Aerobic training methods for high school soccer / Métodos de treino aeróbico para o futebol de ensino médio / Métodos de entrenamiento aeróbico para el fútbol de la escuela secundaria

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fatigue impairs exercise activity in high school students, and it is detrimental to explore aerobic training when fatigue cannot be alleviated. This factor limits the ability to exploit the full potential of young athletes for soccer. Objective: Implement a healthy development protocol for soccer application in high school. Methods: This article used a literature review among other research methods. The analysis was devoted to aerobic training for endurance in soccer for students in high school. The specific methods of implementing the developed protocol in high schools were studied. Finally, effective measures for improving students' physical fitness were presented. Results: Judging from the situation, the duration of each training session in high school soccer is closely related to the coaches' ability. High-level coaches tend to organize the duration of training according to the perceived effects in soccer practice, considering the physical and technical characteristics of the sport itself. Conclusion: Soccer endurance training can also promote the long-term development of soccer education while meeting students' actual exercise needs. It is important to carry out soccer aerobic training applied to high school. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A fadiga prejudica a atividade do exercício físico nos alunos do ensino secundário, sendo prejudicial explorar os treinos aeróbicos quando a fadiga não pode ser aliviada. Esse fator limita a capacidade de explorar o máximo potencial de jovens atletas para o futebol. Objetivo: Implementar um protocolo de desenvolvimento sadio para a aplicação do futebol no ensino médio. Métodos: Este artigo utilizou a revisão bibliográfica entre outros métodos de investigação. A análise foi dedicada ao treino aeróbico para a resistência no futebol dos estudantes no ensino médio. Estudou-se os métodos específicos de implementação do protocolo elaborado nas escolas de ensino médio. Finalmente, foram apresentadas as medidas eficazes para melhorar a condição física dos estudantes. Resultados: A julgar pela situação em tela, a duração de cada sessão de treino no futebol do ensino médio está intimamente relacionada com a capacidade dos treinadores. Os treinadores de alto nível tendem a organizar a duração do treino de acordo com os efeitos perceptíveis na prática do futebol, considerando as características físicas e técnicas do próprio esporte. Conclusão: A formação de resistência no futebol pode também promover o desenvolvimento a longo prazo da educação futebolística ao mesmo tempo em que satisfaz as necessidades reais de exercício físico dos estudantes, sendo de grande importância realizar a formação do treino aeróbico no futebol aplicado ao ensino médio. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La fatiga perjudica la actividad del ejercicio en los estudiantes de secundaria, y es perjudicial explorar el entrenamiento aeróbico cuando la fatiga no se puede aliviar. Este factor limita la capacidad de explotar el máximo potencial de los jóvenes deportistas para el fútbol. Objetivo: Implementar un protocolo de desarrollo saludable para la aplicación del fútbol en la escuela secundaria. Métodos: Este artículo utilizó, entre otros métodos de investigación, la revisión de la literatura. El análisis se dedicó al entrenamiento aeróbico de resistencia en el fútbol para estudiantes de secundaria. Se estudiaron los métodos específicos de aplicación del protocolo elaborado en los institutos. Por último, se presentaron las medidas eficaces para mejorar la aptitud física de los alumnos. Resultados: A juzgar por la situación en la pantalla, la duración de cada sesión de entrenamiento en el fútbol de la escuela secundaria está estrechamente relacionada con la capacidad de los entrenadores. Los entrenadores de alto nivel tienden a organizar la duración del entrenamiento en función de los efectos percibidos en la práctica del fútbol, teniendo en cuenta las características físicas y técnicas del propio deporte. Conclusión: El entrenamiento de la resistencia en el fútbol también puede promover el desarrollo a largo plazo de la educación futbolística al tiempo que satisface las necesidades reales de ejercicio físico de los estudiantes, y es de gran importancia llevar a cabo la formación del entrenamiento aeróbico en el fútbol aplicado a la escuela secundaria. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Impacts of aerobics and cheerleading on high school students / Impactos da ginástica aeróbica e liderança de torcida em estudantes do ensino médio / Impactos de la gimnasia aeróbica y las animadoras en los estudiantes de secundaria

