Application and research progress of electret in transdermal drug delivery / 第二军医大学学报

Transdermal drug delivery has become one of the research focuses in pharmaceutical formulations due to its potential advantages. In order to overcome the natural barrier function of the skin, several physical, chemical and pharmaceutical enhancement strategies have been developed to promote the transdermal permeation and adsorption of drugs. Electret is a kind of functional dielectric material with permanent electric polarization state. The electrostatic filed and microcurrent produced by electret can be used as physical permeation enhancer to improve the transdermal drug delivery. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism, influencing factors and current research progress of electret as one of the physical enhancing permeation strategies.

A utilização da microcorrente em úlceras por pressão / El uso de micro corriente en las úlceras por presión / Use of microcurrent in pressure ulcers

Objetivo: conhecer a eficácia do uso da microcorrente nas úlceras por pressão, sinalizando os benefícios deste tratamento para o cliente. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de atualização de caráter exploratório baseado em leitura corrente e periódicos científicos publicados no Scientific Eletronic Library Online (Scielo), Biblioteca Digital da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e Revista Eletrônica Quadrimestral de Enfermaria. Resultados: Verificou-se que o uso da microcorrente é um recurso terapêutico que constitui um equipamento de grande benefício quanto ao tratamento das úlceras por pressão, vez que o processo de cura é agilizado e os custos financeiros para o setor hospitalar são minimizados, otimizando o processo de enfermagem. Conclusão: Nesta abordagem teremos melhores respostas para os cuidados de enfermagem, otimizando o tempo da assistência e da hospitalização do paciente em sua condição enfermo motivada pelas escaras.

Objective: to know the effectiveness of the use of microcurrent in pressure ulcers, indicating the benefits of this treatment to the client. Method: This is an exploratory study based on updated scientific current and periodic reading published in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Digital Library of the USP and Electronic Journal quarterly Ward. Results: It was found that the use of microcurrent is a therapeutic resource that is a major benefit to the treatment of pressure ulcers, since the curing process is streamlined and the financial costs for the hospital sector are minimized optimizing the nursing process. Conclusion: In this approach we will have better answers for nursing care optimizing the time of care and patient hospitalization in his ailing condition driven by scabs.

Objetivo: conocer la eficacia de la utilización de micro corriente en las úlceras por presión, indicando los beneficios de este tratamiento para el cliente. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio exploratorio basado en actualización lectura actual y periódica científica publicada en El Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), la Biblioteca Digital de la USP y Diario electrónico trimestral Ward. Resultados: Se encontro que el uso de micro corriente es un recurso terapéutico que es un beneficio importante del producto y el tratamiento de las úlceras por presión, ya que el proceso de curado es aerodinámico y los costos financieros para el sector hospitalario se minimizan optimización el proceso de enfermería. Conclusión: En este enfoque vamos a tenermejores respuestas para la atención de enfermería optimizando el tiempo de atención y hospitalización del paciente en su condición de enfermo impulsado por costras.

Efeitos do laser GaAlAs associado à microcorrentes na cicatrização por segunda intenção / Effects laser GaAlAs associated with microcurrent in the second intention healing

Introdução: A cicatrização de feridas é um processo dinâmico que envolve vários elementos celulares com propósito de restabelecer a funcionalidade do tecido lesado, muitos fatores podem interferir neste processo tornando-o complexo. O laser e a microcorrente são modalidades terapêuticas que otimizam o processo de reparo, porém são estudadas isoladas. Objetivo: Investigar a eficácia da associação da fototerapia (laser, GaAlAs, λ 656±5 nm) com a eletroterapia (microcorrente) na cicatrização por segunda intenção em ratos. Método: Foram utilizados 15 ratos submetidos à lesão dorsal direita com 8 mm de diâmetro divididos em três grupos (n=5), nominados de GC (controle), G2 (laser +30µA) e G3 (laser +160 µA). Para análises histopatológicas foi determinado p≤0,05. Resultados: A análise estatística revelou que a área de colágeno apresenta-se estatisticamente superior nos grupos tratados (G2 e G3) quando comparados com o grupo controle. Conclusão: A associação das modalidades induz ao aumento do colágeno na fase inicial do reparo tecidual.

Introduction: Wound healing is a dynamic process that involves multiple cellular elements with the purpose of restoring the functionality of the injured tissue. Many factors can interfere with this process, making it complex. Laser and microcurrent are therapeutic strategies that optimize the repair process, but have been studied in isolation. Objective: To investigate the efficacy of combining phototherapy (laser, GaAlAs, λ 656±5 nm) with electrotherapy (microcurrent) on second intention healing in rats. Methods: We used 15 rats with 8 mm in diameter lesions in the right dorsal. The rats were divided into three groups (n = 5): the CG (control group), G2 (laser+30µA) and G3 (laser +160µA). For histopathological analysis p ≤ 0.05 was determined. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that the area of collagen was statistically higher in the treated groups (G2 and G3) compared with the control group. Conclusion: A combination of methods induces increased collagen in the initial phase of tissue repair.

