The use of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation for increasing throwing performance / Uso da facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva para aumentar o desempenho do arremesso / Uso de facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva para mejorar el rendimiento del lanzamiento

ABSTRACT Introduction Throwing is considered the most important technical skill in Handball. However, it requires the athlete to perform this movement with maximum speed and accuracy, as it can define the final score of the game. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, known as the Kabat method, on the throwing performance of handball athletes. Methods An experimental study of 18 male handball athletes with a mean age of 14 ± 1.13 years. The athletes were divided into two groups: control group (CG) and Kabat method group (KG). The athletes performed 16 training sessions, with analyses at the beginning and end of each session. Range of motion (ROM) of internal and external shoulder rotation, strength, muscle imbalance, throwing speed and accuracy were measured. The results were compared by the Student t-test of repeated measures. Results KG significantly increased external shoulder rotation and muscle strength in all the analyzed shoulder complex muscles. CG also increased strength, but not in all muscles. KG significantly increased the speed and accuracy of the pitch. Conclusion The Kabat method, through proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, significantly increased throwing performance, speed and accuracy in handball athletes when compared to the control group. Level of evidence III; Randomized Experimental Study.

RESUMO Introdução O arremesso é considerado a habilidade técnica mais importante do handebol. Porém, exige que o atleta realize esse movimento com máxima velocidade e precisão, visto que ele pode definir a pontuação final do jogo. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva, conhecida como método Kabat, no desempenho de arremesso em atletas de handebol. Métodos Estudo experimental com 18 atletas de handebol masculino, com média de idade de 14 ± 1,13 anos. Os atletas foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC) e grupo método Kabat (GK). Os atletas realizaram 16 sessões de treinamento com análise inicial e final. A amplitude de movimento (ADM) da rotação interna e externa do ombro, a força, o desequilíbrio muscular, a velocidade e precisão do arremesso foram medidos. Os resultados foram comparados com o teste t de Student de medidas repetidas. Resultados O GK teve aumento significativo da rotação externa do ombro e da força muscular em todos os músculos do complexo do ombro analisados. O GC também teve aumento da força, mas não em todos os músculos. O GK teve elevação significativa da velocidade e da precisão do arremesso. Conclusão O método Kabat, com a técnica de facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva, aumentou significativamente o desempenho, a velocidade e a precisão do arremesso nos atletas de handebol quando comparado com o grupo controle. Nível de evidência III; Estudo Experimental Randomizado.

RESUMEN Introducción El lanzamiento se considera la habilidad técnica más importante del balonmano. Sin embargo, requiere que el atleta realice este movimiento con la máxima velocidad y precisión, ya que puede establecer el puntaje final del juego. Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva, conocida como el método Kabat, en el rendimiento del lanzamiento de atletas de balonmano. Métodos Estudio experimental de 18 atletas de balonmano masculino con edad promedio de 14 ± 1,13 años. Los atletas se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo control (CG) y grupo método Kabat (GK). Los atletas realizaron 16 sesiones de entrenamiento con análisis inicial y final. Se midió el rango de movimiento (RDM) de la rotación interna y externa del hombro, la fuerza, el desequilibrio muscular, la velocidad y la precisión de lanzamiento. Los resultados se compararon con la prueba t de Student de medidas repetidas. Resultados El GK tuvo un aumento significativo en la rotación externa del hombro y la fuerza muscular en todos los músculos del complejo del hombro analizados. El CG también tuvo aumento en la fuerza, pero no en todos los músculos. El GK tuvo un aumento significativo en la velocidad y precisión del lanzamiento. Conclusión El método Kabat, con la facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva, aumentó significativamente el rendimiento, la velocidad y la precisión del lanzamiento en los atletas de balonmano en comparación con el grupo control. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio experimental aleatorizado.

