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Diabetic kidney disease （DKD） is the main cause of end-stage renal disease. Its high prevalence， mortality rate， and medical cost bring a heavy economic burden to society and families， and DKD has become one of the most important public health problems. Intestinal microecology is the most important and complex micro-ecosystem in the human body， which is involved in important life activities such as material and energy metabolism， immune system regulation， and signal transduction， thereby maintaining the dynamic balance of the human internal environment. The dynamic balance between the intestinal microecology and the body is essentially a Yin-Yang balance. Once this balance is broken， intestinal microbiota imbalance， intestinal mucosal barrier damage， immune dysfunction， and reduction of metabolite short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） will occur， which play an important role in the progression of DKD. From the perspective of the Yin-Yang theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the imbalance of intestinal microecology in DKD is equivalent to the excessive or insufficient constraint of Yin and Yang， or Yin deficiency affecting Yang， or Yang deficiency affecting Yin， or waning and waxing of Yin and Yang. For different pathogenesis changes， "Yin disease treated through Yang"， "treating Yin for Yang"， or "treating Yang for Yin" methods are adopted to regulate intestinal microbiota， inhibit immune inflammation， protect intestinal mucosal barrier， and increase SCFAs through TCM， thereby reconciling Yin and Yang to achieve the condition where "Yin is at peace and Yang is compact". Based on the Yin-Yang theory， this paper intended to interpret the scientific connotation of TCM in the treatment of DKD with intestinal microecology as the target and TCM in the treatment of DKD by regulating intestinal microecology as the breakthrough point to provide a novel insight for the occurrence and development of DKD and the mechanism of TCM.
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ObjectiveTo reveal the correlation of Rehmannia glutinosa-soil feedback process with the formation of its continuous cropping obstacles through the identification of the root exudates of R. glutinosa and analysis of the specific rhizomicrobes recruited by the root exudate. MethodThe root exudates of R. glutinosa seedlings germinated under sterilized condition and those enriched in the rhizosphere of R. glutinosa cultivated in the field were collected and analyzed using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）. The highly abundant compounds identified in the root exudates were added into blank soil， and the soil microbial community was profiled using Illumina Miseq sequencing. The bacterial and fungal functions were predicted by PICRUSt and FUNGuild， respectively. ResultThe identification results showed that seven phenylethanoid glycosides were found in R. glutinosa root exudates， and acteoside possessed the highest abundance. In the soil enriched with acteoside， the bacterial genera such as Agromyces， Pseudomonas， Lysobacter， Sphingobium， Pseudoxanthomonas and Sphingomonas were enriched. For the fungi， the genera Neocosmospora， Plectosphaerella and Dactylonectria， and the species such as Neocosmospora rubicola， Plectosphaerella cucumerina， Dactylonectria alcacerensis and Fusarium solani showed higher abundance. The functional analysis indicated the above-mentioned bacterial genera may realize rapid proliferation by utilizing， biodegrading and transforming phenylethanoid glycosides， and some potential fungal pathogens were colonized. ConclusionThe R. glutinsoa-soil feedbacks were likely generated by the phenylethanoid glycosides in the root exudates together with the specific rhizomicrobes. The investigations of R. glutinsoa-soil feedbacks under continuous cropping system are critical to the further understanding of the underlying mechanisms related to its continuous cropping obstacles.
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There is a variety of gut microbiota in human body, which is closely associated with the health and disease. Normal gut microbiota can produce colonization resistance to pathogens. Antibiotics can affect the composition of gut microbiota and change the intestinal microenvironment, resulting in intestinal microecological disorders, which in turn cause intestinal pathogenic infections and other diseases. In this paper, the concept of intestinal microecology, the mechanism of intestinal colonization resistance, the effect of antibiotics on intestinal microecology, and the treatment methods were reviewed, aiming to provide the information for the rational use of antibiotics and the development of more effective treatment methods to maintain the stability of intestinal microecology.
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@#Caries is a chronic infectious disease that occurs in the hard tissues of teeth. The interaction of oral microorganisms, host, food and time leads to the occurrence and progression of caries. Free sugar is an important food factor in the occurrence of dental caries. This paper reviews the research progress on the relationship between free sugar and caries in recent years, providing a reference for further clarifying the mechanism of the occurrence and progression of caries caused by free sugar and exploring the methods of caries prevention. The cariogenic mechanism of free sugar is multifaceted. Free sugar can not only be used by oral microorganisms in dental plaque biofilms to produce acid and synthesize intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides but also cause an imbalance in oral microecology and enhance gene expression related to the cariogenic toxicity of oral microorganisms. Based on the correlation between free sugar and caries, it is important to limit the intake amount and frequency of free sugar to prevent caries. This can be achieved mainly by formulating public health policies for reducing sugar, creating a low-sugar family environment with good eating habits, using sugar substitutes and using fluoride. There are few studies on the relationship between free sugar and oral microecology. More research is needed to better understand the effect of free sugar on oral microecology and its mechanism and to validate the caries-preventing effect of various sugar reduction measures. We believe such studies would open up new avenues for the effective prevention of caries.
