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Background Air pollutants PM2.5 and its adsorbed metal elements are important factors affecting public health. Objective To explore the distribution characteristics and sources of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in Lanzhou from 2019 to 2020, and to assess the health risks of metal elements to different groups of residents through inhalation. Methods From January 2019 to December 2020 in two districts of Lanzhou City (Chengguan District and Xigu District), regular PM2.5 and metal elements [antimony (Sb), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and thallium (Tl)] were regularly monitored, and their concentrations were described by the median (M) and 25th and 75th percentiles (P25, P75) as not following a normal distribution (because the detection rates of the five elements Be, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Se were less than 70%, the five elements were not included in subsequent analysis), and then compared with the secondary concentration limits in the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). The differences between the medians of the two groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test, and the differences among the medians of multiple groups were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test; the enrichment factor (EF) method and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the pollution degree of the metals and their sources; the health risks of five non-carcinogenic metals (Sb, Al, Pb, Mn, and Tl) and two carcinogenic metals (As and Cd) in PM2.5 were evaluated by hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (LCR) model and the non-carcinogenic risk assessment model, respectively. Results The PM2.5 concentrations [M (P25, P75)] in Lanzhou City were 38.50 (26.00, 65.00) and 41.00 (29.00, 63.10) μg·m−3 in 2019 and 2020, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (Z=−0.989, P > 0.05). The average levels of the metal elements from high to low were: Al > Pb > Mn > As > Cd > Sb > Tl, and the annual average concentration of each metal element in 2019 was higher than that in 2020 (P<0.05). The M ( P25, P75) of PM2.5 concentrations in Chengguan and Xigu districts were 52.98 (17.00, 61.00) and 55.40 (17.00, 67.00) μg·m−3, respectively, with no statistically significant differences (P<0.05); the concentrations of Sb and Al in Chengguan District were lower than those in Xigu District (P<0.05), and the concentrations of other metal elements were not different between the two areas (P>0.05). There were seasonal differences in the concentrations of PM2.5 and seven metal elements in Lanzhou City (except PAl=0.007, the other Ps < 0.001). The results of the enrichment factor method showed that the EF values of the six metals (Sb, Al, As, Cd, Pb and Tl) were all greater than 1. Among them, except As, the EF values of other metal elements were all greater than 10, and the EF values of Al and Cd were both greater than 100. The results of principal component analysis showed that the variance contributions of the three principal components were 45.61%, 24.22%, and 14.42%, and the cumulative contribution reached 84.25%. The principal component 1 included Pb, As, Cd, and Sb, the principal component 2 included Al and Mn, and the principal component 3 contained Tl. The non-carcinogenic risks of the five metals were, in descending order, Al > Mn > Pb > Tl > Sb, among which the HQ values of the remaining four metals were less than 1 for adults and children, except the HQ value of Al for adults, which was greater than 1. The ILC values of carcinogenic metal As for adult males, adult females, and children were 2.68×10−5, 2.51×10−5, and 1.45×10−5, respectively; the ILC values of carcinogenic metal Cd for adult males, adult females, and children were 1.53×10−6, 1.43×10−6, and 8.26×10−7, respectively. Conclusion There is pollution of atmospheric PM2.5 and its adsorbed metal elements in Lanzhou. As and Cd elements may pose potential carcinogenic risks to the residents.