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aerobic gymnastics and cheerleading are two sports most high school students are familiar with. Cheerleading is a relatively new sport. Few academic studies are comparing the effects of aerobic training with cheerleading on changes in the fitness of female students in high school. Objective: This paper explores the impacts on fitness by comparing aerobic training and cheerleading in high school girls. Methods: 90 female high school students were selected by random sampling. The three groups of volunteers had their physical fitness measured before and after the test. The research analyzes the obtained data by employing mathematical statistics. Results: The content of protein, muscle, and inorganic salts in the aerobics group and cheerleading group was significantly higher than in the control group, and the obesity rate was significantly lower than the control group in both intervention groups. The percentage of protein, muscle, and lipid in the cheerleading group was the best among the three groups. Conclusion: Both cheerleading and aerobics can improve the physical quality of high school girls. Cheerleading had a good effect on improving physical fitness due to its wide range of movements. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Ginástica aeróbica e liderança de torcida são dois esportes que a maioria dos estudantes do ensino médio conhecem. A liderança de torcida é um esporte relativamente novo. Há poucos estudos acadêmicos comparando os efeitos do treino aeróbico com a liderança de torcida referentes às alterações na condição física das alunas no ensino médio. Objetivo: Este artigo explora os impactos na aptidão física comparando o treino aeróbico e a liderança de torcida em jovens do ensino médio. Métodos: Selecionou-se 90 alunas do ensino médio por amostragem aleatória. Os três grupos de voluntárias tiveram sua aptidão física medida antes e depois do teste. A pesquisa analisa os dados obtidos empregando estatísticas matemáticas. Resultados: O conteúdo de proteínas, músculos e sais inorgânicos no grupo de aeróbica e no grupo líder de torcida foi significativamente maior do que no grupo controle, sendo taxa de obesidade significativamente menor ao grupo controle nos dois grupos de intervenção. O percentual proteico, muscular e lipídico no grupo dos líderes de torcida foi a melhor entre os três grupos. Conclusão: Tanto a liderança de torcida quanto a aeróbica podem melhorar a qualidade física das meninas do ensino médio. As líderes de torcida obtiveram um bom efeito na melhoria da aptidão física devido sua ampla gama de movimentos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La gimnasia aeróbica y las animadoras son dos deportes con los que la mayoría de los estudiantes de secundaria están familiarizados. Las animadoras representan un deporte relativamente nuevo. Hay pocos estudios académicos que comparen los efectos del entrenamiento aeróbico con el de las animadoras en relación con los cambios en la forma física de las estudiantes de secundaria. Objetivo: Este trabajo explora los impactos en la aptitud física comparando el entrenamiento aeróbico y las animadoras en chicas de secundaria. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 90 alumnas de secundaria por muestreo aleatorio. A los tres grupos de voluntarios se les midió su estado físico antes y después de la prueba. La investigación analiza los datos obtenidos empleando estadísticas matemáticas. Resultados: El contenido de proteínas, músculo y sales inorgánicas en el grupo de aeróbic y en el grupo de animadoras fue significativamente mayor que en el grupo de control, y la tasa de obesidad fue significativamente menor a la del grupo de control en ambos grupos de intervención. El porcentaje de proteínas, músculo y lípidos en el grupo de animadoras fue el mejor entre los tres grupos. Conclusión: Tanto las animadoras como el aeróbic pueden mejorar la calidad física de las chicas de secundaria. Las animadoras obtienen un buen efecto en la mejora de la condición física debido a su amplia gama de movimientos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Prevalência dos níveis de atividade física e fatores associados entre adolescentes escolares / Prevalence of levels of physical activity and associated factors among school teenagers