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@#Antimicrobial peptides have antibacterial effects on various pathogenic microorganisms, including natural antimicrobial peptides and synthetic antimicrobial peptides. According to the structure of natural antimicrobial peptides, synthetic antimicrobial peptides can be obtained by recombining different functional domains, adjusting the original amino acid sequence, or completely redesigning the peptides from scratch. Antimicrobial peptides can inhibit the growth of various cariogenic microorganisms and the formation of microbial biofilms. They also reduce acid production and acid resistance of microorganisms. Natural antimicrobial peptide genes can be used as genetic susceptibility markers for predicting the development of caries, thus, showing potential applications in the prevention and treatment of dental caries. The instability of natural antimicrobial peptides and the inability to achieve targeted sustained release limit their application in the prevention and treatment of oral caries. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides can enhance their stability and the antibacterial effect. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides can also be polymerized with common oral adhesives to reduce the incidence of microleakage after filling treatment for caries and to prevent the occurrence of secondary caries. The pH-sensitive antimicrobial peptides are slowly released to promote remineralization in the process of caries. However, the safety and biocompatibility of synthetic antimicrobial peptides are worse than those of natural antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, the combined effect of antibacterial peptides and anticaries drugs, such as fluoride, is still uncertain. Therefore, in this paper, we will review the design methods, application and underlying mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides to introduce novel methods and ideas for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.
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@#The oral microecological balance is closely associated with the development of dental caries. Oxidative stress is one of the important factors regulating the composition and structure of the oral microbial community. Streptococcus mutans is closely related to the occurrence and development of dental caries. The ability of S. mutans to withstand oxidative stress affects its survival competitiveness in biofilms. The oxidative stress regulatory mechanisms of S. mutans include the synthesis of reductase, the regulation of iron and manganese uptake by metalloregulatory proteins, transcription regulator Spx, extracellular uptake of glutathione and other related signal transduction systems. The current research focuses on how S. mutans adapts to a complex external environment through an oxidative stress response and its influence on oral microecology. We can design targeted small molecular compounds for key signaling pathways to inhibit oxidative stress and weaken the virulence of S. mutans, which is important for oral microecological modulation and dental caries prevention and treatment.
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Objective @# To explore from the perspective of microorganisms the changes in plaque microbial community of children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) before and 3 months after dental treatment. Meanwhile to show the effect of treatment on the maintenance of long- term caries-free state. @*Methods@# S-ECC children completed dental treatment under general anesthesia. We collected plaque from caries-free dental surfaces before treatment (caries, C) and at the postoperative follow-up review time points of 7 days (C-7D), 1 month (C-1 M), and 3 months (C-3 M). We included caries-free children (caries free, CF) as the control group to analyze the dynamic modification process of the plaque microbial community in the short-term pre- and postdental treatment.@*Results@#Species clustering analysis showed that the compositions of the microbial communities of the S-ECC and CF groups were highly similar. The α diversity index was not statistically significant (P>0.05). From the analysis of the relative abundance, Leptotrichia spp. and Aggregatibacter spp. decreased after treatment compared with before treatment (P<0.05). Streptococcus sanguinis in the C-7D group increased compared with that in the C group and gradually decreased within 3 months. Veillonella spp., Actinomyces spp., Allprevotella spp., Capnocytophaga spp., and Streptococcus mutans differed between the C and CF groups (P<0.05), Streptococcus mutans did not differ significantly between the C-7D and C-1 M groups and the CF group after treatment, while C-3 M showed an increase compared with the CF group (P<0.01). @*Conclusion@#The rapid change in the structure of the flora of children with S-ECC after treatment. The plaque microbial community structure in a caries-free state gradually starts to be established 1-3 months after treatment. There is a "core microbiota" in the oral plaque community that jointly maintains microecological stability. Veillonella spp., Allprevotella spp. and Streptococcus mutans have potential as possible microbial markers.