The detection of blood glucose level of finger capillary blood and vein blood by using three kinds of glucose meters and automatic biochemistry analyzer and the linear regression analysis between every glucose meter and automatic biochemistry analyzer / 中国医学装备

Objective:To compare the results of three kinds of glucometers and automatic biochemistry analyzer for the detection of blood glucose level of finger capillary and vein blood, and adopt linear regression to analyze their relationship.Methods: 204 patients with or without diabetes were enrolled in this study. Their finger capillary and vein blood were detected by three kinds of glucose meters and automatic biochemistry analyzer, respectively. And these data were analyzed by using linear regression and pair-t-test.Results: The comparative results revealed that the order of correlation between every glucose meters with automatic biochemistry analyzer was Accuchek higher than GT-1920 and GT-1920 higher than One Touch when the range of hematocrit (Hct) value was in 35.1%-51.6%. The correlation of Hct between every glucose meter and automatic biochemistry analyzer when the range of Hct was 25.0%-35.0% was significant higher than that when the range was 35.1%-51.6% (t=2.19,P<0.05). For finger capillary blood, the bias of One Touch was largest, while for vein blood, the bias of GT-1920 and One Touch were better. Besides, the detected results of blood glucose both of GT-1920 and One Touch were significantly higher than automatic biochemistry analyzer(t=2.34,P<0.05).Conclusion: There were better correlation between every glucose meter and automatic biochemistry analyzer, respectively, and the correlations between them can be effected by Hct. While there were still certainly difference between them.

Measuring noise in classrooms: a systematic review / Mensuração do ruído em salas de aula: revisão sistemática

PURPOSE: The aim of this systematic review is to outline the main methodologies used for measuring noise in classrooms and if the noise levels found are suitable standards. METHODS: A survey of articles published in the last ten years, using six different databases. Were verified 1.088 publications and only eight studies met the inclusion criteria: (a) articles published in the last ten years, (b) articles available in full, (c) studies that have measured the noise in the classrooms of regular schools. Data analysis: descriptive analysis was performed of selected publications. RESULTS: Five studies conducted to measure the noise using a sound level meter. One measurement performed using a dosimeter and two studies used a laptop with audio recording software. In all classrooms, the noise level was higher than allowed. CONCLUSION: Classrooms are noisy environment and there is no standardization regarding the methodology that should be used to measure the noise in these places. Therefore, schools need to be guided constantly about the importance of acoustic adaptation in the classroom. .

OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos desta revisão são elencar as principais metodologias utilizadas para a mensuração do ruído em salas de aula e se os níveis de ruído encontrados estão adequados às normas. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um levantamento dos artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos, utilizando seis diferentes bases de dados. Foram verificadas 1.088 publicações e somente oito trabalhos obedeceram aos critérios de inclusão: (a) artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos; (b) artigos disponíveis na íntegra; (c) estudos que mensurassem o ruído em salas de aula de escolas regulares. Foi realizada análise descritiva das publicações selecionadas. RESULTADOS: Cinco estudos mensuraram ruído por meio de um medidor de nível de pressão sonora. Um realizou a mensuração por meio de um dosímetro e dois utilizaram um computador portátil com software de gravação de áudio. Todas as salas de aulas avaliadas nos estudos encontrados apresentaram nível de ruído acima do permitido. CONCLUSÃO: As salas de aula são ambientes ruidosos e não há padronização quanto à metodologia que deve ser utilizada para a mensuração do ruído nesses locais. As escolas precisam ser orientadas constantemente sobre a importância da adequação acústica na sala de aula. .

The assessment on the accuracy of the portable blood glucose meters / 中国医学装备

Objective:To assess the accuracy of the portable blood glucose meters. Methods:The study design was equivalent clinical trial. The participants were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria from inpatients, outpatients and outpatient volunteers of the department of endocrinology. The fingertip blood glucose was measured by five portable blood glucose meters and compared with vein blood glucose measured by biochemistry. The measurement error was assessed by the mean difference with biochemical results. The correlation coefficient was calculated to test the correlation between fingertip and vein blood glucose. Results:there were 230 cases in total including 86 males and 144females. The average age was (50.6±13.5) years old. There were 73 fasting blood glucose and 157 postprandial blood glucose. The range of biochemical blood glucose value was from 2.19 to 19.95 mmol/L and the averaged biochemical blood glucose concentration was (6.77±2.65) mmol/L. The minimum measurement error was 0.08mmol/L measured by blood glucose meter C. However, there was one meter E whose 95%confidence interval of measurement error exceeds the equivalent interval (-0.83, 0.83) mmol/L range and the difference does not meet the clinical equivalence. The measurement bias was all lower than 95%. Conclusion:The blood glucose meters can be used as the day-to-day monitoring of blood glucose in patients. The accuracy needs to be improved and continuously monitored.