Este estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência dos níveis insuficientes de atividade física e fatores asso-ciados entre adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analítico, realizado em 2017/2018 com estudantes do ensino médio das escolas públicas de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Utilizou-se o autopreenchimento do IPAQ, versão curta, para avaliar o nível de atividade física, categorizando os adolescentes em ativos, insuficientemente ativos e fisicamente inativos. Variáveis de exposição foram organizadas em blocos: perfil sociodemográfico, consumo alimentar, uso de álcool/drogas, condições de saúde e aulas de educação física escolar. A Regressão Logística Multinomial permitiu estimar odds ratio (OR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%, com análises corrigidas pelo efeito do desenho. Participaram do estudo 2.040 adolescentes distribuídos em 21 escolas. No total, 21,3% eram insuficientemente ativos e 23,7% fisicamente inativos. As chances de ser insuficientemente ativo foram maiores entre as meninas (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,01 ­ 1,91), que consumiam frutas rara-mente (OR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,00 ­ 2,37), que não estavam fazendo nada em relação ao peso corporal (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,34 ­ 2,37) e com autopercepção de saúde regular (OR = 1,75; IC95%: 1,27 ­ 2,42). Houve maior chance de ser fisicamente inativo entre aqueles com menor renda (OR = 1,44; IC95%: 1,09 ­ 1,92), que consumiam frutas raramente (OR = 1,76; IC95%: 1,22 ­ 2,55), com boa autopercepção de saúde (OR = 1,54; IC95%: 1,15 ­ 2,07) e sem interesse pelas aulas de educação física (OR = 1,69; IC95%: 1,02 ­ 2,81). O estudo apontou que quase metade dos adolescentes não eram ativos fisicamente, indicando a necessidade de implementações de programas relacionados à promoção da prática de atividade física na adolescência

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of insufficient levels of physical activity and associated factors be-tween adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed in 2017/2018 with high school students from public schools in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A self-completion the IPAQ-short form was used to evaluate physical activity levels, categorizing the adolescents in active, insufficiently active and physically inactive. The independent variables were sociodemographic profile, food consumption, alcohol/drug use, health conditions, and physical education classes. Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) of 95%, correcting by the design effect. A total of 2,040 adolescents from 21 schools participated in the study. As for the practice of physical activity, 21.3% were insufficiently active and 23.7% were physically inactive. The chances to be insufficiently active were higher among girls (OR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.01 ­ 1.91), whom rarely ate fruits (OR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.00 ­ 2.37) who were doing anything about their body weight (OR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.34 ­ 2.37) and with regular self-perception of health (OR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.27 ­ 2. 42). There was a greater chance of being physically inactive among those with lower incomes (OR = 1.44; 95%CI: 1.09 ­ 1.92), whom rarely ate fruits (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.22 ­ 2.55), with good self-perception of health (OR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.15 ­ 2.07), and without interest about the physical activity classes (OR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.02 ­ 2.81). This study shows that almost half of adolescents were insufficiently active, indicating the need to implement programs related to the promotion of physical activity in adolescence

Analysis of malnutrition status among primary and middle school students in poor rural areas of Chongqing from 2013 to 2019 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To evaluate the malnutrition status and analyze the changing trends of nutritional status among primary and middle school students in poor rural areas of Chongqing from 2013 to 2019, and to provide scientific bases for formulating measures to improve students' nutrition status. Methods In 12 poor rural areas in Chongqing, a random sampling was adopted. At least 10% of elementary and middle schools were randomly selected in each area each year. At least 40 students were sampled in each grade to measure their height and weight. The nutritional status of the students was evaluated and the changing trend of nutritional status in the five years from 2013 to 2019 was analyzed. Results From 2013 to 2019, the prevalence rate of malnutrition showed a downward trend. The prevalence rate of malnutrition of boys was higher than that of girls. The prevalence rate of growth retardation decreased more significantly than that of emaciation. Conclusion The status of malnutrition among students in poor areas of Chongqing had been improved, but had not been eliminated yet. Further attention should be paid to the changes of students' nutritional status and timely measures should be taken to improve the students' nutritional and health status.

