Impacto del léxico mental en la comprensión lectora en niños de nivel socioeconómico bajo / Impact of Mental Lexicon on Reading Comprehension in Children Growing up in Poverty

Resumen Objetivo. Analizar el impacto que las representaciones léxicas de niños hispanohablantes, que crecen en contextos de pobreza, tiene sobre la comprensión lectora. Método. Se evaluó a 61 niños en una prueba de comprensión lectora y, a partir de los resultados, se dividió la muestra total en dos grupos: un grupo de alto nivel de comprensión y otro grupo de bajo nivel. Luego, se evaluaron ambos grupos en pruebas de vocabulario (representaciones semánticas del léxico mental) y el nivel lector (representaciones ortográficas del léxico mental). Asimismo, se exploró el nivel de memoria operativa de los niños, la realización de inferencias y el procesamiento morfosintáctico de lenguaje oral. Resultados. Se obtienen resultados que otorgan evidencia sobre la incidencia del léxico mental en la comprensión de textos escritos.

Abstract Objetive. This study analyses the impact that lexical representations of Spanish-speaking children in contexts of poverty have on the reading comprehension skills. Method. To this end, an assessment was made of the reading comprehension of 61 children. The results helped identify two groups within the sample: one with a high level of comprehension, and a second with a low level of comprehension. Each group's vocabulary (semantic representations of the mental lexicon) and reading level (orthographic representations of the mental lexicon) was then assessed. Other important skills related to comprehension were likewise explored, such as working memory, inference-making ability, and morphosyntactic processing of spoken language. Results. The results provide evidence regarding the substantial impact of mental lexicon representations on reading comprehension.

Una máquina de Turing con la cinta rota: sobre la validez teórica y empírica de las representaciones mentales en el cognitivismo / A Turing Machine with a broken tape: Theoretical and Empirical Validity of Mental Representations in Cognitivism

Introducción: El texto revisa el contexto epistemológico y ontológico en el que surgen las representaciones mentales dentro del paradigma cognitivista. Se analiza la estructura lógica de Las representaciones según el modelo computacional de la mente. Objetivo: Revisar y discutir Las dificultades teóricas de las representaciones tal como son concebidas por el programa Cognitivista. Método: Tras presentar algunos de los hallazgos empíricos más significativos en El estudio de la percepción visual, se ponen en evidencia y se discuten los problemas más Graves que se le presentan frontalmente al sistema explicativo cognitivista. Conclusiones: Se Argumenta que el concepto de las representaciones utilizado en el paradigma cognitivista es Insostenible con el cuerpo teórico actual de la neuropsicología...

Introduction: This paper reviews the epistemological and ontological context in which mental Representations arise within the cognitivist paradigm. The logical structure of the representations is analyzed according to the computational model of mind. Objective: To review and discuss the theoretical difficulties of representations as they are conceived by the cognitivist Program. Method: After presenting some of the most important empirical findings in the Study of visual perception, the most serious problems faced by the explanatory system of Cognitivism are brought to light and discussed. Conclusions: It is argued that the concept of representations used in the cognitivist paradigm is unsustainable within current neuropsychological theory...

Simulación clínica: “aproximación pedagógica de la simulación clínica / Pedagogical approach of clinical simulation

Al hablar de simulación clínica muchas personas lo asocian solamente con una estrategia destinada al desarrollo de habilidades y destrezas relacionadas con la reanimación cardiopulmonar debido a que efectivamente éste ha sido uno de sus ejes de desarrollo a nivel mundial; sin embargo, este concepto dista de la extensa utilidad que nos brinda la simulación clínica a las instituciones encargadas de la formación médica y de otras ciencias de la salud. Lo anteriormente descrito ha dado lugar a centrar la atención en la simulación más como una fuente de ingresos económicos a partir de la venta de servicios de cursos de capacitación en reanimación y ha descuidado su verdadera utilidad por falta de profundización en su esencia pedagógica; solamente haciendo una aproximación pedagógica lograremos entender el porqué es necesaria de acuerdo a las necesidades actuales de formación, la inclusión de la simulación como estrategia primordial para el aprendizaje de los estudiantes dentro de los currícula de Medicina y otras ciencias de la salud. Es importante aclarar que el presente artículo no pretende desarrollar toda una base epistemológica de la simulación, solamente corresponde a una reflexión alrededor del tema planteado.

When talking about clinical simulation many people associate it with a strategy aimed at developing skills and general abilities related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation due to the fact that it has been one of the main focus worldwide. However, this concept is far from the real utilities that this practice offers the institutions in charge of the medical formation as well as other health areas. As described above, clinical simulation has maintained its focus in being a source of economical income thanks to the sales of resuscitation courses, neglecting its true value and utility because of the lack of depth given to the practice. When we know the practice’s true foundations we will understand its importance in the day to day training of the medical formation. It must be approached as a primary strategy in developing the needs of the students as well as being included in the curriculum. It is important to clarify that this article does not pretend to develop the entire epidemiological bases on a clinical simulation, but more importantly to reflex about its effectiveness in satisfying pedagogical needs.

