ABSTRACT
Comprehensive characterization of metabolites and metabolic profiles in plasma has considerable sig-nificance in determining the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in vivo.However,this process is usually hindered by the insufficient characteristic fragments of metabolites,ubiquitous matrix interference,and complicated screening and identification procedures for metabolites.In this study,an effective strategy was established to systematically characterize the metabolites,deduce the metabolic pathways,and describe the metabolic profiles of bufadienolides isolated from Venenum Bufonis in vivo.The strategy was divided into five steps.First,the blank and test plasma samples were injected into an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/linear trap quadrupole-orbitrap-mass spectrometry(MS)system in the full scan mode continuously five times to screen for valid matrix compounds and metabolites.Second,an extension-mass defect filter model was established to obtain the targeted precursor ions of the list of bufadienolide metabolites,which reduced approximately 39％of the interfering ions.Third,an acquisition model was developed and used to trigger more tandem MS(MS/MS)fragments of precursor ions based on the targeted ion list.The acquisition mode enhanced the acquisition capability by approximately four times than that of the regular data-dependent acquisition mode.Fourth,the acquired data were imported into Compound Discoverer software for identification of metabolites with metabolic network prediction.The main in vivo metabolic pathways of bufadienolides were elucidated.A total of 147 metabolites were characterized,and the main biotransformation reactions of bufadienolides were hydroxylation,dihydroxylation,and isomerization.Finally,the main prototype bufadienolides in plasma at different time points were determined using LC-MS/MS,and the metabolic profiles were clearly identified.This strategy could be widely used to elucidate the metabolic profiles of TCM preparations or Chinese patent medicines in vivo and provide critical data for rational drug use.
ABSTRACT
Background: Fasting from dawn to dusk during the month of Holy Ramadan is obligatory for all healthy adult Muslims. Individuals are exempted from fasting if they are suffering from an illness that could be adversely affected by fasting. Although The Quran exempts sick people from fasting, many Muslim diabetic patients may not perceive themselves as sick and are keenly interested to fast. But they fast without proper medical guidance exposing themselves to certain risks as a direct consequence of fasting. So we designed this study to assess the impact of fasting during Ramadan and to evaluate the effects of fasting on their biochemical profiles in patients with diabetes. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether Ramadan fasting has any effect on body weight, blood pressure, fasting glucose, HbA1C, serum lipids, serum creatinine among type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Fifty two stable outpatients with type 2 diabetes with intention to fast were studied in the month of Ramadan 1434 Hijri calendar year (11th July to 9th August, 2013) at two points of time: one week before Ramadan (visit 1) and within last 3 days before the end of Ramadan (visit 2). During each visit the height, body weight and blood pressure were recorded. Blood samples were collected for fasting glucose, HbA1C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatinine. Data were analyzed by Student’s paired t-test using SPSS system and results were expressed as mean ± SD. Probability values were considered to be significant if it was less than 0.05. Results: There were 30 (62.8%) males and 22 (37.2%) females with a mean age of 54.7 ± 11.55 (range 35–80) years and mean duration of diabetes was 5.5 ± 5.2 years (range 9 months–18 years). In this study mean weight of the patients decreased significantly from 60.5 ± 12.6 kg to 58.5 ± 11.3 kg (p<0.001). Blood pressure reduced but not significantly. Fasting blood glucose showed significant reduction from 10.7 ± 4.2 to 8.9 ± 3.7 mmol/L (p=0.002) at the end of the study though HbA1C showed no significant change. Lipid profile and serum creatinine values did not show any significant change. Conclusion: The effects of fasting during Ramadan on stable diabetic patients are minimal. So, stable diabetic patients can fast during Ramadan without significant detrimental effects.
ABSTRACT
El propósito de este trabajo fue determinar la influencia del mérito genético para la producción de leche sobre el balance energético, los indicadores del metabolismo energético y la reactivación ovárica posparto. Para este estudio, se utilizaron 10 vacas Holstein puras de diferente mérito genético para la producción de leche, que se alimentan bajo un sistema de pastoreo rotacional con suplementación de concentrado. A estos animales se les realizó un seguimiento durante los 10.4 (± 2.5), 21.6 (± 4.3), 31.8(± 4.5), 42.3 (± 4.2), y 51.9 (± 3.9) días posparto, los cuales constituyeron los periodos de muestreo. En cada muestreo, los animales fueron pesados con cinta métrica, se les evaluó la con se estimó su balance de energía. Además, se tomaron muestras de suero sanguíneo para evaluar las concentraciones de glucosa y colesterol; y se efectuó un seguimiento de la reactivación ovárica por ultrasonografía. La mayoría de las vacas reiniciaron su actividad ovárica en la segunda semana posparto y más de la mitad presentaron su primera ovulación durante el periodo experimental. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05) y con pendiente negativa entre el mérito genético para la producción de leche y la magnitud del nadir del BEN, sin embargo el mérito genético no tuvo influencia significativa sobre los días al nadir del BEN, dado que las vacas de mérito genético alto, como bajo incrementaron el consumo y la producción de leche siguiendo patrones similares, pero con magnitudes diferentes. De igual forma el merito genético no se relacionó significativamente con los días a la primera ovulación. Además, ninguna de las variables del balance de energía, ni los metabolitos sanguíneos afectaron los días a la primera ovulación o el número de folículos clasificados por tamaño.
The aim of this research was to establish the genetic merit for milk yield influence on energy balance, energy metabolic profiles and the postpartum ovarian resumption. In this research, 10 pure-Holstein Friesian dairy cows, varying in genetic merit values for milk yield and fed on a rotational-grazing system with a supplementary concentrate ration were used. A serial of examinations were performed on10.4 (± 2.5), 21.6 (± 4.3), 31.8 (± 4.5), 42.3 (± 4.2), and 51.9 (± 3.9) postpartum days. In every sampling day animals were weighed by tape measure, their body condition score were calculated and the energy balance was estimated for every cow. In addition, blood serum tests were performed to analyze glucose and cholesterol blood concentration and an ultrasonographic assessment was executed to determine ovarian resumption. Nearly all cows had an ovarian resumption on the second week postpartum and more than a half had shown their first postpartum ovulation on the trial period. The genetic merit values for milk yield were not related with production values, therefore, the dependent variables of milk yield did not fluctuated with genetic merit. There was a significant negative relationship (p<0.05) between genetic merit for milk production and the nadir extent of net energy balance (NEB). Although, the genetic merit did not have significant influence on the number of days between calving to the nadir-attaining day, because high genetic merit cows as low genetic merit cows increased the intake and milk yield following similar patterns, but with different extents. In the same way, the genetic merit did not have significant relationship with the interval of calving to first ovulation. Furthermore, no one of the energy balance variables or blood metabolites influenced the interval of calving to first ovulation or the amount of follicles classified by size.