Mental Health Literacy among Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers: a community-based study

Background: Early detection and proper intervention in psychiatric diseases would be morelikely if community health workers had sufficient mental health literacy, which involvesadequate understanding and a positive attitude toward psychiatric illnesses. Our goal was toanalyses community health professionals' knowledge and attitudes toward the mentally ill andtheir socio-demographic correlates, particularly Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA).Methodology: Using a National Health Service (NHS) survey form, researchers were able todetermine the attitudes of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers towardpsychiatric disease. We looked at a total of 50 completed responses. Chi square test andStudent's t test were employed as statistical analysis approaches.Results: We discovered a lack of mental health understanding and a negative attitude amongASHA employees.Conclusions: The causes of attitude deficits in ASHA workers should be targeted foradditional educational interventions and training, so that positive attitudes can be instilled inthem and other health workers, benefiting our society in the long run.

O ato de cuidar em saúde mental: aspectos alinhados à cultura de segurança do paciente / The act of caring in mental health: aspects aligned to patient safety culture / El acto de cuidar en salud mental: aspectos alineados la cultura de seguridad del paciente

OBJETIVO: analisar o conhecimento sobre o cuidado prestado à pessoa que possui transtorno mental na perspectiva da segurança do paciente. MÉTODO: revisão integrativa da literatura, considerando-se a seguinte questão norteadora: “Como a Política de Segurança do Paciente pode ser incorporada na produção do cuidado às pessoas ou sujeitos em sofrimento psíquico?”. RESULTADOS: foram selecionados 12 artigos em língua inglesa nas bases de dados Scopus e MEDLINE. Predominaram os tipos de estudo revisão da literatura (42%), estudo crítico-reflexivo (17%) e análise de conteúdo (17%). CONCLUSÃO: a segurança do paciente no contexto da saúde mental é mais complexa quando comparada a de outros pacientes. Observa-se maior probabilidade de eventos adversos, violências, barreiras de acesso aos serviços e tratamentos, além de uma assistência de baixa qualidade, tardia e não planejada, tendo, como principal justificativa, o processo estigmatizador. A educação permanente e o cuidado centrado na pessoa são as principais ferramentas de solução desses casos.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the knowledge about the care given to the person who has mental disorder from the perspective of the patient's safety. METHOD: Integrative literature review, considering the following guiding question: “How can the Patient Safety Policy be incorporated into the production of care for people or subjects in psychic suffering?” RESULTS: 12 English language articles were selected from the Scopus and MEDLINE databases. The types of study were: literature review (42%), critical-reflective study (17%) and content analysis (17%). CONCLUSION: patient safety in the context of mental health is more complex when compared to other patients. There is a higher probability of adverse events, violence, barriers to access to services and treatments, as well as low quality, late and unplanned care, having as main justification the stigmatization process. Permanent education and person-centered care are the main tools for solving these cases.

OBJETIVO: analizar el conocimiento sobre el cuidado prestado à la persona que posee trastorno mental en la perspectiva de la seguridad del paciente. MÉTODO: revisión integral de la literatura, considerándose la siguiente cuestión norteadora: cómo se puede incorporar la Política de seguridad del paciente en la producción de atención para personas con problemas psicológicos? RESULTADOS: se seleccionaron 12 artículos en inglés, en las bases de datos SCOPUS y MEDLINE. Predominaron los tipos de estudio Revisión de la literatura (42%), Estudio crítico-reflexivo (17%) y Análisis de contenido (17%). CONCLUSIÓN: la seguridad del paciente en el contexto de la salud mental es más compleja en comparación con otros pacientes, se observa mayor probabilidad de eventos adversos, violencias, barreras de acceso a los servicios y tratamientos, además de una asistencia de baja calidad, tardía y no planificada, teniendo como principal justificación el proceso estigmatizador. La educación permanente y el cuidado centrado en la persona son las principales herramientas de solución de estos casos.

Psychiatric hospitalizations by the Unified Health System in Brazil between 2000 and 2014 / Internações psiquiátricas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil ocorridas entre 2000 e 2014

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the profile of patients hospitalized for mental and behavioral disorders by the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil between 2000 and 2014, and to verify how aspects of the new mental health policy influenced the rate of hospitalized patients in that period. METHODS Non-concurrent prospective cohort study using secondary data from inpatients with a primary diagnosis of mental and behavioral disorders between 01/01/2000 and 12/31/2014. Sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital characteristics variables were selected. Overall rates of hospitalized patients were calculated according to reason for admission, type of hospital, legal nature, and number of admissions per year for each patient. The association between rates of hospitalized patients, number of psychiatric beds per year, and number of Psychosocial Care Centers per year were tested. RESULTS We selected a total of 1,549,298 patients, whose most frequent diagnoses on first admission were psychoactive substance use disorders, followed by schizophrenia and mood disorders. The median of hospitalizations per patient was 1.9 and the length of stay per patient was 29 days. The overall rate of hospitalized patients was reduced by almost half in the period. The number of beds per year was positively associated with the rates of hospitalized patients; the number of CAPS per year was negatively associated with some rates of hospitalized patients. CONCLUSION Even in the face of adversity, the National Mental Health Policy has advanced in its goal of progressively reducing hospital beds and increasing the supply of substitute services such that both strategies were associated with the reduced inpatient rates. But the changes were felt with greater intensity in the first years of the policy's implementation, becoming less pronounced in recent years.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Caracterizar o perfil dos pacientes que foram internados por transtornos mentais e comportamentais pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil entre 2000 e 2014, bem como verificar como aspectos da nova política de saúde mental influenciaram a taxa de pacientes internados no referido período. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte prospectiva não concorrente utilizando dados secundários de pacientes internados com diagnóstico primário de transtornos mentais e comportamentais entre 01/01/2000 e 31/12/2014. Foram selecionadas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e de características do hospital, além disso, foram calculadas as taxas gerais de pacientes internados segundo motivo de internação, tipo de hospital, natureza jurídica e número de internações de cada paciente por ano. Foi testada a associação entre taxas de pacientes internados, número de leitos psiquiátricos por ano e número de Centros de Atenção Psicossocial por ano. RESULTADOS Foram selecionados 1.549.298 pacientes dos quais os diagnósticos mais frequentes na primeira internação foram os transtornos devidos ao uso de substâncias psicoativas, seguidos por esquizofrenia e transtornos de humor. A mediana de internações por paciente foi de 1,9 e a de tempo de internação por paciente foi de 29 dias. A taxa geral de pacientes internados foi reduzida à quase metade no período. O número de leitos por ano apresentou associação positiva com as taxas de pacientes internados, e o número de CAPS por ano teve associação negativa com algumas taxas de pacientes internados. CONCLUSÃO Verificou-se que, mesmo diante de um contexto de adversidades, a Política Nacional de Saúde Mental avançou em suas metas de reduzir progressivamente os leitos hospitalares e aumentar a oferta de serviços substitutivos de tal modo que ambas as estratégias foram associadas à redução das taxas de pacientes internados. Contudo, as mudanças foram percebidas com maior intensidade nos primeiros anos de implantação da política, tornando-se menos pujante nos últimos anos.