Doses monitoring in radiology: calibration of air kerma-area product (PKA) meters / Monitoração de doses em radiologia: a calibração de medidores do produto kerma-área (PKA)

Objective The authors have sought to study the calibration of a clinical PKA meter (Diamentor E2) and a calibrator for clinical meters (PDC) in the Laboratory of Ionizing Radiation Metrology at Instituto de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade de São Paulo. Materials and Methods Different qualities of both incident and transmitted beams were utilized in conditions similar to a clinical setting, analyzing the influence from the reference dosimeter, from the distance between meters, from the filtration and from the average beam energy. Calibrations were performed directly against a standard 30 cm3 cylindrical chamber or a parallel-plate monitor chamber, and indirectly against the PDC meter. Results The lowest energy dependence was observed for transmitted beams. The cross calibration between the Diamentor E2 and the PDC meters, and the PDC presented the greatest propagation of uncertainties. Conclusion The calibration coefficient of the PDC meter showed to be more stable with voltage, while the Diamentor E2 calibration coefficient was more variable. On the other hand, the PDC meter presented greater uncertainty in readings (5.0%) than with the use of the monitor chamber (3.5%) as a reference. .

Aseguramiento metrológico en la producción y uso de radiofármacos / Metrological assurance during production and application of radiopharmaceutical

En el trabajo se presentan los principales resultados obtenidos por el Departamento de Metrología de Radionúclidos del Centro de Isótopos, concernientes al establecimiento de patrones de medición de la actividad (becquerel) de los radionúclidos emisores gamma y beta, así como la diseminación de la unidad hasta los usuarios finales. Se resume la participación del Departamento en los últimos 5 años en comparaciones claves y suplementarias del Órgano de Cooperación Euroasiática de Institutos Metrológicos Nacionales, en comparaciones bilaterales realizadas con laboratorios metrológicos de otros países, así como ejercicios de aptitud organizados por el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica. Se ofrece información acerca de la importancia del reconocimiento internacional alcanzado de las capacidades de medición y calibración del Departamento mediante su inclusión en el Anexo C de la base datos de comparaciones claves del Buró Internacional de Pesos y Medidas. Se señalan los proyectos actuales que se ejecutan como elementos fundamentales para garantizar el aseguramiento metrológico indispensable a los desarrollos previsibles en la medicina nuclear y la radioterapia con fuentes no encerradas.

The paper presents the main achievements of the Department of Radionuclide Metrology at the Isotope Centre, concerning the establishment of measurement standards of the activity (Bq) of gamma and beta emitting radionuclides, as well as the dissemination of the unit to end users. It highlights the participation of the department in the last five years in key and supplementary comparisons organized in the frame of the regional Euro-Asian Cooperation of National Metrological Institutes and bilateral inter-laboratory comparisons, as well as in proficiency tests organized by International Atomic Energy Agency. It provides information about the importance of international recognition achieved, and the calibration and measurement capabilities of the department through its inclusion in Annex C of the database of key comparisons of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Current projects that are being implemented as basic elements for metrological assurance essential to foreseeable developments in nuclear medicine and radiation therapy with unsealed sources are identified.

Effect evaluation of the feeding, and administration of omeprazole pelletsorally on gastric juice pH in adult horses / Evaluación del efecto de la alimentación y de la administración deomeprazol en pellets vía oral sobre el pH del jugo gástrico en equinosadultos / Avaliação do efeito da alimentação, e administração de omeprazole pelletspor via oral no pH do suco gástrico em cabalhos adultos

The aim of this study was to determine the omeprazol treatment effect on equine gastric fluid pH with food andwithout food administering for the duration of the experiment. To carry this project out, 7 animals were chosenbetween the ages of 3 and 10 (2 males and 5 females) from the Centro de Veterinaria y Zootecnia - CES. In thecontrolled treatment they received 200 ml of physiological saline and were treated using omeprazol pellets whichwere administered in a single dose of 4 mg/kg via a nasogastric insertion, and in two groups with or without foodduring the treatment. Gastric pHs were measured at 0 hour (fasting before treatment) and then at hours 3, 5, 7, 9,11 and 24 after treatment. In animals consuming food, both treatments showed post treatment gastric pH increases,which can be explained by the ad libitumn food management in both treatments, which may increasing post prandialpH. In fasting animals, we observed that in the controlled treatment the pH was maintained at very low levels atall measurement times, while in the omeprazol treatment the pH increased significantly. These results show thattreatment with omeprazol pellets at a dose of 4 mg/kg via nasogastric insertion increased gastric pH in healthyanimals that are not eating food and that this effect was similar to them being administered food.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto del tratamiento con omeprazol sobre el pH del fluido gástrico en equinos, con la administración del alimento y sin ella. Para llevar a cabo este proyecto se eligieron siete animalesentre los 3 y 10 años de edad (2 machos y 5 hembras) del Centro de Veterinaria y Zootecnia – CES. El tratamientocon omeprazol se administró en pellets a una dosis única de 4 mg/kg, por vía nasogástrica, para los grupos cono sin alimento. Para el tratamiento control, se administraron 200 ml de solución salina fisiológica. En todos lostratamientos se midieron los pHs gástricos a la hora 0 (ayunas antes del tratamiento) y luego a las horas 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 y 24, postratamiento. Los animales que consumieron alimento con y sin omeprazol presentaron aumentos de pHgástrico postratamiento, lo que se puede explicar por el sumistro de heno ad libitum en ambos tratamientos. En losanimales en ayuno se observó que en el tratamiento control, el pH se mantuvo en niveles muy bajos en todas las horasde medición, mientras que en el tratamiento con omeprazol, el pH aumentó notablemente. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento con pellets de omeprazol a una dosis de 4 mg/kg vía nasogástrica aumentó el pH gástrico en animales sanos que no están consumiendo alimento y que este efecto fue similar que cuando se administró el mismo.