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Objective @#To investigate the characteristics and the chronic health risks of metals in fine particulate matter（PM2.5） of Wucheng District,Jinhua .@*Methods@#The PM2.5 samples were collected in Wucheng District of Jinhua from the year 2015 to 2017.Chromium(Cr), manganese (Mn),nickel(Ni),arsenic(As),selenium(Se),cadmium(Cd),antimony(Sb),lead(Pb),beryllium(Be),aluminum(Al),thallium（Tl）and mercury（Hg） were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The health risks of the metals were assessed based on the standard method recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency .@*Results@#From 2015 to 2017,the average concentration of PM2.5 in Wucheng District was（53.42±26.95）μg/m3,and the average concentration of PM2.5 in each season and each year were significantly different（P<0.05）. The median（interquartile range）concentration of metal elements in PM2.5 was 136.66（117.14）ng/m3,with higher concentration of Al,Pb,Mn,Cd and Se. From 2016 to 2017,the average concentration of Cd exceeded the reference limit（5.00 ng/m3）. The median （interquartile range） concentration of metal elements in PM2.5 in winter was 175.12（132.45）ng/m3,the highest,and in summer was 92.55（52.81）ng/m3,the lowest. The total hazard quotient（HQ）of nine kinds of metal elements in PM2.5 was 2.90;the HQ of As,Be,Ni,Se,Hg,Al,Mn and Sb were all less than 1,except Cd. The total carcinogenic risk of five kinds of metal elements in PM2.5 was more than 10-6,among which the carcinogenic risk of As and Cd were more than 10-6,and the carcinogenic risk of Be,Pb and Ni were less than 10-6 .@*Conclusion@#The concentrations of Al,Pb,Mn,Cd and Se in PM2.5 of Wucheng District were higher and the concentration of Cd exceeded the reference limit. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of Cd were both higher,the carcinogenic risk of As was also higher.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for simultaneous determination of multiple metal elements in Millettia speciosa Champ. METHODS: Eight kinds of metal elements, i.e., Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, As, and Se in Millettia speciosa Champ from different origins were determined by microwave digestion and ICP-MS. RESULTS: The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, As, and Se in Millettia speciosa Champ from different origins were slightly different, the contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were all above 1 mg·kg-1, while the contents of Pd, Cd, As and Se were mostly less than 1 mg·kg-1. The linear correlation coefficient of each metal element was 0.999 2-1.000 0, the average recovery was 87%-110.8%, and the RSDs of the reproducibility test was less than 10%. CONCLUSION: A microwave digestion and ICP-MS method for simultaneous determination of multiple metal elements in Chinese medicine Millettia speciosa Champ is established. The method is simple, sensitive, precise and repeatable, which can be used to determine the contents of metals in Millettia speciosa Champ.
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Objective To conduct metal elements analysis and risk assessment of carcinogenicity on Particulate Matter 2.5 ( PM2.5) collected from Shenzhen and Taiyuan. Methods PM2.5 samples were collected in Shenzhen and Taiyuan from 2017 to 2018. Ten heavy metal elements in PM2.5 samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Health risk assessment was conducted using the recommended United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model. Results Metal elements found in PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen included (in decreasing order of concentration) Al, Pb, Mn, Cr, Cu, V, As, Ni, Cd and Co. Their levels were 1 807.67, 31.02, 30.63, 17.37, 17.32, 11.59, 6.98, 4.76, 2.24, 2.20 ng/m3, respectively. Metal elements in PM2.5 samples from Taiyuan included Al, Mn, Pb, Cr, Cu, As, Ni, V, Cd and Co. Their levels were 2 817.64, 91.04, 63.33, 26.56, 24.69, 11.82, 10.39, 4.46, 3.42, 1.01 ng/m3, respectively. There were significant differences among Pb, Mn, As, Ni levels between Shenzhen and Taiyuan (all P1.00×10-4), then followed by As, Ni and Cd (1.00×10-6-1.00×10-4). Pb had the lowest risk (<1.00×10-6). Conclusion Some of the metal elements in PM2.5 samples collected from Shenzhen and Taiyuan have carcinogenicity risk. Further researches and measures for prevention and control should be considered.
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Objective Determination of extractable components in medium/low borosilicate glass controlled injection bottles under 5 different extraction conditions,assess the risk of drug safety by the amount of migration.Methods Determination of 24 elements in extraction solution by ICP-MS.Result Establish the standard curves of 24 elements,and the detection limit and quantitative limit were determined.The determination of the elements in the 5 extraction solutions was completed and their safety was evaluated.Conclusion Medium/low borosilicate glass injection bottle for packing freeze-dried products of Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.,the daily intake of Li、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Ba、Hg、Pb was lower than permitted daily exposure,the amount of migration does not pose a risk to drugs,therefore,the injection quality is not affected.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for determining arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) released from pharmaceutical glass packing materials to provide reference for improving the existing quality standard. METHODS: The samples were filled with 4% acetic acid to leach As and Sb. The extracting temperature was 98℃, and the extracting time was 2 h. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was used for the determination. RESULTS: As and Sb showed good linear relationship in a certain concentration range with linear correlation coefficients of 0.999 9 and 0.999 5. The recovery rates were 94.7%-106.9% and 100.0%-106.3%. The relative standard deviations of precision were 2.3% and 2.9%. The relative standard deviations of repeatability were 6.5% and 6.9%. The limits of detection were 1.67 and 2.54 ng·mL-1, respectively. The elements were nearly not detected in 16 batches of samples. CONCLUSION: The method is efficient and accurate and can be used for determination of As and Sb released from pharmaceutical glass packing materials, which brings supplementary contents to the existing quality standard.