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@#Abstract: Objective To investigate the correlation between persistent and non-persistent HPV infection and vaginal microecology and cervical lesions, and to provide the basis for HPV prevention and treatment. Methods In this prospective study, 229 female patients with high-risk type (HR-HPV) were selected for cervical cytology and vaginal microecological examination in the gynecological outpatient department of Baise Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2018 to June 2021. The patients were followed up for 1 year to detect persistent HR-HPV infection. The relationship between HR-HPV persistent infection and vaginal microecology and cervical lesions was analyzed using the HPV-negative group as a control. Results Among 229 patients with HR-HPV, there were 109 patients with persistent HR-HPV infection and 120 patients with non-persistent HR-HPV infection in 1-year follow-up, and the incidence of persistent HR-HPV infection was 47.6%. In the HR-HPV persistent and non-persistent infection and HPV-negative groups, the bacterial vaginal incidence was 20.2%, 15.0% and 8.6%, respectively; vulvovaginal candidiasis was 19.3%, 13.3% and 7.9%, respectively; trichomoniasis vaginitis was 12.8%, 9.2% and 4.5%, respectively; mixed infection was 10.1%, 6.7% and 2.7%; H2O2 detection rate was 24.8%, 18.3% and 12.0%,the positive rate of pH value was 52.3%, 40.8% and 36.4%, and microecological normal detection rate was 22.9%, 32.7% and 40.2%, respectively. There were significant differences among the three groups (χ2=10.634, 10.522, 9.010, 9.374, 10.054, 8.268, P<0.01). In the HR-HPV persistent and non-persistent infection groups, the rates of atypical squamous cell detection were 12.8% and 10.0%, and 8.3% and 4.2% for low-grade squamous cell lesions, and 4.6% and 1.7% for high-grade squamous cell carcinoma, 2.8% and 0 for squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. There was no significant difference in the composition of atypical squamous cells between the two groups (χ2=4.358, P>0.05), there were significant differences in the composition of low-grade, high-grade and squamous cell carcinoma (χ2=11.472, 12.685, 11.378, P<0.01). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the presence or extent of HPV infection was positively correlated with bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomonal vaginitis and mixed infection (P<0.05), positively correlated with H2O2, sialdase, leucocyte esterase,pH positive and positive for all four items (P<0.05), negatively correlated with microecology (P<0.01), positively correlated with low grade, high grade and squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.01), and not significantly correlated with atypical squamous cell carcinoma (P>0.05). Conclusion Persistent cervical HPV infection is an important factor of dysregulation in vaginal microecology and aggravates the degree of dysregulation in vaginal microecology, which is related to the development of cervical lesions.
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Objective:To analyze the vaginal microecological status of vaginitis population and non-vaginitis population of gynecological female outpatients.Methods:A total of 30 265 women who visited the gynecological outpatient clinic of Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from December 2018 to December 2020 completed vaginal microecological examination. After removing the follow-up patients, 23 181 women were divided into group with symptoms and signs of vaginitis (6 697 cases) and group without symptoms and signs of vaginitis (16 484 cases), according to whether the women with symptoms and signs of vaginitis or not. And the vaginal microecological status of the two groups was compared and analyzed.Results:(1) The total detection rate of vaginitis in the initial women was 34.87% (8 083/23 181), of which 46.10% (3 087/6 697) in group with symptoms and signs of vaginitis and 30.31% (4 996/16 484) in group without symptoms and signs of vaginitis, nearly 1/3 of the gynecological outpatients without signs and symptoms of vaginitis had vaginitis. (2) Among the types of simple vaginitis, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) was the most frequent in group with symptoms and signs of vaginitis (16.01%, 1 072/6 697), followed by aerobic vaginitis (AV; 12.83%, 859/6 697), with significant differences compared with group without symptoms and signs of vaginitis (all P<0.001). There were no statistical differences between the two groups of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and trichomonal vaginitis (TV), indicating that BV and TV were more likely to be neglected (all P>0.05). (3) The proportion of various combinations of vaginitis among 2 632 cases of mixed vaginitis were, in descending order: BV+AV, VVC+AV, BV+AV+VVC, AV+TV, AV+TV+BV, BV+VVC. (4) Microecological analysis of 15 098 cases diagnosed with non-vaginitis had normal flora (including those with normal flora and those with normal flora but decreased function) in 14 013 cases (92.81%, 14 013/15 098), abnormal flora in 429 cases (2.84%, 429/15 098) and the BV intermediate in 656 cases (4.34%, 656/15 098); this indicated that the vast majority of the microecological tests were normal in the vaginal microbiota of those without vaginitis. Conclusions:Microecological examination could diagnose multiple pathogenic infections at once, and is especially important as a guide for the definitive diagnosis of mixed vaginitis and vaginitis with atypical clinical symptoms. Vaginal infections such as BV and TV that are easily overlooked should be concerned.