Risk factors for nosocomial infection in older adult inpatients in some psychiatric hospitals in Ningbo of Zhejiang Province / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for nosocomial infection in older adult inpatients in some psychiatric hospitals in Ningbo of Zhejiang Province.Methods:The clinical data of 832 inpatients who received treatment in Ningbo Kangning Hospital and the Third Branch of Healthcare Group of Xiangshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into one infection group ( n = 45) and one non-infection group ( n = 787). The risk factors for nosocomial infection were analyzed. Results:Univariate analysis results showed that there were significant differences in age, disease type, primary pulmonary infection, time of antibiotics use, length of hospital stay, suffering from mental diseases, and use of urinary catheters ( χ2 = 10.721, 18.127, 12.183, 67.127, 56.326, 65.114, 27.153, all P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 75 years, disease type, primary pulmonary infection, time of antibiotics use, length of hospital stay, suffering from mental diseases, and use of urinary catheter were independent risk factors for nosocomial infection in older adult inpatients ( OR = 3.360, 3.777, 5.238, 3.364, 3.939, 4.428, all P < 0.001). Conclusion:Age ≥ 75 years, disease type, primary pulmonary infection, time of antibiotics use, length of hospital stay, suffering from mental diseases, and use of urinary catheters are independent risk factors for nosocomial infection in older adult inpatients in some psychiatric hospitals in Ningbo of Zhejiang Province.

Forensic Analysis of 105 Autopsy Cases of Psychiatric Patients / 法医学杂志

Objective To provide reference for medical and health services and forensic expertise, the causes and manners of death of psychiatric patients were analyzed retrospectively. Methods A total of 105 autopsy cases of psychiatric patients accepted and settled by Institute of Forensic Science of Criminal Investigation Police University of China from 2004 to 2019 were collected. The cases were divided into four groups： disease death, suicidal death, accidental death and homicidal death. The common causes of death of each group were statistically analyzed and the differences in age, disease duration, body mass index （BMI） and gender among the groups were assessed. Results Of the 105 cases, 60 were male and 45 were female, the course of psychosis was （12.9±10.4） years, the age of the deceased was （51.3±11.4） years, and 61.0% was schizophrenic. There were 50 cases （47.6%） in the disease death group, in which the psychiatric patients were the oldest and had the longest course of psychosis and lowest BMI. Pulmonary thromboembolism, respiratory infections, and cardiogenic disease were the most common causes of death in the group. There were 26 accidental deaths （24.8%）, among which traffic accidents were the most common cause of death. There were 15 homicidal deaths （14.3%）, all of which were male, with craniocerebral injury being the most common cause of death. There were 14 suicidal deaths （13.3%）. In suicidal death group, the age of the deceased was the youngest, the course of psychosis was the shortest and falling from the height was the most common way to commit suicide. Conclusion Understanding the common causes of death of psychiatric patients may contribute to developing measures to reduce the mortality rate of the population. It is necessary to investigate the age, course of psychosis and gender of the deceased when assessing the manner of death.

Relapse in involuntary substance treatment: a transversal study

Objective: To evaluate the associations between relapse and admissions (voluntary and involuntary) in a sample of patients with substance dependence. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study undertaken at a private medical therapeutic community specialised in treating addiction, located in a rural area of São Paulo, Brazil. Sociodemographic characteristics, the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA), Stages Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-SCID were used. Results: Relapse was associated with low family income (P = .006) and contemplation motivational stage (P<0.05). Nevertheless, no significant differences between individuals who were admitted involuntarily (64%) and voluntarily (54%) were observed (P = 0.683) in terms of relapses. Conclusions: In this sample, the relapse outcome in involuntary admissions was no different from the voluntary ones.

Objetivo: Evaluar las asociaciones entre recaída y admisiones (voluntarias e involuntarias) en una muestra de dependientes de sustancias. Métodos: Este es un estudio transversal realizado en una comunidad médica terapéutica privada, especializada en el tratamiento de la adicción, ubicada en una zona rural de São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizaron las características sociodemográficas, la Escala de Evaluación de Cambios de la Universidad de Rhode Island (URICA), la Escala de Evaluación de la Etapa de Preparación y Tratamiento (SOCRATES), el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI), el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI) y la Entrevista Clínica Estructurada para DSM-IV-SCID. Resultados: La recaída se asoció con bajos ingresos familiares (p = 0,006) y contemplación de la etapa motivacional (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los individuos que ingresaron involuntariamente (64%) y los voluntarios (54%) (p = 0,683) en términos de recaídas. Conclusiones: En esta muestra, el resultado de la recaída en admisiones involuntarias no fue diferente que en los voluntarios.

