ABSTRACT
Revolutionary wars have devastating and far-reaching effects on the health of the populations caught up in them. However, the deaths and injuries produced by weaponry are only part of the story, because diseases resulting from malnutrition and contaminated drinking water account for the majority of medical problems. This essay uses photographs and testimonies of participants to explore health issues during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), as well as incorporating secondary literature on this question. Furthermore, photographic images are not presented as simple (indexical) windows onto the world. Rather, the author attempts to identify the imagemakers and provide explanations that help in imagining the reasons behind the making of the photographs.
Revoluções armadas têm efeitos devastadores e de longo alcance sobre a saúde das populações envolvidas. No entanto, mortes e ferimentos produzidos por armas são apenas parte da história, pois doenças resultantes de má nutrição e contaminação da água potável são responsáveis pela maior parte dos problemas médicos. O artigo utiliza fotografias e testemunhos de participantes para investigar questões de saúde durante a Revolução Mexicana (1910-1920), incorporando também literatura secundária sobre a questão. As imagens fotográficas não são apresentadas simplesmente como janelas (indexadores) para o mundo. Tenta-se identificar os autores das imagens e construir explanações que ajudem a imaginar as razões por que cada fotografia foi tirada.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Warfare/history , Public Health/history , Photograph , Demography/history , MexicoABSTRACT
Resumen
El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de dar a conocer la evolución de la profesión de enfermería durante la época de la Revolución Mexicana. La práctica enfermera se dio de dos formas: en la primera, la mujer brinda el cuidado de forma empírica a hijos, esposos, madres y heridos en del campo de batalla durante la revolución, son las llamadas Adelitas o soldaderas, por otra parte, con la inauguración de la primera escuela de enfermería se tuvo la oportunidad de formar personal para dar cuidados específicos de la práctica de enfermería en esa época.
Summary
This work was conducted with the aim of raising awareness of the evolution of the nursing profession during the time of the Mexican Revolution. The practice of nursing was in two forms: first, the woman provides care in an empirical way to sons, husbands, mothers and wounded soldiers in the battlefield of the revolution, called "Adelitas or soldaderas" and the other with the opening of the first school of nursing. The staff had the objective to structure an advance program tha allowed special care of the practice of nursing according with the time.
Subject(s)
Humans , Schools, Nursing , Warfare , History of Nursing , History, 20th Century , Nursing Staff , Mexico , HumansABSTRACT
Herminia Franco Espinoza fue la primera médica graduada del Colegio del Estado de Puebla. Nació en Chieltla, Puebla, en 1891, hija del profesor Felipe Franco Pacheco y Zeferina Espinoza Nape. Terminó sus estudios en 1915 y su examen profesional fue en 1917. Durante el asalto a la casa de la familia Serdán, el 18 de noviembre de 1910, atendió al primer herido cuando era practicante voluntaria del Hospital de San Pedro. Firmó la carta antirreeleccionista del grupo Luz y Progreso, encabezado por Aquiles Serdán. Viajó a la ciudad de México y se estableció en Plaza de la Constitución 37, donde abrió un consultorio. En 1929 tomó un curso de ginecología y obstetricia y de puericultura en la Universidad Nacional de México, en la ciudad de México. En 1937 viajó a París para tomar cursos de ginecología y obstetricia y pediatría en los Hospitales Broca, Baudelóc y Des Enfants Malades. Se jubiló en 1965, al cumplir 50 años de labor profesional. En 1970 fue reconocida como veterana de la Revolución Mexicana. La doctora Franco fue parte de las mujeres que encabezaron a principios del siglo pasado, la participación de la mujer en la vida médica mexicana.
Herminia Franco-Espinoza was the first woman to receive a medical degree in the "Colegio del Estado de Puebla", Mexico. She was born in Chietla, Puebla, in 1891, and was daughter of Professor Felipe Franco-Pacheco and Zeferina Espinoza-Nape. Herminia concluded her professional studies in 1915 and graduated in 1917. During the 1910 attack to the house of the Serdán family in Puebla, she provided medical care to the first injured while she was a voluntary practitioner at the Hospital de San Pedro. She participated in the signing of the anti-reelectionist letter of the group "Luz y Progreso", headed by Aquiles Serdán. Thereafter, she moved to Mexico City and established at Plaza de la Constitución 37, where she opened a medical office. In 1920 she undertook a course on gynecology and obstetrics and child welfare at the National University of Mexico. In 1937 she traveled to Paris to undertake a course on Gynecology and Obstetrics and Pediatrics at L'Hôpital Broca, L'Hôpital Baudelóc and L'Hôpital des Enfants Malades. She retired in 1965 when she completed 50 years of professional practice. On 1970 she was recognized as a Veteran of the Mexican Revolution. Dr. Franco was part of the group of women who at the beginning of the last century pioneered in Mexico women's participation in mexican medicine.
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Physicians, Women/history , Mexico , WarfareABSTRACT
Resumen
En el movimiento armado de la Revolución Mexicana (1910-1920) la participación de la mujer fue preponderante, sus tareas no se limitaron a aspectos domésticos y militares; también destacaron como: telegrafistas, empleadas de oficina, reporteras, editoras de periódicos, maestras y enfermeras. El propósito de este trabajo es resaltar las aportaciones de las enfermeras pioneras de este periodo. Se sabe que en dicho movimiento las heroínas anónimas fueron muchas; no obstante, la evidencia escrita es exigua. Se hace referencia a tres mujeres que destacaron durante este movimiento armado como impulsoras de la enfermería contemporánea: Leonor Villegas de Magnón, Elena Arizmendi y Refugio Esteves Reyes; quienes por su iniciativa, preocupación y entrega para cuidar las heridas de los partícipes de la Revolución Mexicana, merecen ser recordadas.
Summary
In times of the armed movement of the Mexican Revolution (19101920) women participation was predominant, their tasks were not limited to domestic and military aspects, also highlighted as telegraph operators, clerks, reporters, newspaper editors, teachers and "nurses". The purpose of this paper is to highlight the contributions of the pioneer "nurses" of this period. It is well known that at this movement were many anonymous heroes; however, written evidence is limited. There is a reference about three women during the armed movement highlighted as drivers of contemporary nursing: Leonor Villegas de Magnon, Elena Arizmendi and Refugio Reyes Esteves, who by their initiative, concern and care delivery for the wounded participants in the Mexican Revolution, deserve to be remembered.