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Human gut is a huge microbial habitat.Gut microbiota provides nutrition for human body, regulates metabolism and intestinal epithelial development, and induces innate immunity, and has significant impacts on growth, development and aging.Gut microbiota is influenced by genetics, living environment or life pattern, diseases and other factors, and also interacts with organs of the whole body through various of ways.The lung and the large intestine have embryological homology, common mucosal immune system, secretory function and other modern biological basis.Gut microbiota not only regulates the function of the gastrointestinal tract, but also affects the health and disease of the respiratory system, forming the " gut-lung axis". Intestinal microecological mediation and regulation based on the theory of gut-lung axis has achieved beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of respiratory tract infection, asthma, and other respiratory diseases.
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Sepsis is a common critical illness in PICU, with high morbidity and mortality.As the pathogenesis is still not well defined, the clinical management of sepsis can be tricky.The gastrointestinal tract is currently considered as one of the most susceptible organs in the early stages of sepsis, and intestinal microecology plays important roles in the development, progression and prognosis of this disease.There is a closely relationship between intestinal flora dysbiosis/translocation and sepsis.They interact with each other, and ultimately leading to multi-organ dysfunction.In this review, we provided a brief summary of intestinal microecological changes and its pathogenesis in sepsis, as well as the progress of treatment.
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD), a common respiratory disease in premature infants, leads to poor long-term prognosis.The crosstalk between the gut and lung which can be mediated by microbiota is known as the gut-lung axis.Recently, an increasing amount of evidence has indicated that the gut microbiota is closely related to the pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases.The gut-lung axis affects the occurrence and development of BPD through microbiota translocation and regulation of immune pathways.At present, the relationship between the gut-lung axis and BPD is still in the research stage and exploring the potential association may help to search early markers and new therapies for BPD.In order to provide insights into preventing and treating BPD, this review describes the relationship between the gut-lung axis and BPD.
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common respiratory disease in preterm infants.Infection, inflammation and oxidative stress are the main pathogenic mechanisms of BPD.Recent studies have shown that the colonization of pulmonary microorganisms begins from the perinatal period and dynamically changed by multiple factors.Respiratory microecology dysbiosis may trigger oxidative stress, inhibit the expression of miR-876-3p, change pulmonary metabolism and weaken local barrier function, thereby leading to the occurrence and progress of BPD.At the same time, abnormal pulmonary development and lung injury also exert impact on respiratory microecology, and the impact even lasts till adulthood.Probiotics have anti-inflammatory, anti-infection and antioxidant effects.Supplementation of probiotics may promote lung development and alleviate lung injury conditions by regulating respiratory microecology.In this article, the establishment and dynamic changes of neonatal respiratory microecology were elaborated, and the role of respiratory microecology in the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of BPD was explored.
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Sarcopenia causes significant changes inskeletal muscle mass and function in the elderly, and leads to an increased incidence of related diseases, which has affected the quality of life in the elderly.The causes and mechanisms of sarcopenia are closely related to genetic and innate factors, endocrine disorders, reduced number of muscle fibers, nutritional deficiency, inflammation, immune dysfunction and other factors.This paper systematically describes the progress of studying the effects of intestinal microecology on sarcopenia, so as to provide potential targets for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Objective:To analyze the clinical effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the treatment of acute intestinal pseudo obstruction (AIPO) secondary to intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods:The clinical data of a patient with AIPO secondary to intracerebral hemorrhage who was admitted to Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University was analyzed. The flora compositon between donor and patient was compared, finding the changes of intestinal flora before and after FMT (day 0 and day 25).Results:The main clinical findings in the patient were serious bloating, expansion of the intestinal canal and intra-abdominal hypertension. A week of conventional therapy was not effective, and the symptoms became progressively worse, affecting respiratory function.The result of fecal flora suggested the intestinal microbiota dybiosis, so FMT was attempted. After FMT, the patient's gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly relieved, and there were no further episodes within 25 days. The new result of fecal flora showed that the flora colonizing the intestine was dominated by Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium, with a significant decrease in potential pro-inflammatory and gas-producing bacteria and an increased gut microbiota diversity. The results trended to be partly consistent with the donor at 25 days after FMT: at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacterioidetes, Vereucomicrobia, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were increased while Proteobacteria was decreased; at the class level, the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiae, Bacterioidia, Actinobacteria, Coriobacteriia and Clostridia were increased and Gammaproteobacteria was decreased; at the order level, the relative abundance of Bacterioidales, Verrucomicrobiales, Clostridiale, Coriobacteriales were increased and Betaproteobacteriales, Enterobacteriales were decreased; at the family level, the relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae, Akkermansiaceae, Ruminococcaceae were increased and Enterobacteriaceae was decreased; at the genus level, the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium were increased and Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella were decreased. At 1-year follow-up, the patient lived with self-care and scored 5 points in Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Conclusions:FMT may provide clinical benefit in treated patients with AIPO secondary to intracerebral hemorrhage, probably by regulating the intestinal microflora, and re-establishing proper intestinal barrier, to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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The specific mechanisms linking chronic constipation and changes in the gut microbiota in the elderly remain unclear.This review analyzes the relationship between chronic constipation and the gut microbiota in the elderly and explores the mechanisms of the gut microbiota in the development of chronic constipation, aiming to provide new insights for novel treatments of chronic constipation in the elderly.