Pulseira fotográfica como ferramenta inovadora no protocolo de identificação do paciente com transtorno mental agudo / Photographic bracelet as an innovative tool in the identification protocol for patients with acute mental disorder / Pulsera fotográfica como herramienta innovadora en el protocolo de identificación del paciente con transtorno mental agudo

Objetivo: descrever a elaboração de protocolo para a identificação do paciente com transtorno mental agudo. Método: estudo exploratório e qualitativo, realizado de maio 2018 a janeiro 2019, por meio das etapas: revisão integrativa da literatura, questionário online respondido por 17 profissionais de saúde vinculados à Sociedade Brasileira para a Qualidade do Cuidado e Segurança do Paciente, e grupo focal com 04 especialistas em Saúde Mental. Para tratamento dos dados, utilizou-se a análise descritiva e comparativa. Resultados: na revisão não se encontraram artigos sobre identificação do paciente com transtorno mental agudo. Na consulta aos especialistas da segurança do paciente identificou-se que 82,3% não possuíam em suas instituições protocolo específico. No grupo focal evidenciou-se dificuldade na identificação deste paciente. Conclusão: acreditase que o protocolo com a inserção da pulseira fotográfica apresenta-se como uma ferramenta inovadora na redução de riscos associados à identificação deste paciente.

Objective: to describe the development of a protocol for identification of patients with acute mental disorders. Method: this qualitative exploratory study was carried out from May 2018 to January 2019 through an integrative literature review, an online questionnaire answered by 17 health personnel belonging to the Brazilian Society for Quality of Care and Patient Safety, and a focus group of four mental health experts. Results: no articles specifically on identification for patients with acute mental disorders were found in the review. The consultation of patient safety experts found that 82.3% had no specific protocol in their institutions. The focal group highlighted difficulties communicating with these patients. Conclusion: the protocol including the photographic bracelet is believed to constitute an innovative tool for reducing risks associated with identification of these patients.

Objetivo: describir el desarrollo de un protocolo para la identificación de pacientes con trastornos mentales agudos. Método: este estudio exploratorio cualitativo se realizó de mayo de 2018 a enero de 2019 a través de una revisión integradora de la literatura, un cuestionario en línea respondido por 17 miembros del personal de salud pertenecientes a la Sociedad Brasileña de Calidad de Atención y Seguridad del Paciente, y un grupo focal de cuatro personas de salud mental expertos. Resultados: en la revisión no se encontraron artículos específicos sobre identificación de pacientes con trastornos mentales agudos. La consulta de expertos en seguridad del paciente encontró que el 82,3% no tenía un protocolo específico en sus instituciones. El grupo focal destacó las dificultades para comunicarse con estos pacientes. Conclusión: se cree que el protocolo que incluye la pulsera fotográfica constituye una herramienta innovadora para reducir los riesgos asociados a la identificación de estos pacientes.

Mortality among psychiatric inpatients in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Mortality rate among psychiatric inpatients is one of the major concern areas which need further explorations. There is a scarcity of research studies related to this particular issue in India. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the mortality rate and its correlates among mentally ill inpatients of a Mental Health Institute of Eastern India. Materials and Methods: The medical records of those psychiatric inpatients (n = 151) who died during their stay at the Mental Health Institute (COE), Sriram Chandra Bhanj Medical College in the past 20 years (April 1998–March 2018) constituted the study population. Results: A total of 151 patients died during their inpatient stay. Out of which, 134 patient case records were traced out. Sociodemographic information about 65 patients (48.50%) could not be obtained as they were rescued (homeless mentally ill patients). Majority of the patients were females (51.49%). Out of 69 inpatients, majority of patients (14.92%) belonged to the age group of 35–44 years, formal education of primary level (27.61%), Hindu religion (44.77%), were married (32.08%), from rural areas (32.08%), and unemployed (26.11%). Majority of patients (69.40%) stayed in indoor for <1 month. In 44% of cases, there was a history of comorbid medical conditions. Respiratory complications (51.49%) were the most common cause of inpatient death. Schizophrenia (22.38%) was the most common diagnosis. In 23.13% of cases, the duration of mental illness was 1–10 years. With progress of years, the death was more in the past 5 years due to more number of admissions of homeless mentally ill patients who have comorbid medical conditions. Conclusion: Due to the increased burden of homeless mentally ill patients, a separate ward should be made for them with special focus on appointment of voluntary social workers or other hospital attendants who can take care of their medical conditions just after the hospitalization due to the absence of caregivers.

O manejo da internação psiquiátrica compulsória por profissionais de saúde em seu cotidiano / La gestión de la hospitalización psiquiátrica obligatoria por profesionales de salud en su curso diario / The management of compulsory psychiatric hospitalization by health professionals in their daily practice

Resumo As internações psiquiátricas compulsórias (IPC) têm sido amplamente discutidas, ressaltando tensões entre seu aumento expressivo e o que preconiza a reforma psiquiátrica. O objetivo deste artigo é compreender os sentidos produzidos com equipes de saúde mental sobre IPC e seus desafios cotidianos. Para tanto, criamos seis grupos focais com profissionais de um hospital psiquiátrico. Os encontros foram audiogravados e as transcrições analisadas qualitativamente, com destaque aos sentidos construídos sobre IPC e seus desafios no cotidiano. Nossa análise aponta que, embora os profissionais façam uso dos mesmos recursos terapêuticos, a IPC se diferencia no cotidiano pela forma como é feita a admissão, que implica em baixa adesão e prorrogação da internação pela interferência do judiciário. Concluímos que o uso de IPC, para sanar questões sociais, persiste, e que o diálogo entre a justiça e a saúde é fundamental para recuperação dos princípios éticos e humanos que orientam a reforma psiquiátrica.

