. Result:The study shows that in majority of cases there was no major cause for dysmenorrhoea 90% of cases responded well with Homoeopathic medicines where majority cases required PULSATILLA as a constitutional medicine, Mag Phosphoricum as an acute and Tuberculinum as intercurrent remedy. Among these,constitutional medicine acts more effectively.Conclusion:Thus it can be concluded that Homoeopathic medicines prove effective along with change in lifestyle, food habits and distress. Acute exacerbation can be controlled with acute medicines and anti miasmatic are required in stands still conditions. Potency can be 30 or 200 depending on susceptibility.
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Objective: The study focuses on assessing the incidence of menstrual irregularity among young women and the factors for a disturbance with the rationale to assess the use of analgesic drugs during Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Methods: A cross-sectional study was used. A total of 2500 randomly selected young female between the age of 11 and 30 y completed the study questionnaire to assess lifestyle pattern, variations in menstrual pattern, perceived stress, and to capture information about their menstrual cycle and related problems. In addition, the questionnaire assessed the use of analgesics for PMS. Results: 2481 participants completed the questionnaire. The mean age of participants’ menarche was 12.85±1.432 y. The prevalence of menstrual irregularities was 25.0 % (n=621) and about 8.5% (n=211) of respondents had severe pain that was not relieved by the use of analgesics. On the other hand, 50.9 % (n=1262) reported severe pain that was relieved by analgesics. A total of 1279 (51.6 %) of participants in this study used Over The Counter (OTC) analgesics to relieve PMS. Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea is the most common complaint among young females in Saudi Arabia. Low Body Mass Index (BMI), sedentary lifestyle, stress and early age of menarche are the most important factors associated with menstrual irregularities. Proper education programs and awareness among young girls about their menstrual health, and the provision of guidance in choosing effective analgesics and treatment options for dysmenorrhea are highly recommended.
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[Objectives] Psychological factors are mentioned as one of the causes of menstrual pain and menstruation-associated symptoms. In this study, the relationship between menstrual pain, menstruation-associated symptoms, and personality was examined. [Methods] We targeted women who were menstruating and had provided informed consent. A questionnaire was conducted to obtain information on age, height, weight, degree of menstrual pain, menstruation-associated symptoms, and new personality inventory. Correlation analysis of Spearman was conducted on the relationship between menstrual pain, menstruation-associated symptoms, and personality.[Results] We distributed questionnaires to 250 persons and obtained responses from 166 persons. "Anxiety" correlated with menstrual pain and multiple factors of menstruation-associated symptoms, "depression" correlated with multiple factors of menstruation-associated symptoms. In addition, "aggression," "inferiority complex," and "non-cooperativeness" correlated with negative emotional factors of menstruation-associated symptoms.[Discussion] For "anxiety" and "depression," it was speculated that the symptoms became stronger due to poor circulation and serotonin deficiency during menstruation. In addition, the depressive aspects of "aggression," "non-cooperativeness," and "inferiority complex" were also considered to have an influence on negative emotional factors of menstruation-associated symptoms.[Conclusions] "Anxiety" correlated with menstrual pain and multiple factors of menstruation-associated symptoms, and "depression" correlated with multiple factors of menstruation-associated symptoms.
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We describe three cases of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and menstrual pain successfully treated with kamikihito. Case 1 was a 26-year-old female who became irritated and had breast pain before menstruation, as well as suffering from menstrual pain. She was treated with kamikihito, because she easily became fatigued, which is a symptom of <i>qi </i>deficiency, and had insomnia. After taking kamikihito, the fatigue and insomnia initially improved, and then her PMS and menstrual pain were also ameliorated. Case 2 was a 38-year-old female with general fatigue that prevented her from performing daily housekeeping tasks, insomnia, and irritability before menstruation. Case 3 was a 31-year-old female who frequently suffered from cystitis, as well as general fatigue, insomnia, and depression. After taking kamikihito, the PMS and menstrual pain were improved, and her cystitis did not recur.<br>Kamikihito is based on kihito, with the addition of bupleurum root and gardenia fruit. Kamikihito could be a suitable herbal medicine for patients with PMS and menstrual pain, who have symptoms of <i>qi </i>deficiency and report insomnia or show signs of <i>qi </i>stagnation.