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ObjectiveTo explore the forest type and soil environment suitable for Panax ginseng. MethodThe yield， quality， soil chemical properties， soil enzyme activity， and soil microbial metabolism of 9-year-old P. ginseng under different forests were investigated. ResultThe quality of P. ginseng was significantly different among forest types. To be specific， P. ginseng under the Quercus mongolica forest had the highest quality， with the total saponin content of 2.27% which was 51.89% higher than that in P. ginseng under Larix gmelinii forest. The yield of P. ginseng under Q. mongolica forest and L. gmelinii forest （30 g·m-2） was the highest， 62.5% higher than that under Betula platyphylla forest. The soil content of organic matter， Cu， and Zn， and activity of sucrase and urease under Q. mongolica forest were lower than those under other forest types. The utilization rate of D-galacturonic acid by soil microorganisms under Q. mongolica forest was higher than that under other forest types， but the utilization rate of L-phenylalanine was lower than that under other forest types. The utilization rate of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid by soil microorganisms of B. platyphylla forest was significantly lower than that under other forest types. There was a negative correlation between soil Zn and ginsenoside Rb1 and Rc， and between soil K and ginsenoside Rb2 and Rb3. Mn and Cu were positively correlated with most saponins. The results of redundancy analysis showed that the soil microorganisms using carbon sources of amino acids， esters， acids， and sugars were the main factors causing the differences in P. ginseng among different forest types. ConclusionThe yield and quality of P. ginseng under Q. mongolica forest were the best， followed by the forest with different tree species， and coming in last was the B. platyphylla forest. This study is expected to provide theoretical support for the improvement of P. ginseng yield and quality and the improvement of ecological planting technology.
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The intestinal flora and the intestinal environment in which it resides together constitute the intestinal microecosystem, it is significantly disturbed in neurocritical ill patients, as manifested by the decrease of bacterial diversity, an increase of pathogen, and the destruction of the intestinal barrier. Appropriate enteral nutrition is effective in maintaining intestinal barrier stability, regulating intestinal immune function, inhibiting intestinal inflammation, and regulating specific intestinal microbiota and intestinal function. It is important for sustaining intestinal microecological balance, reducing clinical complications in patients, and is a new target for the treatment of neurocritical ill patients. This review elaborates the alteration of intestinal microecology and treatment options recommended by current clinical guidelines in neurocritical ill patients and summarizes the research progress of the effects of enteral nutrition and several nutritional additives on intestinal flora and intestinal functions, to provide a reference for the follow-up research.
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Intestinal microecology is an important defense system in the human body. The intestinal flora is the core micro-ecosystem in the human intestine. It has a symbiotic relationship with the overall functions of the body. It has strong metabolic activity to maintain the normal functioning of the body and resist the invasion of various viral antigens in the body. Playing a protective function,the imbalanced intestinal microecology can cause various diseases. Polysaccharides can be extracted from a wide range of sources and have low toxicity and side effects. They have attracted wide attention because of their anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities. Studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides can regulate intestinal microecological disorders. According to the studies in recent years, this review summarizes that polysaccharides mainly modulate intestinal microecological disorders through regulating the composition of intestinal flora, improving the metabolism of the flora, and repairing the intestinal tract barrier. On the basis of these mechanisms of action, this paper elaborates the anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharides. This paper can provide reference for the future research on the intestinal microecology-regulating mechanism and biological activities of polysaccharides.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Ecosystem , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Intestines , Polysaccharides/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer is a kind of cancer with high incidence in the world, and its etiology has not been completely understood yet. Gut bacteria take part in the occurrence and the progression of colorectal cancer in a number of ways, and thereinto, the enrichment of specific bacteria have been proved to be closely correlated with colorectal cancer. This article summarizes the changes of intestinal flora in patients with colorectal cancer and the bacteria related to colorectal cancer; and also discusses the strategies in treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer through regulating the intestinal flora.