Possible Local Stem Cells Activation by Microcurrent Application in Experimentally Injured Soleus Muscle

BACKGROUND: Severe injuries in skeletal muscle result in muscle weakness that delays recovery and contribute to progressive decline in muscle function. Microcurrent therapy (MCT) is a novel treatment method used in soft tissue injury and tissue regeneration therapy. The regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle tissue resides in satellite cells, the quiescent adult stem cells. AIM: The present work aimed at investigating the relation between microcurrent therapy and local stem cells in regeneration of induced skeletal muscle injury in albino rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty six adult male albino rats were divided into Sham group, Injury group (I): subjected to soleus muscle injury and subdivided into subgroups I1 & I2 sacrificed 2 and 4 weeks after injury respectively. Microcurrent group (M): subjected to muscle injury and micro-current was applied. The animals were subdivided into subgroups M1 and M2 sacrificed 2 and 4 weeks after injury. Histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies were performed. RESULTS: Atypical fibers widely separated by infiltrating cells and strong acidophilic sarcoplasm with focal vacuolations were found in injury group. In M1 subgroup few atypical fibers were found. In M2 subgroup multiple typical fibers were detected. A significant decrease in the mean area of atypical fibers, a significant increase in the mean area% of alpha SMA+ve cells and that of CD34+ve cells were found in microcurrent group compared to injury group. CONCLUSIONS: A definite therapeutic effect of the microcurrent was found on induced skeletal muscle injury. This effect was proved to be related to satellite cell activation.

Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation in bruxism associated with masticatory muscle pain - A comparative study.

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation (MENS) on masticatory muscles pain bruxism patient. Materials and Methods : A total of 60 subjects with the clinical diagnosis of bruxism were randomly allocated to two study groups. Group A received TENS (50 Hz, pulse width 0.5 mSec, intensity 0-60 mA for 20 minutes for a period of seven days) and Group B received MENS (0.5 Hz, intensity 1,000 μA for 20 minutes for a period of seven days). The outcome measures were assessed in term of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and digital pressometer of 2 Kgf. Results : The study showed significant change in intensity of pain as per VAS score ( P ≤ 0.0001) and tenderness as per digital pressometer ( P ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion : MENS could be used as an effective pain-relieving adjunct to TENS in the treatment of masticatory muscle pain due to bruxism.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Microcurrent Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation on Pain Behaviors in Rats with an Experimental Neuropathy

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) on pain-like behaviors developed in rats with an experimental neuropathy. METHOD: Neuropathic surgery was done by a unilateral ligation of L5 and L6 spinal nerves of the rat. Allodynic behavior was examined by measuring foot withdrawal frequency in response to 10 applications of a von Frey filament (2.5 g) to the plantar surface of the foot. Ongoing pain behavior was examined by measuring cumulative time in 3 min that the rat lifted its foot off a plate held at cold temperature (5oC). TENS (square pulses; 3 Hz, 30 mA) or MENS (bipolar pulses; 10 Hz, 300 microampere) was applied for 15 min or 5 min, respectively, to the skin of the affected foot. RESULTS: Behavioral signs of mechanical allodynia and cold-induced ongoing pain had developed after nerve injury. Either TENS or MENS, when applied once, alleviated allodynic behavior, lasting up to 2 hrs. Such an alleviation lasted much longer when TENS or MENS was applied repeatedly (once a day for 6 days); 3 days by TENS and 1 day by MENS. Cold-induced ongoing pain behavior, however, was not affected by the repeated application of either TENS or MENS. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that both TENS and MENS are useful tools for the treatment of mechanical allodynia. Repeated application of TENS or MENS is more effective in alleviating mechanical allodynia than its single application. Either TENS or MENS, however, seems not effective in alleviating cold-induced ongoing pain.

The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Microcurrent on the Electrodiagnostic Study

Due to lack of evidences on the central and peripheral mechanisms of electrical stimulation in vivo, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of afferent stimuli, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and microcurrent, on the electrodiagnostic study of normal subjects. Electrodiagnostic study was performed before and after the application of afferent stimulion of the right popliteal fossa on 30 healthy female volunteers. After the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, latencies of SEP, H-reflex, and F-wave, and H-amplitude changed significantly(P<0.01). After the microcurrent stimulation, latencies of SEP, H-reflex, and F-wave, and motor nerve conduction velocity changed significantly(P<0.01). The results of this study prove that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and microcurrent may cause changes of the anterior horn excitability and the conduction of the nervous system in vivo. Microcurrent may have a different mechanism of action compared to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation by having more localized inhibitory effects on the peripheral nerve. However, further investigation is needed to assess their mechanisms of action and the precise relevance of stimulation parameters.

Application of microcurrent detector to intraoperative diagnosis of 101 cases of tumor / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To investigate the relationship of tumor malignancy with Na+ microcurrent measured by microcurrent detector in order to develop a novel approach for rapid intraoperative diagnosis of tumor.Methods 101 cases of various tumors were studied.Na+ microcurrent of tumor tissue or surrounding normal tissue was measured by Na+ microcurrent detector.All tumor tissues were sampled for histopathological examination as well.Results In 97 cases(96%),the Na+ microcurrent level in tumor tissue was significantly different from that in surrounding normal tissue.It was greater than 30?A in tumor tissue with the maximum of 60-70?A,and averagely 20?A in surrounding normal tissue.The consistency of Na+ microcurrent detection and pathological examination was 96%.Conclusion the measurement of Na+ microcurrent by microcurrent detector is rapid,convenient and accurate,which may become a novel approach for rapid intraoperative diagnosis of tumor malignancy.