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<i>Objective</i>: To clarify the effect of Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, side effects of hormonal therapies.<br> <i>Study Design</i>: Side effects of patients with continuous intake of Pycnogenol during and after Gn-Rh analogue therapy (G group; n=22 (c=14)), moderate (M group; n=21 (c=13)) and low (L group; n=40 (c=23)) dose of cyclic hormonal therapies due to uterine myomas, dysmenorrhea and endometriosis were observed. All subjects provided signed informed consent after understanding the purpose and methods of this study. The ethical committee of Keiju Medical Center approved this study.<br> <i>Result</i>: Continuous intake of Pycnogenol significantly reduced the joint pain, general malaise and dysmenorrhea after the treatment of Gn-Rh analogue and reduced the increase of body weight and edema during the treatments of moderate and low dose of cyclic hormonal therapies.<br> <i>Conclusion</i>: Pycnogenol has preventive effects on the side effect of gynecological hormonal therapies.<br>
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[Objective]We examined the effects of acupuncture treatment at Sanyinjiao (SP6) on menstrual pain in female students. In addition, the correlation between the effects of acupuncture treatment and the neurosis were evaluated.<BR>[Methods]Fifty-one female students were participated in this study as the subject. Acupuncture treatment using Ringheaded thumbtack needle were performed to bilateral SP6 for the three months. Non-treatment periods for three months were set in before and after acupuncture period, respectively. Patients received the Ringheaded thumbtack needle through four days in a week. The effectiveness of treatment was evaluated using the categorical scale for the severity of menstrual pain accompany with numbers of taking drugs for analgesic. To evaluate the correlation between effects of acupuncture and neurosis, the tendency of neurosis was confirmed by cornel medical index (CMI) and the perimenstrual symptoms were confirmed by menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ).<BR>[Results]Twenty-seven subjects were analyzed for evaluation in this present study. During Ringheaded thumbtack needle treatment periods (acupuncture periods), menstrual pain had reduced into 48%of subjects. The number of taking drugs for analgesic was decreased with the reduction of severity of menstrual pain during acupuncture periods (p<0.05). The correlation between the effect of acupuncture and the tendency of neurosis were observed. Acupuncture improved the menstrual pain in the subjects who belong to category I and/or II of CMI. However, no remarkable changes were observed in the III and/or IV subjects of CMI. Furthermore, the high score of fives specific pain into MDQ (shoulder pain, headache, etc) and negative feelings factor were obtained in subjects who accompany with strong menstrual pain still after acupuncture<BR>[Discussion]These findings suggest that menstrual pain was reduced by Ringheaded thumbtack needle to bilateral SP6. Additionally this result was influenced by a psychological factor and/or some kind of pain which is not only menstrual pain.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain, anxiety, and depression in female college students. METHODS: A two-group cross-over design was used. The sample included a total of 20 female students who were enrolled in a 3 year nursing program. The treatments(aroma essential oil inhalation and the placebo inhalation) were given using a necklace. The data were analyzed by chi-square-test, paired t-test, and Mann-Whitney test using SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: The level of dysmenorrhea after the aroma treatment was not significantly different from the dysmenorrhea levels at pre-test and after the post-placebo treatment. The menstrual pain, anxiety and depression significantly improved after the aroma treatment. However, the levels of pain, anxiety, and depression after the aroma treatment were not significantly different from those after the placebo treatment. CONCLUSION: Aroma inhalation may be a effective in managing menstrual pain, anxiety, and depression. In order to further clarify the effect of aroma treatment on discomfort during menstruation, replication studies are necessary. Future studies need to examine the effects of different types of essential oils, administrating methods, and the lasting time of aroma treatment effect.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Anxiety , Aromatherapy , Cross-Over Studies , Depression , Dysmenorrhea , Inhalation , Menstruation , Oils, Volatile , Students, NursingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was to explore the perception about menstruation and discomforts of using disposable menstrual pads in menstruating women. METHOD: A survey was conducted of 132 menstrual women recruited by convenience sampling. Data were collected by a face-to-face interview and a study questionnaire, and analyzed by frequency and chi-square-test. RESULT: More than half of the subjects expressed a negative perception about menstruation, while 25% expressed a mixed perception and 24.2% expressed a positive perception. Women who perceived their menstruation negatively had more menstrual pain than the others (p<.001). The most frequently experienced discomforts of using disposable pads were an unpleasant smell (18.9%), leakage (18.9%), and discomfort (16.6%). Adverse effects of using disposable pads were reported as an itching sense (23.1%), skin rash (20.2%), and skin irritation (10.6%). Alternate materials were reported with tampons, alternate washable pads, and maternity pads. