ABSTRACT
Background: Menstruation is a taboo subject among adolescents girl; lack of knowledge regarding the menstruation, menstrual hygiene, and menstrual abnormalities has significant negative influence on young women. Most of the time menstrual abnormalities were not reported timely resulting in their late diagnosis as well as intervention, burdening adolescents and young adult women physically and mentally. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to identify the menstrual patterns, abnormalities, effects of these abnormalities on the student population in form of social withdrawal, sickness absenteeism, and degrading academic performances. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on menstrual abnormalities among 187 undergraduate students of Medical College Kolkata was conducted to illuminate menstrual problems and its effects on their regular activities. By systematic random sampling technique participants were selected. Questions were related to menstruation, variations in menstrual patterns, dysmenorrhea and its severity, premenstrual symptom, family and medical history in relation to menstrual abnormalities, social withdrawal, monthly sickness absenteeism and degrading of academic performances. Results: The mean age of subjects at menarche was 13.19 ± 0.931 years. Of all the abnormalities, dysmenorrhea was the highest with 84% of prevalence, followed by pre-menstrual symptom with prevalence of 68.4%. Social withdrawal (17.8%), college absenteeism (5.7%), and degrading of academic performance (8.2%) were reported among the students. Conclusion: Menstrual abnormalities must be promptly diagnosed and treated, and students must get counseling addressing these issues if they are to improve their health and quality of life and reduce their chances of developing further illnesses.
ABSTRACT
Background: Progesterone only injectable contraceptive provides long acting contraception against unwanted pregnancy. Alterations in menstrual pattern are a well known side effect of this effective contraceptive method. Objective of this study was to compare the weight gain and pattern of menstrual abnormalities in users of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) and Norethisterone Enanthate (Noristerat) in LASUTH.Methods: Retrospective comparative study conducted over a 3year period (January 2013 to December 2015) and involving 237 subjects who used injectable hormonal contraceptive (either DMPA or Noristerat). Case records of all the subjects were retrieved and information obtained on socio-demographic data, parity, previous contraceptive method and reason for discontinuation within one year of usage. Other information including subjects’ weight, menstrual cycle length and pattern, and side effects were collected at 3, 6 and 12 months for DMPA group and 2, 4 and 12 months interval for Noristerat group. Data obtained were analyzed using statistical packages for social sciences (version 19).Results: The combined mean age was 34.15±1.36 years. The mean weight at commencement was 68.16kg for DMPA and 66.61kg for Noristerat users while after a year, it significantly increased to 71.27kg for DMPA and 69.07kg for Noristerat users (P<0.05). No change in menstrual pattern was noted in 10% of DMPA and 7% of Noristerat users while 60% of DMPA and 57% of Noristerat had amenorrhoea by the end one year period. Five percent each of DMPA and Noristerat users perceived weight gain as problem significant enough to discontinue both methods respectively. Overall, 24% of DMPA and 19.1% of Noristerat users discontinued use after one year.Conclusions: There were significant weight gain between users of DMPA and Noristerat which was not considered a problem. Amenorrhoea was the commonest menstrual abnormality responsible for discontinuation of either method.
ABSTRACT
Background: In Indian societies womanhood is defined through motherhood and infertile women usually carry the blame for the couple’s inability to conceive. In many cases, the childless woman is made to feel inferior and may be abused or even tortured by the family. In India estimated infertility to be in the range of 4–6 %.Among all causes of female infertility, ovulatory dysfunction due to endocrinal abnormalities like, thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia are most common and most reversible (treatable) cause. Method: Hospital based study of thyroid dysfunction and prolactin level in infertile women a case control study. Hundred consecutive infertile women from Infertility clinic of OBGY department was enrolled and equal number of fertile women of reproductive age group, controls were taken from OBGY OPD. Result: Thyroid dysfunction (OR = 4.85, 95% CI = 2.39 – 9.81, P = 0.0001), Hyperprolactinemia (OR = 4.25, 95% CI = 1.82 – 9.92, P = 0.0004), Menstrual abnormalities (OR = 4.13, 95% CI = 2.12 – 8.02, P = 0.0001) were significantly associated with infertility. Difference between mean TSH values and mean prolactin level in cases and controls were found to be highly significant (p=0.0001). Conclusion:Thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia and menstrual abnormalitieswere significantly higher in infertile women as compared to the fertile women.There was weak positive correlation between hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia in infertile women.Routine screening of infertile women will facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of these two disorders which will certainly help in restoring fertility in these women.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the reproductive health status of female workers in the machinery industry and to analysis the effect of workload on their reproductive health.@*Methods@#5 732 female mechanical workers were selected and investigated by the Female Workers' Reproductive Health Questionnaire, which was printed by the occupational health and poisoning control institute of China CDC to collect the information about the reproductive health status of from March to December in 2016.@*Results@#The rate of abnormal menstruation was 27.15%, and the rate of gynecological diseases of female workers was 34.39%. The menstruation abnormality and gynecological diseases rate of female workers with high workload was higher than that female workers with low workload (both P<0.01) . High workload was the independent the risk factor associated with the menstruation abnormality (OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.54~2.31, P<0.01) and gynecological diseases (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.61~2.40, P<0.01) .@*Conclusion@#The workload has a large impact on the reproductive health status of female workers.