Resumen Las hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas obligatorias (IPC) han sido ampliamente discutidas, destacando las tensiones entre su aumento significativo y lo que aboga la reforma psiquiátrica. El objetivo de este artículo es comprender los significados que se producen con los equipos de salud mental sobre el IPC y sus desafíos diarios. Para ello, creamos seis grupos focales con profesionales de un hospital psiquiátrico. Los encuentros fueron registrados en audio y las transcripciones analizadas cualitativamente, con énfasis en los significados construidos sobre el IPC y sus desafíos en la vida diaria. Nuestro análisis muestra que, aunque los profesionales hacen uso de los mismos recursos terapéuticos, el IPC se diferencia en la vida diaria por la forma en que se realiza el ingreso, lo que implica una baja adherencia y extensión de la hospitalización por la interferencia del poder judicial. Concluimos que el uso de los IPC, para solucionar problemas sociales persiste, y que el diálogo entre justicia y salud es fundamental para recuperar los principios éticos y humanos que orientan la reforma psiquiátrica.

Abstract Compulsory psychiatric hospitalizations (CPH) have been widely discussed, highlighting tensions between their expressive increase and what the psychiatric reform advocates. This article aims to understand the meanings that are produced with mental health teams about CPH and its daily challenges. For this matter, we performed six focus groups with professionals from a psychiatric hospital. The meetings were audiotaped and the transcripts were qualitatively analyzed, highlighting the meanings constructed about CPH and its daily challenges. Our analysis shows that, although the professionals use the same therapeutic resources, the CPH differs in daily life by the way in which admission is made, which implies a low adherence and prolongation of hospitalization due to the judiciary system's interference. We conclude that the use of CPH to resolve social issues persists and that the dialogue between the justice and health is fundamental in order to recover the ethical and human principles that guide the psychiatric reform.

Alhures da loucura: um estudo arqueogenealógico sobre a produção da figura do doente mental / Elsewheres of madness: an archeogenealogical study about the production of the mentally ill figure

Este trabalho, seguindo uma perspectiva arqueogenealógica de Michel Foucault, tem o objetivo de investigar a figura do doente mental definidas pelas práticas e pelos discursos médico/psicológicos emergentes nos séculos XVII-XVIII, tal como a prática de internamento dos alienados; e no século XIX, com o advento da anatomopatologia, isto é, uma nova racionalidade médica pautada na objetivação da relação médico-paciente, como uma prática clínica. Esta pesquisa será realizada em três partes correspondentes às investigações de Foucault sobre suas obras, entre elas, História da Loucura, Nascimento da Clínica e O Poder Psiquiátrico. A partir dos estudos apresentados em História da Loucura, direcionamos as nossas análises para os séculos XVII e XVIII. A História da Loucura é um livro que faz uma arqueologia de uma percepção social do louco. Em Nascimento da Clínica, é apresentada uma arqueologia do olhar positivo. Por último, entraremos na genealogia Foucaultiana com O Poder Psiquiátrico para averiguarmos os desdobramentos históricos do século XIX sobre os dispositivos que efetuaram a produção da figura do doente mental.

This paper,following an archeogenealogical perspective of Michel Foucault, aims to investigate the mentally ill figure defined by the emerging medical/psychological practices and discourses in the 17th and 18h centuries, such as the practice of internment of the alienated; and in the 19th century, with the advent of anatomopathology, i.e. a new medical rationality based on the objectification of the doctor-patient relationship, as a clinical practice. This research will be conducted in three parts corresponding to Foucault's investigations of his works, including History of Madness, Birth of the Clinic and Psychiatric Power. From the studies presented in History of Madness, we directed our analysis to the 17th and 18th centuries. The History of Madness is a book that makes an archeology of a social perception of the insane. In Birth of the Clinic, an archeology of the positive look is presented. Finally, we will enter the Foucaultian genealogy with Psychiatric Power to ascertain the historical developments of the 19th century about the devices that produced the mentally ill figure.

Institucionalização prolongada, transtornos mentais e violência: uma revisão científica sobre o tema / Prolonged institutionalization, mental disorders and violence: a scientific review on the topic

Resumo Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura sobre institucionalização prolongada, transtornos mentais e violência. Uma busca sistematizada foi realizada nos principais bancos de dados e foram analisados trabalhos dos últimos 22 anos. Os resultados foram divididos em dois grupos: "Estudos relacionando fatores ligados à predição/risco de violência e institucionalização" e "Estudos relacionando risco de violência e desassistência/desinstitucionalização". Verificou-se que a doença mental isoladamente não é fator diretamente associado ao maior risco de violência, que fatores relacionados à própria institucionalização e à assistência com privação de liberdade influenciam a predição de violência. Conclui-se que abordagens humanizadas, multiprofissionais e com equipe treinada, aliadas ao gerenciamento dos reais fatores de risco de violência, contribuirão para uma melhor assistência e menor necessidade de institucionalização.

Abstract This study is a review of institutionalization, mental disorders and violence. A systematic search was performed in major databases, focusing on studies from the last twenty-two years. The results were divided into two groups: 'studies on factors related to the risk of violence/prediction and institutionalization' and 'studies on the risk of violence and deinstitutionalization/inadequate mental treatment'. We found that mental illness is not directly associated with high risk of violence. Specific details of the institutionalization and assistance with deprivation of liberty are related to violent behavior. We concluded that humanized, multiprofessional approaches and trained staff, combined with the management of real risk factors of violence can contribute to a better health assistance and reduce the need for institutionalization.