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that disposable menstrual pads cause several discomforts and common adverse effects such as skin problems. To decrease these discomforts and relieve adverse effects, planned nursing education including women's personal hygiene methods and information about an alternate pad may be helpful.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Dysmenorrhea , Education, Nursing , Exanthema , Hygiene , Menstrual Hygiene Products , Menstruation , Pruritus , Surveys and Questionnaires , Skin , SmellABSTRACT
We report on five patients with menstrual pain and/or other disorders, whose symptoms improved when treated with Ki-related prescriptions. Hangekobokuto improved severe epigastralgia and menstrual pain in Case 1. Saibokuto showed improvement of menstrual disorders and pain in Case 2, while Hangekobokuto also ameliorated menstrual pain in Case 3. The treatments were based on patient Ki stagnation, although the symptoms of Ketsu stagnation were also observed in these cases. In Case 4, the patient's menstrual pain and disorders were improved by changing her prescription from Kamishoyosan, to Keishikaryukotsuboreito. In Case 5, a menstrual period of more than 40 days became a regular rhythm of 30 days, while treating the patient's chief complaint of urticaria, with Keishikaryukotsuboreito. Symptoms of Ketsu stagnation were not apparent in Cases 4 and 5. We prescribed Keishikaryukotsuboreito—a prescription for Ki regurgitation—because of suggestive symptoms of nightmare, as well as palpitation in the abdomen.<br>Menstrual problems are often related to Ketsu abnormalities according to Kampo medicine literature. However, symptoms related to Ki regurgitation and Ki stagnation are also observed in women with menstrual problems who are under stress. Therefore, it is important to know that there have been cases, such as ours, of menstrual problems successfully treated with Ki-related prescriptions.
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PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the effects of abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage on menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. METHOD: Eighty-five women (of 110 screened) enrolled in this study and were employed full-time with more than 6.0 points(in 0~10.0 VAS scale) in menstrual cramps or more than 20 points on the dysmenorrhea scale(range 13~52). The forty-two participants in the experimental group received abdominal meridian massage for 5 minutes per day during 6 days from the fifth day before menstruation to the first day of menstruation and the forty-three participants in the control group didn't receive any treatment. Data were collected from June 1st to August 30th, 2003 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, and t-test. RESULT: Menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea of the experimental group were significantly lower after abdominal meridian massage than those of the control group (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage was very effective for relief of menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. Therefore, we suggest that abdominal Kyongrak massage can be a useful nursing intervention for women with menstrual cramps or dysmenorrhea.
Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Humans , Female , Adult , Women, Working , Meridians , Massage/methods , Dysmenorrhea/therapy , Acupressure , AbdomenABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The Purposes of this study were to examine the effects of Koryo-Sooji-Chim (30minutes * 2times/week * 2weeks) on menstrual pain and menstrual symptoms of female university students with dysmenorrhea. METHOD: The subjects were 22 female students with dysmenorrhea, 12 experimental group, 10 control group, studying at K university in Chungnam province. The data were collected through questionnaires from September 1st to November 30th 2003 were analyzed using descriptive statistics, X2-test, Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULT: 1. The menstrual pain scores were significantly different between the two groups(U=16.0, p=.001). 2. The menstrual symptom scores were significantly different between the two groups(U=28.5, p=.038). CONCLUSION: These findings showed that Koryo-Sooji-Chim was effective related to menstrual pain and menstrual symptoms of female university students with dysmenorrhea. Koryo-Sooji-Chim during dysmenorrhea could be applied as an effective nursing intervention.