Microsociología del estigma: aportes de Erving Goffman a la conceptualización psicosociológica del estigma social / Microsociology of stigma: Erving Goffman's contributions to the psychosociological conceptualization of social stigma

Pese a su presencia temprana en las sociedades humanas, el estudio del estigma desde las ciencias sociales se inicia a mediados del siglo XX, constituyendo la definición de Erving Goffman del estigma como un atributo profundamente desacreditador dentro de una interacción social particular, una de las primeras aproximaciones al estudio sistemático y formal de este concepto. A diferencia de muchos autores contemporaneos, Goffman identifica oportunamente los rasgos propios del estigma social que permiten su clara delimitación con respecto a otros fenómenos vinculados a sus manifestaciones, siendo el reconocimiento de su singularidad conceptual el primer paso hacia el análisis y la compresión de sus complejas manifestaciones en diferentes contextos socio-culturales. La microsociología de Goffman y, de manera particular, su concepto de marcos, como esquemas generales que organizan la experiencia humana, ofrece un enfoque teórico fértil y, a la vez, poco explorado, para el análisis de este fenómeno y los mecanismos implicados tanto en su construcción social como en su impacto en los diferentes ámbitos de la interacción humana. Así, los marcos construidos, entre otros procesos, a partir de las narrativas y otras formas de comunicación popular, facilitan el reconocimiento y la codificación de objetos, situaciones, experiencias y secuencias de acciones desde el sistema de valores asumido por la comunidad, modificándose y ajustándose de manera continua a través del proceso de interacción social. (AU)

Despite its early presence in human societies, stigma was not addressed by social sciences until mid-twentieth century, with Erving Goffman's definition of stigma as a profoundly discrediting attribute within a specific social interaction being one of the first attempts to produce a systematic and formal study of this phenomenon. Unlike many contemporary authors, Goffman accurately identifies features of social stigma that allow for its clear delimitation from other social phenomena related to its manifestations, understanding the acknowledgment of stigma's conceptual singularity as a first step required for analysis and comprehension of its complex manifestations in different socio-cultural contexts. Goffman's microsociology and, particularly, his concept of frames as schemata of interpretation that organize human experience, provide a fertile and, at the same time, relatively unexplored, theoretical ground for the analysis of social stigma, and the mechanisms involved both in its social construction and its impact in different areas of human interaction. From that perspective, frames constructed, among other social processes, through narratives and other forms of popular communication, facilitate the recognition and coding of objects, situations, experiences and sequences of actions based on the value system assumed by specific communities, being continually modified and adjusted through social interaction. (AU)

A energia e a experiência esportiva / Energy and sport experience

Resumo Esse artigo é parte de um esforço de compreensão do que caracteriza a condição de jogador na prática de esportes coletivos com bola como o futebol, o basquetebol, o voleibol, entre outros. A partir de uma perspectiva fenomenológica, buscou-se compreender em especial um aspecto constitutivo fundamental à experiência de jogar - a energia. Como ela é mobilizada, concentrada e continuamente exteriorizada em ações que se ordenam pela forma da atividade esportiva, determinando a vivência de uma experiência prática singular? Essa é nossa questão central, a ser respondida a partir do método da redução fenomenológica, com a qual visamos compreender justamente como a energia desempenha um papel constitutivo fundamental a essa experiência prática, intersubjetiva, total, integrada, fluente e arrebatadora, que envolve o outro, os objetos, o espaço e o tempo.

Abstract This article is part of an effort to understand what characterizes the condition of player in the practice of collective ball sports such as soccer, basketball, volleyball, among others. From a phenomenological perspective, we sought to understand in particular a constitutive aspect of the experience of playing - energy. How it is mobilized, concentrated and continuously outward actions that are ordered in the way of sports, determining the experience of a unique practical experience? This is our central question to be answered from the phenomenological reduction method, with which we aim to comprehend just how energy plays a fundamental constitutive role to this practical, intersubjective, complete, integrated, fluent and engrossing experience, involving the other, objects, space and time.