Um estudo longitudinal sobre a influência do internato em saúde mental na redução de atitudes negativas de estudantes de Medicina em relação a portadores de transtornos mentais / A longitudinal study on the impact of mental health internship in reducing negative attitudes of medical students towards people with mental disorders

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do internato em saúde mental nas atitudes dos alunos de medicina quanto ao portador de transtorno mental (PTM). Métodos Atitudes foram avaliadas por questionário antes e depois do internato, por meio dos fatores: "aceitação social de PTM" (F1), "não acreditar em causas sobrenaturais para doença mental" (F2), "papéis sociais comuns para PTM" (F3), "acreditar em causas psicossociais para doença mental" (F4), "intimidade" (F5). Diferenças foram avaliadas por meio de testes t, fatores confundidores por ANOVA e correlações entre expectativa de melhora e fatores por Pearson. Resultados 74 de 85 alunos responderam ao questionário. Houve redução significativa em quatro fatores avaliados (F1, p < 0,001, F2, p = 0,002, F3, p = 0,04, F5, p < 0,001). Uma associação entre ter um amigo PTM e F3 foi identificada antes do curso (p = 0,04), porém não após (p = 0,13). Houve correlação positiva entre crenças de melhora e atitudes negativas com o F2 antes do curso (p = 0,01), mas não após. F5 esteve relacionado com a expectativa de melhora (p < 0,001) após o curso, indicando melhores atitudes quando melhor expectativa. Observou-se a melhora da expectativa quanto a resposta ao tratamento da esquizofrenia (p = 0,02), transtorno bipolar (p = 0,03) e transtorno de ansiedade (p = 0,03). Conclusões O internato esteve associado à redução de atitudes negativas com relação aos PTMs. O contato direto com o paciente parece ter influência direta nessa redução. Acreditamos que, mais importante do que possíveis efeitos de esclarecimento sobre causas do adoecimento, a desconstrução do mito sobre o louco violento é essencial para a melhora das atitudes. Estudos com populações de outras regiões do Brasil e voltadas para avaliação do medo de violência são necessários para a confirmação dessa hipótese e do efeito do internato sobre os alunos.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate and measure the effects of mental health internship on Medicine Students (MS) attitudes towards people with mental illness (PMI). Methods MS was submitted to an attitude questionnaire previously and after the mental health internship. Their attitudes were measured inside five factors: (F1) "social acceptance of PMI", (F2) "normalizing roles for PMI", (F3) "non-belief in supernatural causes for mental illness", (F4) "belief in bio-psychosocial causes for mental illness," and (F5) "near contact with PTM". T-tests were used to evaluate factor differences, confounding factor were analyzed by ANOVA and correlations through Pearson's correlation test. Results 74 of 85 students responded. There were a significant reduction in four factors (F1, p < 0.001, F2, p = 0.002, F3, p = 0.04, F5, p < 0.001). An association between having a PMI friend and F3 was identified before the course (p = 0.04), but not after (p = 0.13). A positive correlation was identified between belief in disease improvement and negative F2 attitudes before course (p = 0.01), but not after (0.40). F5 was related with disease improvement after course (p < 0.001), suggesting positive attitudes when improvement is expected. There were an increase in improvement expectations after course for schizophrenia (p = 0.02), bipolar disorder (p = 0.03) and anxiety (p = 0.03). Conclusions Mental health internship was related to a decrease in negative attitudes towards PMI. Personal contact seems to influence this improvement. We believe that the reduction of fear toward PMI is more powerful to reduce stigma than the acquisition of knowledge about its natural causes. More studies with a regionally distinct population in Brazil and aimed to measure the impact of fear are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Knowledge and perceptions of Indian primary care nurses towards mental illness

Objective. To assess nurses' knowledge and perceptions towards mental illness. Methods. This was a crosssectional descriptive study conducted among 126 randomly selected nurses those are working under District Mental Health program in Karnataka (India). The data was collected through self-reported questionnaires Using the modified version of Public perception of mental illness questionnaire and Attitude Scale for Mental Illness. Results. The findings revealed that majority of the subjects were women (74.4%), Hindus (92.1%) and were from rural background (69.8%). The mean Knowledge score 10.8±1.6 adequate knowledge (maximum possible =12) among 91% of the subjects, and 52% of them hold negative attitudes towards people with mental illness (88.9±13.6). While majority of the subjects hold negative attitudes in 'Separatism' (53.5%), 'Stereotyping' (73%), 'Benevolence' (54%), 'Pessimistic prediction' (53%) domains, they hold positive attitudes in 'Restrictiveness'(88%) and 'Stigmatization' (72%) domains. Women than men endorsed positive attitudes towards persons with mental illness in Stereotyping' (p<0.001), 'Restrictiveness' (p<0.01), 'Benevolence' (p<0.001) and 'Pessimistic prediction' (t= 2.22, p<0.05) domains. Similarly, Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery found to be less restrictive (p<0.05), more benevolent (p<0.001) and less pessimistic (p<0.05) compared to nurses with higher education (General Nursing and Midwifery and Bachelor of Science in Nursing). Conclusion. The present study showed adequate knowledge on mental illness among nurses. Yet they hold stigmatizing and negative attitudes towards mental illness. Hence, it is an urgent priority to develop andimplement educational programs to inculcate positive attitudes towards people with mental illness to provide optimal care to this vulnerable population.

Objetivo. Evaluar los conocimientos y percepciones de las enfermeras de atención primaria hacia la enfermedad mental. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 126 enfermeras que trabajan en el programa de Salud Mental del Distrito en Karnataka (India). Los datos se recolectaron a partir de cuestionarios contestados por autorreporte, empleando la versión modificada del cuestionario Percepción pública de la enfermedad mental y la Escala de Actitudes hacia la enfemedad mental. Resultados. Los hallazgos revelaron que la mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres (74.4%), hindúes (92.1%) y de origen rural (69.8%). El puntaje promedio de conocimiento fue de 10.8±1.6, que indica un conocimiento adecuado (máximo posible = 12). El 52% de los participantes tienen actitudes negativas hacia las personas con enfermedades mentales, siendo mayor este porcentaje en los dominios 'Estereotipos' (73%), 'Benevolencia' (54%), 'Separatismo' (53.5%), 'Predicción pesimista' (53%); mientras que tienen actitudes positivas en 'Restricción' (88%) y 'Estigmatización '(72%). Las mujeres, en mayor porcentaje que los hombres, tuvieron actitudes positivas hacia las personas con enfermedades mentales en los dominios 'Estereotipos' (p<0.001), 'Restricción' (p<0.01), 'Benevolencia' (p<0.001) y 'Predicción pesimista' (p<0.05). Del mismo modo, las enfermeras parteras auxiliares fueron menos restrictivas (p<0.05), más benévolas (p<0.001) y menos pesimista (p<0.05) en comparación con las enfermeras con mayor educación (enfermeras parteras generales y licenciadas en ciencias de la enfermería). Conclusión. El presente estudio mostró un conocimiento adecuado sobre las enfermedades mentales entre las enfermeras. Sin embargo, tienen actitudes estigmatizantes y negativas hacia la enfermedad mental. Por lo tanto, es una prioridad implementar programas educativos para la adquisición de actitudes positivas hacia las personas con enfermedades mentales con el fin de brindar una atención integral a esta población vulnerable.