Hierarchical first aid training scheme for elementary and middle school students: the practices from the construction of "Baoan Model" social emergency medicine training / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To share the implementation experience of hierarchical first aid training scheme for elementary and middle school students in Baoan District of Shenzhen City and evaluate its effect of training. Methods:During August 2018 and August 2019, elementary and middle schools students who participated in the first aid training held by emergency rescue training center of Baoan District were enrolled. Baseline information including the number of students, the number of attending tutors, the number of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training models, automated external defibrillator (AED) models were recorded. According to hierarchical levels of three age, students received different courses with content from simple to hard: the course of elementary school students was consisting of dialing 120, smart animation on how to identify accidental damage, demonstration of AED and Hemlick techniques, CPR practise (40 minutes). The course of junior high school students was consisted of how to dial 120, how to identify accidental damage and simple disposal, application of CPR and AED, practice CPR and AED and Hemlick techniques (90 minutes). The course of high school students was consisted of how to dial 120, identify accidental damage and right disposal, identification of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the key-point of CPR and AED, practice CPR and AED, Hemlick techniques and hemostatic bandage (120 minutes). At the end of course, elementary school students were voluntary for skill assessment; junior high school students only were compulsory for skill assessment in small classes but not required in large classes, just for demonstration; additionally, the whole high school students were compulsory for skill assessment. The characteristics of first aid training students at different levels were collected in order to compare the differences on the usage of CPR training model and AED training model, the distribution of emergency resource, the ratio for passing examination.Results:A total of 12 896 students and 2 086 training instructors took parted in 200 lists of first aid training courses, 8 557 CPR models and 8 493 AED models were used. On average, there are 65.27±5.61 students in each session, and 10.52±10.43 training instructors. There are 43.09±19.06 CPR training models and 42.77±18.61 AED training models. The mean ratio of student to tutor was 6.07±1.47, student to CPR model was 1.54±1.02, and student to AED model was 1.54±1.03. In the end of course, 10 494 students participated in the examination with the participation rate of 81.37%; 10 114 students passed the examination with the passing rate of 96.38%. Hierarchical analysis showed: compare to elementary school students, the average number of junior high school students in every training session significantly increased (cases: 69.94±8.77 vs. 58.69±6.12, P < 0.05), but the average number of high school students in every training session significantly decreased (cases: 57.35±5.79 vs. 58.69±6.12, P < 0.05). The proportion of instructors in junior high school students' training significantly reduced (5.94±1.39 vs. 6.48±2.02, P < 0.05). The examination ratio of junior high school students and high school students was increased significantly [81.07% (6 667/8 224), 100% (2 313/2 313) vs. 64.18% (1 514/2 359), both P < 0.05], but the ratio of passing the examination was significantly reduced [95.47% (6 365/6 667), 96.88% (2 241/2 313) vs. 99.60%(1 508/1 514), both P < 0.01]. This might be related to the low difficulty of elementary school students' assessment and the low proportion of compulsory examination. Conclusions:Hierarchical scheme is feasible for first aid training in elementary and middle school students, the content of course should be desighed from easy to hard. Synchronously, sufficient training instructors and training models should be equipped to ensure the quality.

Identificación de estresores laborales y burnout en docentes de una secundaria para trabajadores del Distrito Federal / Identification of occupational stress and burnout in teachers of a secondary school in Mexico City

ANTECEDENTES: Los docentes enfrentan estresores y experiencias que los pueden conducir al denominado síndrome de burnout o desgaste profesional. OBJETIVO: Analizar la presencia y características del burnout y las fuentes de estrés percibidas por profesores de una secundaria para trabajadores de México, D.F. MÉTODO: Se utilizó una metodología mixta cuantitativa (Inventario de Burnout de Maslach [MBI] y el Cuestionario de Burnout para el Profesorado [CBP-R]) y cualitativa (explorando opiniones y comentarios sobre diferentes temas). RESULTADOS: El MBI mostró una consistencia interna aceptable en agotamiento emocional y falta de realización y el CBP-R en estrés de rol, burnout y falta de supervisión. Los docentes de tercer grado presentaron mayor agotamiento emocional, estrés de rol, falta de supervisión y burnout que los de niveles inferiores. Se encontró que el agotamiento emocional está influido por el estrés generado por los alumnos más conflictivos y violentos. Esto provoca a los docentes mayor sentimiento de vulnerabilidad e impotencia ante la posibilidad de convertirse en sus víctimas. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Algunos de los problemas que los docentes enfrentan con sus alumnos son desmotivación y falta de interés para aprender, dificultades en el aprendizaje, consumo de sustancias, falta de disciplina y conductas antisociales. Es muy importante que canalicen los diferentes problemas a profesionales e instituciones de salud que los ayuden en estos aspectos. Por lo que se sugiere que los docentes de secundaria reciban una formación continua que les permita responder a las necesidades de su profesión.