A resistência é o mecanismo pelo qual a bactéria pode diminuir a ação dos agentes antimicrobianos de formanatural ou adquirida; dentro das causas mais frequentes está a utilização indiscriminada destes agentes em pacienteshumanos e produções pecuárias. Desde 1990 tem identificado novas cepas resistentes de bactérias que originaramdoenças zoonóticas emergentes. Dentro destas a zoonose, a salmonelose é considerada a doença mais difundida anível mundial, a ampla distribuição na natureza entre animais silvestres, domésticos e o meio ambiente, produz umarápida propagação de seus mais de 2500 sorotipos no homem. Contudo, a grande preocupação pela infecção com esteinteiro patógeno é devido aos cada vez mais elevados fracassos nos tratamentos com antimicrobianos convencionais,ocasionados pela alta resistência bacteriana a estes fármacos. O presente artigo é uma revisão sobre a problemáticaque gerou a resistência de Salmonella no homem e os animais, contem também estratégias de prevenção e controledeste fenômeno, que está distante de terminar e permitem o fortalecimento da saúde pública.

Comparison of five portable peak flow meters

OBJECTIVE: To compare the measurements of spirometric peak expiratory flow (PEF) from five different PEF meters and to determine if their values are in agreement. Inaccurate equipment may result in incorrect diagnoses of asthma and inappropriate treatments. METHODS: Sixty-eight healthy, sedentary and insufficiently active subjects, aged from 19 to 40 years, performed PEF measurements using Air Zone®, Assess®, Galemed®, Personal Best® and Vitalograph® peak flow meters. The highest value recorded for each subject for each device was compared to the corresponding spirometric values using Friedman's test with Dunn's post-hoc (p<0.05), Spearman's correlation test and Bland-Altman's agreement test. RESULTS: The median and interquartile ranges for the spirometric values and the Air Zone®, Assess®, Galemed®, Personal Best® and Vitalograph® meters were 428 (263-688 L/min), 450 (350-800 L/min), 420 (310-720 L/min), 380 (300-735 L/min), 400 (310-685 L/min) and 415 (335-610 L/min), respectively. Significant differences were found when the spirometric values were compared to those recorded by the Air Zone® (p<0.001) and Galemed ® (p<0.01) meters. There was no agreement between the spirometric values and the five PEF meters. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the values recorded from Galemed® meters may underestimate the actual value, which could lead to unnecessary interventions, and that Air Zone® meters overestimate spirometric values, which could obfuscate the need for intervention. These findings must be taken into account when interpreting both devices' results in younger people. These differences should also be considered when directly comparing values from different types of PEF meters.

