ABSTRACT
Las patentes no se publican con la misma celeridad que los artículos científicos porque tiene que transcurrir como mínimo 18 meses de examen de la invención entre su solicitud y el registro público de su concesión en forma de documento de patente. Por eso, el mayor número de patentes publicadas hasta ahora abarca los anteriores coronavirus que afectan a humanos, como son el Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo y el Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio, de los cuales sí existen patentes de técnicas de diagnóstico, tratamientos e incluso vacunas, así como un menor número de patentes relacionadas con la actual pandemia causada por la COVID-19 por el poco tiempo transcurrido y la alta virología de la enfermedad. La presente de investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar el comportamiento de las invenciones solicitadas y concedidas sobre COVID-19 que han sido registradas en la Oficina Internacional de Patentes de los Estados Unidos. El estudio, por su naturaleza, empleó un enfoque mixto de la investigación, donde se articularon de forma sistémica métodos de corte cualitativo y cuantitativo que permitieron la complementación de los diferentes análisis métricos. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor poderío tecnológico se agrupa en titulares de Estados Unidos, seguidos por Irán, Israel, Bulgaria, Canadá y Reino Unido, y que el número de investigaciones sobre COVID -19 se centra en: técnicas para su identificación y diagnóstico; sistemas informáticos; péptidos; radioterapia; reconocimiento de datos modelos computacionales; mutación e ingeniería genética; colorimetría; procesamiento de datos eléctricos digitales; entre otros temas, que conforman la vanguardia tecnológica innovadora que existe hoy en el mundo sobre la COVID -19(AU)
Patents are not published as quickly as scientific articles because at least 18 months of examination of the invention must elapse between its application and the public record of its grant in the form of a patent document. For this reason, the largest number of patents published so far cover the previous coronaviruses that affect humans, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, of which there are patents for diagnostic techniques, treatments and even vaccines. There are fewer patents related to the current pandemic caused by COVID-19 due to the short time that has elapsed and the high virology of the disease. The objective of this research was to analyze the behavior of the requested and granted inventions on COVID-19 that have been registered in the United States International Patent Office. The study by its nature used a mixed approach to research where qualitative and quantitative cutting methods were articulated in a systemic way that allowed the complementation of the different metric analyzes. The results showed that the greatest technological power is clustered in the headlines of the United States, followed by Iran, Israel, Bulgaria, Canada and the United Kingdom, and that the number of investigations on COVID-19 are focused on techniques for its identification and diagnosis, in: computer systems; peptides; radio-therapy; data recognition; computational models; mutation and genetic engineering; colorimetry; digital electrical data processing; among other topics that make up the innovative technological vanguard that exist today in the world on COVID -19(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Patents as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Inventions , COVID-19 , United States , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis métrico de la producción científica cubana con mayor visibilidad internacional sobre la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Para esto se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos Scopus y se utilizaron diferentes programas como EndNote, MicroSoft Excel, Bibexcel, UCINET y NetDraw. Se obtuvieron 100 registros que fueron firmados por un total de 433 autores; de ellos, 213 cubanos. Se observó un crecimiento significativo de la producción científica durante la última década, aunque se aprecia un ligero debilitamiento en los últimos años. Los 98 artículos de revistas recuperados se publican en 49 revistas de 10 países con impacto diverso. El 73 % de los artículos se citó al menos una vez. Las instituciones líderes, tanto por la productividad como por las citas recibidas, son el Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana y el Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba. Los indicadores de colaboración nacional e internacional son positivos, aunque deben aumentarse los contactos con las instituciones líderes a nivel mundial. Los investigadores cubanos han estudiado la enfermedad de Alzheimer relacionada con la genética, la demencia, la memoria y la cognición.
The objective of this work is to make a metric analysis of the Cuban scientific production with greater international visibility on Alzheimer's disease. In view of this, a search was made in the Scopus database and many programs like EndNote, Microsoft Excel, Bibexcel, UCINET, NetDraw were used. A hundred records were obtained, as signed by a total of 433 authors, 213 of which are Cubans. A relevant growth of scientific production over the last decade was observed, although a slight weakening in recent years was seen. The 98 journal articles recovered are published in 49 journals from ten countries with diverse impact. The 73 % of the articles were cited at least once. The leading institutions, considering both productivity and citations received, are the International Center for Neurological Restoration, the University of Medical Sciences of Havana, and the Cuban Neuroscience Center. The national and international cooperation indicators are positive, although contacts should increase with leading intuitions worldwide. Cuban researchers have studied Alzheimer's disease in regard of genetics, dementia, memory and cognition.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar una análise métrica da produção científica cubana com maior visibilidade internacional sobre a doença de Alzheimer. Para isto foi realizada uma busca na base de dados Scopus e foram utilizados diferentes programas como EndNote, MicroSoft Excel, Bibexcel, UCINET e NetDraw. Foram obtidos 100 registros assinados por um total de 433 autores; deles, 213 cubanos. Foi observado um crescimento significativo da produção científica durante a última década, ainda que se aprecia um leve enfraquecimento nos últimos anos. Os 98 artigos de revistas recuperados são publicados em 49 revistas de 10 países com impacto diverso. O 73 % dos artigos foi citados pelo menos uma vez. As instituições líderes, tanto pela productividade como pelas citas recebidas, são o Centro Internacional de Restauração Neurológica, a Universidade de Ciências Médicas de La Habana e o Centro de Neurociências de Cuba. Os indicadores de colaboração nacional e internacional são positivos, embora devem aumentar-se os contactos com as instituições líderes a nível mundial. Os investigadores cubanos têm estudado a doença de Alzheimer relacionada com a genética, a demência, a memória e a cognição.