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Objective: To study Cu, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in 52 batches of of hawthorn pill samples from four different production enterprises in China. Methods: The residues of five heavy metal elements were determined with microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The valence of As and Hg in the contaminated samples was analyzed with HPLC-ICP-MS. The heavy metal pollution in hawthorn pill was evaluated with the single and comprehensive pollution index method. Results: The method had good linear correlation (r ≥ 0.999 4).The detection limit ranges of five heavy metal elements were from 0.4 to 5.6 μg/kg. The recovery values ranged from 92.54% to 102.79%. The relative standard deviations for all elements were less than 3.5%. Green Standards of Foreign Trading Medicinal Plants & Preparations was used as the standard to evaluate the pollution status of Cu, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in hawthorn pill. The results showed that the residues of Cu, Cd, and Pb were all bellow the limit of the standard, however, the As of some samples (S30, S37) from the production enterprise in Jilin exceeded the limit, Hg in all samples exceeded the limit. The As and Hg mainly existed in the form of arsenous acid (3), arsenic acid (5) and bivalent mercury. After the evaluation, there were 32 batches of safety level samples, two batches of warning level samples (S17, S25) from the production enterprise in Tianjin, which was occupied 7.41% of their samples, one batch of mild level polluted sample (S38), one batch of moderate level polluted sample (S40), and 16 batches of high level polluted samples (S28—S37, S39, S41—S45) from the production enterprise in Jilin, all samples from that enterprise were contaminated. Conclusion: The heavy metal pollution levels of hawthorn pill sold in china shows distinct difference since the different production enterprises, which should attach great importance to it. The study provides a reference for further research on safety of Chinese medicine.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of the contents of Cu,Pb,As,Cr,Cd,Ba, Mn,Sb and Hg in Ganmaoling granule. METHODS:ICP-MS was conducted. The sample was handled by nitric acid microwave di-gestion system,the mass concnetration of 9 metal elements were determined by ICP-MS with Ge,In,Bi as internal standard and standard substance of test element standards. RF power was 1 100 W,sampling depth was 8 mm,carrier gas was argon(Ar)with high purity and flow rate was 1.0 L/min. RESULTS:All 9 elements had good linear range between mass concentration and ion peaks (r=0.999 1-0.999 9),detection limits were in the range of 0.3-6.0μg/L;RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were no more than 6.0%;average recoveries were in the range of 80.0%-113.5%,and RSDs were in 1.0%-4.5%. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,rapid and accurate,and can be used for the determination of 9 metal elements in Ganmaoling granule.
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Metal or semi-metal elements have numerous physiological and biochemical properties and have correlations with the process of occurrence and development of Zheng and Chinese herbal medicine pharmacodynamics mechanism. This article will expound the current situation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research based on metal elements from the researches of Zheng, medicine theory, pharmacodynamic mechanism, prescription principles, medicine concocted theory and medicine quality control in TCM. In addition to putting forward the shortages of current researches, we also introduce metallomics, the member of Omics in systems biology to offer a new idea for modernization of TCM based on metal elements.
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0.05). The non-significant differences may be due to the small number of cases examined.
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The pharmacognostical study on root of An-gelica tsinlingensis K. T. Fu was reported in thispaper. The resouce, content of essential oil, mor-philogical and histological characteristics of thisroot all were investigated. Active components con-taining in the root were examined by TLC. The re-sults of the study mentioned above has also beencompared with that of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)Diels. 8 common metal elements (Pb, Cr, Cu,Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca) were alos determined byusing atomic absorption spectrophotomtry. Scien-tific evidences for usage, development and drawingup quality standard of Angelica tsinlingensis K. T.Fu were provided.