Objetivo. Avaliar os conhecimentos e percepções à doença mental das enfermeiras de atenção primária. Métodos. Se realizou um estudo descritivo transversal com 126 enfermeiras que trabalham no programa de Saúde Mental do Distrito em Karnataka (Índia). Os dados foram recolhidos a través de questionários respondidos por autorreporte, empregando a versão modificada do questionário Percepção pública da doença mental e a Escala de Atitudes à doença mental. Resultados. As descobertas revelaram que a maioria dos participantes eram mulheres (74.4%), hindus (92.1%) e de origem rural (69.8%). A pontuação média de conhecimento foi de 10.8±1.6 indicando conhecimento adequado (máximo possível = 12). 52% dos participantes têm atitudes negativas às pessoas com doenças mentais, sendo maior esta porcentagem nos domínios 'Estereótipos' (73%), 'Benevolência' (54%), 'Separatismo' (53.5%), 'Predição pessimista' (53%); enquanto que têm atitudes positivas em 'Restrição' (88%) e 'Estigmas'(72%). As mulheres, em maior porcentagem que os homens, tiveram atitudes positivas às pessoas com doenças mentais nos domínios 'Estereótipos' (p<0.001), 'Restrição' (p<0.01), 'Benevolência' (p<0.001) e 'Predição pessimista' (p<0.05). Do mesmo modo, as enfermeiras parteiras auxiliares formam menos restritivas (p<0.05), mais benévolas (p<0.001) e menos pessimista (p<0.05) em comparação com as enfermeiras com maior educação (enfermeiras parteiras gerais e licenciadas em ciências da enfermagem). Conclusão. O presente estudo mostrou um conhecimento adequado sobre as doenças mentais entre as enfermeiras. Porém, tem atitudes de estigmas e negativas à doença mental. Por tanto, é uma prioridade implementar programas educativos para o melhoramento das atitudes positivas às pessoas com doenças mentais com o fim de brindar uma atenção integral a esta população vulnerável.

Stigma among doctors towards people with mental illness

Background: Stigma towards adults with mental illness is a longstanding and widespread phenomenon. Stigmatizing attitudes are prevalent not only among the general population but also among doctors. Negative stereotyping of people with mental illness (PMI) leads to prejudice and discrimination, affecting all aspects of their medical care and well-being. The present study attempted to explore stigmatizing attitudes among doctors towards PMI.Methods: The research was observational and cross-sectional in design carried out on doctors in a medical college. Socio-demographic data including field of specialization, experience, and academic post were recorded. The community attitudes towards mental illness (CAMI) and social distance scale were administered. Social desirability bias was corrected for by using the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale.Results: Around 54 doctors from the specializations of medicine (n=24), surgery (n=19), and non-clinical fields (n=11) participated. We found no significant differences in attitudes towards mentally ill and social distance between medical specializations (p-values >0.05) even after adjusting for the effects of social desirability bias. Years of specialization experience (p=0.037) and having a family member or close friend with mental illness (p=0.012) were significantly associated with higher scores in the community mental health ideology sub-scale of CAMI. Higher social restrictiveness (p=0.014) and lower community mental health ideology (p=0.008) were associated with greater social distance from PMI.Conclusions: Doctors are not immune to biases and stigmatizing attitudes towards PMI. These attitudes are present across all fields of medical specialization and must be addressed by mental health professionals to ensure optimal care of this vulnerable population.

Apuntes sobre la locura en el Virreinato del Perú / Notes on the madness in the Viceroyalty of Peru

La locura en el Virreinato del Perú fue explicada tanto en términos médicos como sobrenaturales. La medicina se basó principalmente en la teoría de los cuatro humores. Para denominar la locura y sus diversas formas de manifestarse se utilizaron términos tales como falta de juicio, insania, demencia, melancolía, manía y otros, con significados no equivalentes a los actuales. El cuidado de los locos estuvo en manos de los médicos, la familia o los religiosos. La Santa Inquisición debió determinar si los procesados se encontraban o no en su sano juicio, recurriendo a diferentes estrategias ante los casos dudosos, incluyendo la opinión de los médicos. La psiquiatría surgió en el Perú mucho después de la era virreinal, y sus intentos para explicar la locura en aquellos tiempos llevaron por un lado a una valiosa recolección de información, sobre todo por parte de Hermilio Valdizán y Óscar Valdivia Ponce, y por otro lado a la elaboración de diagnósticos retrospectivos, que ilustran sobre el discurso nosológico de sus expositores. En los últimos años las opiniones psiquiátricas sobre el periodo virreinal se han centrado en la figura de Santa Rosa de Lima, llevando a planteamientos variopintos. Los diagnósticos retrospectivos se sustentan en premisas cuestionables, tales como atribuir una naturaleza transhistórica y transcultural a los trastornos mentales y a la idea de normalidad, así como creer que existen fuentes históricas fidedignas que reflejan la verdad de los hechos.