A medição da grandeza practical peak voltage na prática radiológica / Measurement of the quantity practical peak voltage in the radiology practice

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a grandeza practical peak voltage (PPV), determinada a partir da forma de onda de tensão aplicada a tubos radiológicos, e compará-la com algumas definições de kVp para diferentes tipos de geradores: monofásico (onda completa, clínico), trifásico (seis pulsos, clínico) e potencial constante (industrial). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O trabalho envolveu a comparação do PPV medido invasivamente (utilizando um divisor de tensão) com a resposta de dois medidores comerciais não invasivos, além dos valores de outras grandezas usadas para medição da tensão de pico aplicada ao tubo de raios X, e a análise da variação do PPV com a ondulação percentual da tensão (ripple). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que a diferença entre o PPV e as definições mais comuns de tensão de pico aumenta com o ripple. Os valores de PPV variaram em até 3 por cento e 5 por cento, respectivamente, na comparação entre medições invasivas e não invasivas feitas com os equipamentos trifásico e monofásico. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que a principal grandeza de influência que afeta o PPV é o ripple da tensão. Adicionalmente, valores de PPV obtidos com medidores não invasivos devem ser avaliados considerando que eles dependem da taxa de aquisição e da forma de onda adquirida pelo instrumento.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at evaluating the practical peak voltage (PPV) determined from the voltage waveform applied to x-ray tubes and comparing it with some kVp definitions for different types of x-ray equipment: single-phase (full-wave) and three-phase (six-pulse) clinical x-ray generators, and an industrial constant potential apparatus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved the comparison between invasively measured PPV (with voltage dividers) and values obtained with two commercial noninvasive meters, besides values of other quantities utilized for measuring the x-ray tube peak voltage. The PPV variation with the voltage ripple was also analyzed in the present study. RESULTS: The authors observed that the difference between PPV and the most common peak voltage definitions increases with the ripple. PPV values varied up to 3 percent and 5 percent, respectively, in the comparison between invasive and non-invasive measurements with single-phase and three-phase devices. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that voltage ripple is the main quantity influencing the invasive or non-invasive PPV determination. Additionally, non-invasively measured PPV values should be evaluated taking into consideration their dependence on the data sample rate and waveform obtained by the device.

An in vitro microscopic study on the accuracy of two kinds of electronic root canal length meter / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To test the accuracy of Tri Auto ZX electronic apex locator(Morita,Japan)and JustyⅡ electronic canal length meter(TME-601,Yoshida Toei Engineering Company,Japan).Methods:26 root canals were tested in vitro.Electronic canal length(L_E) measurements were recorded with Tri Auto ZX and Justy Ⅱ respectively at the reading "APEX" and "0.5".Under stereoscope the deviation of L_E from the actual working length and degree of accuracy were determined.Results:The average deviation of the measurements obtained by Tri Auto ZX was significantly lower than that by JustyⅡat reading"0.5"(P

PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF 1, 300 METERS ALTITUDE ON SWIMMING TRAINING / 体力科学

To investigate effects of 1, 300 meters altitude on swimming training, several physiologic parameters were examined in eight female high school swimmers before, during and after living and training for six days at 1, 300 meters altitude.<BR>Variables included peak heart rate (peakHR), rate of perceived exhaustion (RPE) and blood lactate concentration (BLa) associated with 200m swimming at submaximal and maximal speeds were measured 2-3 days before, during and 1-2 days after altitude exposure. Blood samples were collected before, during and after altitude exposure.<BR>On day 1 of altitude exposure, peakHR and RPE at submaximal speeds increased from pre-altitude values while BLa didn't change. At maximal speed, swimming speed and BLa decreased, RPE increased, and peakHR didn't change from pre-altitude.<BR>During altitude exposure, for the first three days of altiude exposure for peakHR and for all six days for RPE, the same submaximal speeds elicited greater values than pre-altitude.<BR>Post-altitude BLa at submaximal speeds was reduced compared to pre-altitude. Maximal heart rate, RPE, and BLa at maximal speed didn't change pre- to post-altitude. However, mean values of them decreased from pre-altitude.<BR>Erythropoietin was elevated above pre-altitude on day 2, and reticulocytes increased post-altitude significantly from pre-altitude.<BR>These results indicate that the relative workload increased during the training at 1, 300 meters. There also appeared to be some stimulation for erythropoiesis.<BR>In summary, this study found that 1, 300 meters altitude increased the difficulty of swimming training and six days at 1, 300 meters produced mild stimulation of erythropoiesis in these female swimmers

