Prevalence of cardio metabolic risk factors and related socio-demographic factors in adults aged 18-59 years in 15 provinces of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the prevalence and co-prevalence of cardio metabolic (CM) risk factors in adults in China.Methods The project data of 2015 Nutritional Status and Health Transition of Chinese Residents were used,and 5 456 adults aged 18-59 years with complete sociodemographic,anthropometric,and blood biochemical data were selected as the study subjects.The definition released by the International Diabetes Federation in 2005 were used to define each CM risk factors,including central obesity,elevated TG,reduced HDL-C,elevated blood pressure and elevated FPG.The co-prevalence of the risk factors was defined as adults having ≥2 risk factors.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between CM risk and socio-demographic factors.Results About 80.8％ of adults had at least 1 risk factor,and 54.0％ had co-prevalence of risk factors.Gender,age,education level and living area were significantly associated with the prevalence of major metabolic risk factors.After adjusting for other factors,compared with men,women were more likely to have central obesity and reduced HDL-C,but not more likely to have elevated blood pressure,elevated FPG and elevated TG (P＜0.01).Compared with adults aged 18-44 years,adults aged 45-59 years were more likely to have central obesity,elevated blood pressure,elevated FPG and elevated TG (P＜0.01).The odds of having central obesity,elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose in the adults in eastern China were significantly higher than those in the central and western China.Conclusions In 2015,less than 20％ of the adults aged 18-59 years in China had no cardio metabolic risk factors,and more than half of them had two or more risk factors.Gender,age and living areas were the major influencing factors.It is necessary to take effective intervention measures targeting adults at high-risk for the early prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Prevalence of cardio metabolic risk factors and related socio-demographic factors in adults aged 18-59 years in 15 provinces of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the prevalence and co-prevalence of cardio metabolic (CM) risk factors in adults in China.Methods The project data of 2015 Nutritional Status and Health Transition of Chinese Residents were used,and 5 456 adults aged 18-59 years with complete sociodemographic,anthropometric,and blood biochemical data were selected as the study subjects.The definition released by the International Diabetes Federation in 2005 were used to define each CM risk factors,including central obesity,elevated TG,reduced HDL-C,elevated blood pressure and elevated FPG.The co-prevalence of the risk factors was defined as adults having ≥2 risk factors.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between CM risk and socio-demographic factors.Results About 80.8％ of adults had at least 1 risk factor,and 54.0％ had co-prevalence of risk factors.Gender,age,education level and living area were significantly associated with the prevalence of major metabolic risk factors.After adjusting for other factors,compared with men,women were more likely to have central obesity and reduced HDL-C,but not more likely to have elevated blood pressure,elevated FPG and elevated TG (P＜0.01).Compared with adults aged 18-44 years,adults aged 45-59 years were more likely to have central obesity,elevated blood pressure,elevated FPG and elevated TG (P＜0.01).The odds of having central obesity,elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose in the adults in eastern China were significantly higher than those in the central and western China.Conclusions In 2015,less than 20％ of the adults aged 18-59 years in China had no cardio metabolic risk factors,and more than half of them had two or more risk factors.Gender,age and living areas were the major influencing factors.It is necessary to take effective intervention measures targeting adults at high-risk for the early prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Association of Whole Grain Consumption with Nutrient Intakes and Metabolic Risk Factors in Generally Healthy Korean Middle-Aged Women / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have suggested that a higher consumption of whole grain foods can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The objective of the current study was to examine associations among the consumption of whole grains and nutrient intakes and biochemical indicators associated with chronic diseases among generally healthy middle-aged Korean women. METHODS: Using 24-hour recall data from the 2008-2009 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, whole grain intake (g/day) was calculated for a total of generally healthy 1,953 subjects. The subjects were divided into three groups by the level of whole grain consumption (0 g/day, > 0 and or = 20 g/day). Mean values or proportions of various nutrient intakes and metabolic risk factors were compared according to the level of whole grain consumption. All statistical analysis was conducted using SAS software version 9.2. RESULTS: We observed that the overall consumption of whole grains was quite low. Specifically, 58.2% of subjects reported no whole grain consumption on the day of the survey, and the mean whole grain intake was only 15.3 g/day. The whole grain consumption was positively associated with intakes of various macro and micronutrients, namely, plant proteins and fats, dietary fiber, calcium, plant iron, potassium, zinc, vitamin A, beta-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and folic acid. In addition, we found significantly decreasing trends in abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia as whole grain intake levels increase. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggested the importance of promoting whole grain consumption as an efficient tool for improving various dietary aspects and preventing chronic diseases.

Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels and Metabolic Syndrome in Normoglycemic Adults

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome has been introduced to increase the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our aim of this study was to investigate the association of fasting plasma glucose levels and metabolic syndrome in normoglycemic adults. METHODS: We examined lifestyle factors, anthropometric and laboratory measurement of adults with no personal history of diabetes and normal fasting glucose from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001. We categorized the fasting plasma glucose levels below 100 mg/dl into the quintiles and assessed the association of metabolic syndrome with increasing glycemia in normoglycemic adults. RESULTS: Quintiles of normal fasting plasma glucose levels showed a positive trend with metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and obesity in normoglycemic adults (P<0.001). Hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterolemia, smoking, heavy drinking, and physical activity were of no significance. A multivariate model, adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, and heavy drinking, revealed a progressively increased odds ratio of metabolic syndrome, 1.05 (95% CI, 0.76~1.44), 1.15 (95% CI, 0.84~1.58), 1.33 (95% CI, 0.99~1.80), 1.55 (95% CI, 1.14~2.10), with increasing fasting plasma glucose levels, as compared with fasting plasma glucose level of 81 mg/dl or less (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Higher fasting plasma glucose levels within the normoglycemic range may constitute a risk of metabolic syndrome in normoglycemic adults.