Madness during the Viceroyalty of Peru was explained both in medical and supernatural terms, The medicine was based mainly on the theory of the four humors. To name madness and its various forms of manifestation were used terms such as lack of judgment, insanity, dementia, melancholy, mania and others, with meanings not equivalent to the current ones.The care of the insane was given by doctors, family or clergy. The Holy Inquisition had to determine whether the defendants were mentally sane or not, resorting to different strategies in the doubtful cases, including the opinion of the doctors. Psychiatry emerged in Peru long after the Viceregal era, and its attempts to explain the madness of those times led to the gathering of valuable information, especially by Hermilio Valdizán and Óscar Valdivia Ponce, and, on the other hand, to the formulation of retrospective diagnoses, which illustrate the nosological discourse of its speakers. In recent years, psychiatric opinions on the viceregal period have focused on the figure of Saint Rose of Lima, leading to varied approaches. Retrospective diagnoses are based on questionable premises, such as attributing a transhistorical and transcultural nature to mental disorders and normality idea, as well as believing that there are reliable historical sources that reflect the truth of the facts.

Identificação do portador de transtorno mental agudo sob o contexto da segurança do paciente / Identificación del portador de trastorno mental agudo bajo el contexto de la seguridad del paciente / Identification of individuals with acute mental disorders in the context of patient safety

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o processo de identificação de portadores de transtornos mentais na fase aguda em instituições de saúde. Método: estudo exploratório, qualitativo, com coleta de dados entre setembro e dezembro de 2018, com um questionário digitalizado cujo link foi disponibilizado via aplicativo What-sapp®, no grupo de profissionais vinculados à Sociedade Brasileira para a Qualidade do Cui-dado e Segurança do Paciente. Resultados: entre os 17 participantes do estudo, 64,7% pertenciam a Núcleos de Segurança do Paciente, todos especialistas (58,8% na área de segurança do paciente). Dos entrevistados, 90% não possuem em suas instituições protocolo específico para a identificação destes pacien-tes. As categorias elaboradas para as estratégias foram "Adequação do Protocolo do Ministé-rio da Saúde" e "Protocolo do Ministério da Saúde" e, para as barreiras foram "Fatores Ineren-tes ao Paciente" e "Fatores Inerentes ao Profissional". Conclusão: identificaram-se importantes estratégias para a melhoria da identificação desta clientela.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: analizar el proceso de identificación de portadores de trastornos mentales en la etapa aguda en instituciones de salud. Método: estudio exploratorio, cualitativo, cuyos datos se obtuvieron entre septiembre y diciembre de 2018, por medio de cuestionario digital, presentándose link en la aplicación Whatsapp®, en el grupo de profesionales vinculados a la Sociedad Brasileña para la Cualidad del Cuidado y Seguridad del Paciente. Resultados: entre los 17 participantes del estudio, 64,7% pertenecían a Núcleos de Seguridad del Paciente, todos especialistas (58,8% en el área de seguridad del paciente). De los entrevistados, 90% no tienen en sus instituciones protocolo específico para identificación de estos pacientes. Las categorías que se elaboraron para las estrategias fueron "Adecuación del Protocolo del Ministerio de la Salud" y "Protocolo del Ministerio de la Salud" y, para las dificultades fueron "Factores Inherentes al Paciente" y "Factores Inherentes al Profesional". Conclusión: se identificaron importantes estrategias para perfeccionar la identificación de esta clientela.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the identification process for patients in the acute phase of mental disorders in health institutions. Method: Exploratory, qualitative study with data collection conducted between September and December 2018. A digitized questionnaire, whose link was made available through the WhatsApp group of professionals attached to the Brazilian Society for the Quality of Care and Patient Safety, was used. Results: Of the 17 study participants, 64.7% worked in Patient Safety Centers, and all of them were specialists (58.8% in the patient safety area). Of the respondents, 90% do not count on a specific protocol for the identification of these patients in their institutions. The categories created for the strategies were "Adequacy of the Ministry of Health Protocol" and "Protocol of the Ministry of Health", and for the barriers, categories "Inherent Patient Factors" and "Inherent Professional Factors" were created. Conclusion: Important strategies were identified to improve the identification of this clientele.

Mediating Effects of Hope and Therapeutic Relationship in the Relation between General Social Functions and Mental Health Recovery of Community People with Mental Illness

PURPOSE: This study tries to test mediating effects of hope and therapeutic relationship in the relation between general social functions and mental health recovery of community people with mental illness. METHODS: This study was carried out in a cross-sectional research design. The participants included 217 people with mental illnesses who were enrolled at eight Mental Health Welfare Centers in the Gyeonggi Province. Data were collected from February to May, 2018. The collected data were analyzed using a regression analysis, and SPSS PROCESS macro was used to test the mediating effects. RESULTS: This study analyzed the direct effects of general social functions on the hope, therapeutic relationship and mental health recovery. And general social functions had indirect effects on their mental health recovery via hope and therapeutic relationship. Both hope and therapeutic relationship had dual mediating effects in the influence of general social functions on mental health recovery. CONCLUSION: The role of hope and therapeutic relationship in the mental health recovery of community people with mental illness is important, and it is confirmed that hope is a powerful factor influencing mental health recovery.

El control de la correspondencia de los enfermos mentales en las instituciones psiquiátricas españolas: entre el cuidado y la censura, 1852-1987 / Monitoring the correspondence of the mentally ill in Spanish psychiatric institutions: from care to censorship, 1852-1987

Resumen Este trabajo pretende aproximarse a la legislación que ha permitido retener la correspondencia de los enfermos mentales en los hospitales psiquiátricos. Amparándose en el cuidado, las cartas eran leídas por médicos y administradores. Se ha realizado una búsqueda de los reglamentos que avalaban esta práctica en diferentes instituciones españolas desde el siglo XIX, medida ejercida por el personal subalterno por orden de sus superiores. Esta arbitraria decisión ha provocado que numerosa correspondencia permanezca en archivos de establecimientos psiquiátricos de diferentes latitudes, de modo que, actualmente, se pueden utilizar como valiosos documentos clínicos para conocer la vida cotidiana de dichas instituciones y, sin duda, la experiencia subjetiva de los enfermos mentales ante el internamiento.