ABSTRACT
Sex determination is considered the first and most important process in the identification of unknown skeletal remains. The skull is one of bones with high accuracy to discriminate sexes, but there is no dimorphic studies of Korean skull by discriminant function analysis. The aim of this study was to build and provide an easy and accurate discriminant equation to sex determination by using three-dimensional skull images of Korean. Computed tomography images from 102 cadavers were reconstructed three-dimensional images by computer program. We measured 44 variables using the template in computer program and variables were sorted out items with high accuracy and reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cohen's d value, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The equation with the highest accuracy had 82.7% in males, 82.2% in females, it was constituted bizygomatic diameter, cranial base length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, frontal chord, foramen magnum breadth, and right mastoid length. The cross-validated accuracy had 76.5%~86.7% using 3D skull images in Koreans. The value of variables that matches the other population group study, most of variables had a statistically significant difference among population groups. Male skulls in Koreans were smaller than those in European and female skulls were bigger than in Asian. This result should be helpful to determine sex in Koreans.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Asian People , Cadaver , Foramen Magnum , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Mastoid , Population Groups , ROC Curve , Skull Base , SkullABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to identify the species characteristics of the dog mastication compared to the human by analyzing 8 landmarks on the heads from seven beagle dogs. The masticatory unit of the dog was relatively located posterior than the human. The predominance of horizontally-oriented fibers of the temporalis of the dog was shown in spite of vertical mandibular movement. The biomechanics of the coronoid process and the temporalis of the dog revealed but not superiorly-elevating like the human backward rotating the coronoid process. The masseter was also obliquely -oriented and the temporalis was observed in distinct two-layers. In the dogs, the higher coronoid process compared to the condyle was observed; the vertical difference of them was larger than human. The temporalis performs stronger action than masseter and related with marked horizontal action of the temporalis. These morphologies indicated that the mastication of the dog needs strengthened horizontal stability and it was taken by the cervical muscles attached backwardly to the skull. Thickened temporalis is adapted in feeding. The dentition of dog was longer and farther from the condyle and the pterygoid muscles were not well-developed than human, indicated unfavourable lateral movement. These findings were consistent with evolutionary tendency, feeding without hands and narrow skull.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Humans , Biomechanical Phenomena , Dentition , Hand , Head , Mastication , Muscles , Pterygoid Muscles , Skull , Stomatognathic SystemABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio métrico de la producción científica cubana sobre dengue, indizada en Scopus desde 1981 hasta el 2006, con vistas a identificar los autores y revistas más productivas, los diferentes equipos de coautoría; así como los principales frentes de investigación tratados durante el período. Se obtuvieron 163 artículos, firmados por un total de 278 autores. El índice de coautoría fue de 5,53. Los artículos se publicaron en 45 revistas de 12 países. El 64,4 % de los artículos fue citado, y el promedio de citas recibidas por artículo fue de 6,2. La institución líder en la investigación cubana sobre dengue fue el Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", presente en más del 90 % de los trabajos. El 83,3 % de los autores más productivos proceden de esta institución. Se observó un crecimiento significativo de la producción científica durante los últimos 25 años, a causa del incremento de los episodios moderados reportados desde 1997 hasta el presente. Los investigadores cubanos han estudiado diferentes datos clínicos, virológicos y epidemiológicos acerca del dengue, e identificaron como causas de una posible rea-parición de la enfermedad en Cuba, el incremento de la migración hacia el área de personas provenientes de regiones donde la enfermedad es endémica, un alto nivel de infestación de los vectores; así como el incumplimiento de las medidas para la erradicación del vector.
A bibliometric study of the Cuban scientific production on dengue indexed by SCOPUS, from 1981 to 2006, was conducted in order to identify the most productive authors and journals, the different co-authorship teams, and the main research fronts treated during this period. 163 articles signed by 278 authors were obtained. The co-authorship index was 5.53. The papers were published in 45 journals from 12 countries. 64.4 % of the articles were cited, and the average of citation per article was 6.2. The leading institution in the Cuban research on dengue was "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine, which was present in more than 90 % of the articles. 83.3 % of the most productive authors are from this institute. A remarked growth of the scientific production was observed during the last 25 years, due to the increase of the moderate episodes reported from 1997 up to the present. The Cuban researchers have studied different clinical, virological, and epidemiological data about dengue, and they have identified as causes of a possible re-appearance of the disease in Cuba, the increasing migration to the area of people from regions where the disease is endemic, a high level of vector infestation, and the nonfulfillment of the measures to eradicate the vector.