BACKGROUND: Teachers are exposed to different work-related stressors and experiences. These may carry emotional and interpersonal problems deriving into the so-called burnout syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the presence and characteristics of the burnout syndrome, together with the stress sources perceived by the teachers of a junior high school in Mexico City. METHOD: A mixed quantitative (the Maslach Burnout Inventory [MBI] and the Teachers' Burnout Questionnaire [TBQ-R])-qualitative (method was used to explore opinions and comments on several issues) methodology was applied were used. RESULTS: The MBI showed an acceptable internal consistency in emotional exhaustion and lack of realization but not in depersonalization. The TBQ-R showed an acceptable internal consistency in role stress, burnout and lack of supervision. Third grade teachers showed higher degrees of emotional exhaustion, role stress, lack of supervision and burnout than first and second grade teachers. Qualitative results confirm that emotional exhaustion is influenced by the stress produced by the more conflictive and violent students. This causes in teachers a higher vulnerability and impotence feeling at the likelihood of becoming their victims. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Junior high teachers should receive a permanent training which allows them to respond to the needs of their career. Lack of motivation and interest in learning, difficulties in learning, substance abuse, lack of discipline and antisocial behaviors are among the problems teachers face with their students. We consider it is highly important they have the opportunity to channel the different problems to professionals and health institutions able to help them.

Nutrition Management Examined by Plate Waste Measurement: A Comparison with Elementary Schools and Middle Schools in the Changwon Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine nutrition management conditions of lunch with the elementary schools and middle schools in the Changwon area. 292 students (5th and 6th graders) from three elementary schools and 330 students from three middle schools (boys, girls, and co-ed) participated in the aggregate selective plate waste measurement for 5 days. Planned menus, serving sizes and plate waste amount data were collected. Nutrient analyses for the planned, served and consumed menus at school lunches were performed by using CAN-PRO 3.0. Nutrient analyses of the planned, served and consumed menus were compared with nutrient management standard (former edition) for school lunch and 1/3 Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs). Significant difference was found in the average consumption rate between the elementary schools (82.2%) and the middle schools (71.8%). Specifically, the consumption rates of steamed rice (p < 0.001), side dish 1 (p < 0.001), and Kimchi (p < 0.01) at the middle schools were significantly lower than those of the elementary schools. When the nutrient contents in the served menus were put into percentages to the nutrient contents in the planned menus, middle schools (92.3%) showed bigger serving loss than the elementary schools (95.4%). In the nutrient assessment comparied with nutrient management standard (former edition), middle school lunches showed comparatively less energy or less some nutrient contents against the standard than the elementary school lunches. Specifically, in case of boys in middle schools, Vitamin C was the only nutrient content that satisfied the standard in the planned menus, served menus and consumed menus. In the 1/3 KDRIs based assessment, middle schoolers were found not to be provided proper nutrients with school lunches. To improve nutrition management at middle school foodservices, dietitians should reinforce nutrient assessment for menu planning, and try to decrease serving loss and plate waste.

Thought on Connection of Communist Construction between Middle School and Collegial Students under New Situation / 浙江中医药大学学报

To enroll excellent members among young students has become key part in collegial communism organization development.In recent years,the communism construction is continually developing in senior middle schools.It puts forwards countermeasures and realistic meaning in doing well the connection in order to understand young students' communism construction stutus quo and better make use of achievements in communism construction in senior middle schools.

Adolescents' Nutrient Intake Determined by Plate Waste at School Food Services / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purposes of the study were to analyze nutrients of the menus served and to evaluate students' nutrient consumption at school food services. Three middle schools (boys, girls, and co-ed schools) were located in Seoul and Kyunggi Province. A weighed plate method was employed to measure plate wastes and consumption of the menus served. Data was collected for 3 consecutive days at each school. Nutrient analyses for the served and consumed menus were performed using CAN-PRO. On average the students consumed 67% of the menus they were served. By menu category, the students consumed more than 90% of the rice and one-dish foods they were served. Kimchis (54%) and soups/stews (55%) were the menu categories with the lowest consumption rates. The menus served at the boys and coed schools did not meet 1/3 of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for calcium, iron, and vitamin B2. Due to the plate wastes, the actual consumption of the boys school students did not meet the 1/3 RDA for calories, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and niacin. The menus served at the girls school exceeded the 1/3 RDA for all nutrients, but the actual consumption did not meet the 1/3 RDA for calcium, iron, and vitamin B2. During the 3-day periods, the served and consumed menus provided 27% and 24% of energy from fat, which exceeded the recommended proportion of 20%. To improve nutrition management at school food services, dietitians should understand factors that influence students' consumption and implement nutrition education programs that emphasize balanced diets.