Abstract This article examines the legislation allowing confiscation of the correspondence of the mentally ill in psychiatric hospitals. Arguing a duty of care, patients' letters were read by physicians and administrators. A study was performed of the regulations governing this practice in different Spanish institutions from the nineteenth century on; the measure was implemented by staff members under orders from their superiors. This arbitrary decision meant that a great deal of correspondence remains in the archives of psychiatric establishments in different locations; nowadays, these letters can be used as valuable clinical documents that help us to understand daily life in those institutions and, obviously, mental health patients' subjective experience of their confinement.

Paradigma Biomédico X Psicossocial: Onde são Ancoradas as Representações Sociais Acerca do Sofrimento Psíquico? / Paradigma Biomédico X Psicosocial: ¿Dónde están Ancladas las Representaciones Sociales Acerca del Sufrimiento Psíquico? / Psychosocial X Biomedical Paradigm: Where is the Social Representation Anchored in Psychic Suffering?

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer as representações sociais de profissionais da saúde mental, universitários da área da saúde e estudantes do ensino médio acerca do louco e do doente mental, relacionando-as aos paradigmas de atenção à saúde mental. A amostra dessa pesquisa foi formada por 150 participantes, sendo 50 de cada grupo social. Para a coleta de dados, foi usada a TALP (Técnica de Associação Livre de Palavras), com os estímulos louco e doente mental. Os dados foram analisados no programa Tri-Deux-Mots, por meio da Análise Fatorial de Correspondência. Os estudantes do ensino médio e os universitários apresentaram representações do louco e do doente mental ancoradas no paradigma biomédico, o qual enfatiza a medicalização e a hospitalização na assistência à saúde mental; já os profissionais apresentaram representações ancoradas no paradigma psicossocial, o qual norteia as ideias da Reforma Psiquiátrica. Percebe-se que apesar de a assistência em saúde mental no Brasil ser pautada nos preceitos da reforma, ainda há na sociedade uma visão negativa do doente mental/louco ancorada no paradigma biomédico, a qual reforça a exclusão e manutenção do estigma social frente a esses sujeitos.

Resumen El objetivo fue conocer las representaciones sociales de profesionales de salud mental, estudiantes de la salud y de enseñanza secundaria sobre locos y enfermos mentales, relacionándose los paradigmas de la atención a la salud mental. Muestra formada por 150 participantes, 50 de cada grupo social. Para recolección de datos, se utilizó la Técnica de Asociación Libre de Palabras, con estímulos locos y enfermos mentales. Datos analizados en el software Tri-Deux-Mots, a través del análisis factorial de correspondencia. Los estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria y los universitarios presentaron representaciones de loco y enfermo mental ancladas en el paradigma biomédico, que hace hincapié a la medicalización y hospitalización en la atención de salud mental; ya los profesionales presentaron representaciones ancladas en el paradigma psicosocial, que guía las ideas de la Reforma Psiquiátrica. Se percibió que a pesar de la atención en salud mental en Brasil se basada en los preceptos de la Reforma, todavía hay en la sociedad visión negativa de enfermos mentales/loco anclada en el paradigma biomédico, lo que refuerza la exclusión y el mantenimiento del estigma social delante de estos sujetos.

Abstract This study aims to determine the social representation of mental health professionals, university students from the health area, and secondary school students with regard to the crazy person and the mentally ill person, regarding the paradigms of mental health care. The study sample was composed of 150 participants, with 50 in each social group. For data collection, the free word association technique (TALP) was used, with the prompts "crazy person" and "mentally ill person". The data were analyzed using the Tri-Deux-Mots software,through correspondence factor analysis. The secondary school students and university students presented representations of the crazy person and the mentally ill person anchored in the biomedical paradigm, which emphasizes medicalization and hospitalization with regard to mental health care. The professionals, on the other hand, presented representations anchored in the psychosocial paradigm, which guides the ideas of the Psychiatric Reform. It is recognized that although mental health care in Brazil is based on the principles of the Reform, there is still a negative view of the mentally ill person/crazy person on the part of society anchored in the biomedical paradigm, which reinforces the exclusion and maintenance of the social stigma that these individuals face.

Valor humano del enfermo mental / Human value of the mentally ill

En este artículo se sostiene que la no estigmatización y la defensa de los derechos personales de los enfermos mentales dependen esencialmente de que se reconozca que su trastorno psíquico constituye un déficit en su humanidad. Con ese objetivo se consideran trespuntos. En el primero se analiza qué es lo que se ®asiste¼ psicológicamente en el ®área de saludmental¼ y qué segmento de esa ®asistencia¼ esestigmatizado; en el segundo se analiza cómo y por qué se ha pasado del modelo médico de la patología mental a la construcción social que afirma que la enfermedad mental es un mito (Th. Szasz, M. Foucault), entendiendo que esa afirmación debe ser cuestionada; en el tercero se afirma que el reconocimiento de que el déficit de autonomía personal de los diferentes tipos psicopatológicos está determinado por un proceso mórbido es lo que fundamenta el valor humano del enfermo mental.

This article argues that the non-stigmatization and defense of the personal rights of the mentally ill depend essentially on the recognition that their psychic disorder constitutes a deficit in their humanity. To this end, three points are considered. In the first, what is analyzed is analyzed psychologically in the "health area" and which segment of that "assistance" is stigmatized; in the second one, it is analyzed how and why the medical model of mental pathology has been passed to the social construction that affirms that mental illness is a myth (Th.Szasz, M. Foucault), understanding that this affirmation must be questioned; in the third it is affirmed that the recognition that the deficit of personal autonomy of the different psychopathological types is determined by a morbid process is what bases the human value of the mentally ill.