Physiologic effects of 1,300 meters altitude on swimming training / 体力科学

To investigate effects of 1, 300 meters altitude on swimming training, several physiologic parameters were examined in eight female high school swimmers before, during and after living and training for six days at 1, 300 meters altitude.<BR>Variables included peak heart rate (peakHR), rate of perceived exhaustion (RPE) and blood lactate concentration (BLa) associated with 200m swimming at submaximal and maximal speeds were measured 2-3 days before, during and 1-2 days after altitude exposure. Blood samples were collected before, during and after altitude exposure.<BR>On day 1 of altitude exposure, peakHR and RPE at submaximal speeds increased from pre-altitude values while BLa didn't change. At maximal speed, swimming speed and BLa decreased, RPE increased, and peakHR didn't change from pre-altitude.<BR>During altitude exposure, for the first three days of altiude exposure for peakHR and for all six days for RPE, the same submaximal speeds elicited greater values than pre-altitude.<BR>Post-altitude BLa at submaximal speeds was reduced compared to pre-altitude. Maximal heart rate, RPE, and BLa at maximal speed didn't change pre- to post-altitude. However, mean values of them decreased from pre-altitude.<BR>Erythropoietin was elevated above pre-altitude on day 2, and reticulocytes increased post-altitude significantly from pre-altitude.<BR>These results indicate that the relative workload increased during the training at 1, 300 meters. There also appeared to be some stimulation for erythropoiesis.<BR>In summary, this study found that 1, 300 meters altitude increased the difficulty of swimming training and six days at 1, 300 meters produced mild stimulation of erythropoiesis in these female swimmers

A Comparison Study on the Effects of the Variable Combination of Drugs Through Thoracic Epidural Catheter with General Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

Comparing with the simple general anesthesia, the combined thoracic epidural and general anesthesia generally provide with more improved regional endocardial perfusion, reduced myocardial oxygen consumption, eventually reduced postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients undergoing thoracotomy have severe pain and related cardio-respiratory impairment postoperatively, so large amount of the analgesics are usually administered systemically. Recently, the method using epidural injection of the local anesthetics and/or analgesics is prefered during and after the operation because of its excellent analgesic action and advantage of lowering the need for anesthetics and systemic analgesics but has remaining problems such as eardiopulmonary and CNS depression and reduced motor function and so on. So, in an attempt to reduce the untoward effects of epidural injection, we planned to evaluate the validity of the mixing local anesthetic, bupivacaine, and narcotic analgesic, fentanyl, in a given concentration and infusion rate and randomized 70 patients undergoing thoracotomy into 4 groups. Group A(n=20): Intermittent intramuscular injection of nalbuphine hydrochloride in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg Group B(n=15): Continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl citrate, 2-5 ml/hr of 5 mcg/ml solution Group C(n=15): Continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine hydrochloride, 2-5 ml/hr of 0.15% solution Group D(n=20): Continuous epidural infusion of mixtures of fentanyl and bupivacaine, 2-5 ml/hr of same concentrations We observed the visual analogue pain scale perioperatively and measured the hemodynamic parameters such as cardiac output, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, stroke volume, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. The results were as follows: I) The postoperative analgesic outcome was best in group D as compared with other groups. 2) The cardiac output decreased postoperatively in group A, B and C while group D showed an increase but there was no statistical significance. 3) The cardiac index decreased significantly in group B and sbowed a trend of decreasing in group C, increasing in group D, and no change in group A. 4) The stroke volume decreased postoperatively in group A and B but the significance was only in group A. 5) The systemic vascular resistance showed significant postoperative increase in group B. 6) The mean arterial pressure decreased in group D and increased in other groups. 7) The heart rate increased during and immediate after the operation in group B.

Comparison of periphery capillary whole blood glucose using BREEZE~(TM)blood glucose meter and venous plasma glucose using laboratory autoanalyzer / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To evaluate the precision of BREEZE~(TM) glucose monitor and correlation of glucose measurements between fingertip capillary whole blood glucose(CBG)using BREEZE~(TM) glucose monitor and venous plasma glucose(VPG)using autoanalyzer.Methods All samples of venous plasma and fingertip blood from 188 diabetes or non-diabetes patients were detected for glucose level at fasting,30,60 and 120 min postprandial.BREEZE~(TM) glucose monitor and autoanalyzer measured CBG and VPG respectively.Intra-and inter- coefficients of variations were determined using 10 BREEZE~(TM) glucose monitors with normal,slight high and high glucose levels for the three lots of strips.Results The correlation coefficients between CBG and VPG were all higher than 0.950 at fasting and different postprandial time.98.94% of all measurements were in the A zone when using error-grid analysis.The relevant differences between CBG and VPG were less than 5% at different blood glucose concentrations.The intra-and inter-coefficients of variations of blood glucose values at different blood glucose concentrations using different lots of strips were within 5%.Conclusion BREEZE~(TM) glucose monitor provides high accurate and precise glucose readings on fasting and different postprandial time points over a variety of blood glucose concentrations.