Violência contra a mulher e representações mentais: um estudo sobre pensamentos morais e sentimentos de adolescentes / Violence against women and mental representations: a study about moral thoughts and feelings of adolescents

Nesta pesquisa analisamos processos psicológicos subjacentes às formas de situar-se diante da violência contra a mulher. Participaram 120 adolescentes brasileiros, estudantes de escolas públicas da cidade de São Paulo, de ambos sexos, com 12, 14 e 16 anos. O instrumento consistiu no relato de um conflito com episódios de violência física e verbal vivido por uma adolescente e seu namorado. Identificamos cinco maneiras de posicionar-se diante da violência contra a mulher e uma relação entre as estratégias de resolução propostas, os pensamentos e sentimentos atribuídos aos protagonistas e a dinâmica imaginada para essa relação. Foi observado que a violência se dá mais entre os homens do que entre as mulheres, e mais entre os mais novos do que entre os mais velhos.

In this research we analyzed the psychological processes underlying some forms of facing violence against women. The participants were 120 Brazilian adolescents from public schools of São Paulo, of both genders, and aged 12, 14 and 16 years old. The instrument was a report of a conflict with episodes of verbal and physical violence experienced by an adolescent and her boyfriend. We identified five different ways to understand the violence against women and a relation among the proposed resolutions' strategies, thoughts and feelings attributed to the protagonists, and the imagined dynamics for this relation. It was observed that violence occurs more among men than among women, and more among younger than among older people.

Representaciones mentales sobre los tipos de agresión en escolares / Mental representations about the types of aggression in school children

Este artículo presenta un estudio descriptivo comparativo de corte transversal acerca de las representaciones mentales de los tipos de agresión en una muestra de 60 niños escolarizados, de 8 a 11 años de edad. Los niños provienen de los niveles socio-económicos alto y bajo de la ciudad de Cartagena. Para recolectar la información, se utilizó la técnica de entrevista clínica piagetiana de tipo semi-estructurada, apoyada con dibujos que permitieron explorar las ideas y sentimientos de los niños y las niñas. Las explicaciones de los niños son más claras y estructuradas respecto a las agresiones directas de tipo físico y verbal, a diferencia de las representaciones de agresiones, tales como la amenaza y exclusión que se muestran menos elaboradas. Aunque se observan diferencias de acuerdo con la edad al identificar los tipos de agresión y las categorías evaluadas, las explicaciones difieren en muchos casos de los resultados de otras investigaciones.

This article presents a cross-sectional descriptive study of the mental representations about types of aggression in a sample of 60 boys and girls attending school, 8 to 11 years old. The children came from high and low socio-economic levels in the city of Cartagena. To collect the data, a technique of clinical piagetian semi-structured interview was applied, supported by drawings, in order to explore the ideas and feelings of boys and girls. The explanations given by the children show an evident knowledge and ideas related to two types of aggression: physical and verbal. In relation to the other types of aggression -threat and exclusion- the explanations don't show such an elaborated construction of the concepts. In addition, it is concluded that even though differences between ages are observed in the identification of the types of aggression and the categories evaluated, the explanations differ in most cases from the results of other research studies.

As representações mentais das crianças acerca das figuras parentais / Children's mental representations of parental figures

Este artigo apresenta uma investigação, realizada em Portugal, sobre a relação entre as representações mentais das crianças acerca dos pais, enquanto figuras de afecto e de disciplina, e a competência social dessas crianças. Participaram no estudo 59 crianças de 8 e 9 anos. As suas representações foram analisadas a partir do conteúdo e da estrutura das narrativas construídas em resposta à Entrevista de Avaliação das Representações das Crianças acerca das Figuras Parentais; a competência social foi avaliada a partir da adaptação portuguesa do Social Skills Rating System - form for teachers, que permite obter valores de habilidades sociais, problemas de comportamento e realização escolar. Os resultados revelam uma relação entre as representações que as crianças têm dos pais como figuras rejeitantes e como figuras punitivas e as habilidades sociais, os problemas internalizados de comportamento e a realização acadêmica, bem como uma relação entre a coerência das representações e a competência social das crianças.

This article presents a study, performed in Portugal, about the relationship between child mental representations of parents as affection and disciplinary figures, and child social competence. Fifty-nine children aged 8 and 9 years participated in this research. Their mental representations were analysed by means of the content and structures of narratives elaborated in response to the Children Representations about Parental Figures Interview. Social competence was evaluated with the Portuguese adaptation of the Social Skills Rating System - form for teachers, which allows measuring values of social skills, behaviour problems, and academic competence. The results revealed a relation among children's representations of parents as rejecting and punitive figures and children's social skills, internalizing behaviour problems and school achievement, as well as a relation between the coherence of representations and children's social competence.