Regional Fat Measured by DEXA and Metabolic Risk Factors among Women with Central Obesity

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to determine the usefulness of regional body fat measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) by examining the relationship between regional body fat and metabolic risk factors. METHODS: A total of 98 women aged 18~65 years with central obesity (waist circumference > or =80 cm) took the evaluation for metabolic risk factors (blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, high sensitive c-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipid profile, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) and the anthropometric measurement, and regional body fat measurement using DEXA. The relationship of regional body fat with the metabolic risk factors, the metabolic syndrome (MS) defined by the International Diabetes Federation and insulin resistance (IR, defined by HOMA-IR> or =2.48) were assessed. The analyses were conducted using regression and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: After adjustment for age and total body fat (%), legs fat (%) was significantly and negatively associated with LDL-C, triglyceride, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP, while positively with HDL-C. The 1% increase of legs fat was associated with the MS by odds ratio of 0.82 (95% C.I 0.71~0.96) and with the IR by odds ratio of 0.80 (95% C.I. 0.67~0.95). Trunk fat (%) was significantly and positively associated with LDL-C, triglycerides, and HOMA-IR. The 1% increase of trunk fat was associated with the MS by odds ratio of 1.32 (95% C.I. 1.03~1.71) and with the IR by odds ratio of 1.33 (95% C.I. 1.01~1.77). The ratio of android fat to gynoid fat was significantly and positively associated with LDL-C, triglycerides, glucose, and HOMA- IR, while negatively with HDL-C. The 0.1 increase of the ratio was associated with the MS by odds ratio of 1.66 (95% C.I. 1.07~2.60). CONCLUSION: The trunk fat, and legs fat, the ratio of android fat to gynoid fat assessed by DEXA seemed to be useful indicators to predict the metabolic risk factors in women with central obesity.

Relation of serum total antioxidant status with metabolic risk factors in Korean adults

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation of total antioxidant status (TAS) to metabolic risk factors in Korean adults. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, serum lipids and fasting glucose were determined in 406 men and women. TAS was measured by using commercially available Randox kit. Serum TAS was significantly positively correlated with body weight (p=0.004), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.033), waist circumference (p=0.017), total cholesterol (p=0.038) and triglyceride (TG) (p or =150 mg/dl) was significantly higher than that of subjects whose TG was lower than 150 mg/dl (p=0.001). When central obesity, TG, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose and blood pressure were considered as metabolic risk factors, TAS was shown to be elevated with increased number of metabolic risk factors (p=0.004). The positive association between TAS and a number of metabolic risk factors suggests that increased TAS may not always indicate one's healthier condition. In order to help understand TAS as a marker of total antioxidant capacity in humans with various metabolic conditions, it is needed to clarify the factors affecting TAS in relation to changes in metabolic risk factors.

Shiftwork Duration and Metabolic Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease / 대한산업의학회지

AIMS: To explore the relationship between shiftwork duration and metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular disease in shiftworkers. METHODS: The study subjects comprised of 226 nurses, from a hospital, and 130 male workers, from a diaper and feminine hygienic material manufacturing firm. The mean ages of the male workers and nurses were 29 and 28.5 years, respectively. The fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, height and weight, waist and hip circumferences (only in nurses), and number of step for a shift as indices of physical activity were measured. Using the Korean version of Karasek's job contents questionnaire, the job stress was assessed. Information about the number of years worked, duration of shiftwork, and past medical and behavioral histories, including smoking, were obtained by self-administrated questionnaires. Linear regression analyses were performed, to show the relationships between shiftwork duration and metabolic risk factors, using simple and multivariate models, adjusted for age, smoking, job strain and physical activity. The following criteria were defined: hypertension as a SBP>or160 or a DBP>or=90 mmHg at least once, hypercholesterolemia, as a serum total cholesterol >or=240 mg/dl, obesity as BMI (Body Mass Index) >or=25kg/m2 and central obesity as a WHR (Waist to Hip Ratio) >or=0.85; and the logistic regression analyses, according to years of shiftwork, were performed using simple and adjusted models. RESULTS: The cholesterol and fasting blood sugar showed increasing trends, but without statistical significances, according to the increase in shiftwork duration of the male workers, although, the increases in the blood pressure and BMI were statistically significant. In the nurses, only the WHR showed a significant increase in relation to the shiftwork duration. In the logistic regression analyses, hypercholesterolemia and obesity showed significant increasing risks according to the number of years of shiftwork (OR=3.32 95%CI 1.27-8.72 and OR=3.21 95%CI 1.24-8.32 respectively) in the male workers, but hypertension showed no significance. In the nurses, only an increased central obesity was significant as a risk factor (OR=1.30 95%CI 1.05-1.62). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence of the associations between shiftwork and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease, although healthy shiftworker effects might exist in our cross sectional study design.