Protective Antibodies to Bovine Milk Fat Globule and to Xanthine Oxidase Levels in Jordanian Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: The previously reported circulating human antibodies against the Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane (BMFGM) were found to primarily target xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme that produces uric acid and reactive oxygen species. It is suggested that XO could potentially be implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction. Methods: In this study, anti-BMFGM and anti-XO IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were assayed in the sera of acute myocardial infarction patients and healthy control from the Jordanian population using the highly sensitive Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Serum high in antibodies against xanthine oxidase was used as a reference serum to standardize the assay. The levels of anti-BMFGM IgM antibodies were found to be higher in male controls than myocardial infarction male patients in contrast to female group, but no significant differences were observed in the levels of IgG and IgA antibodies. The levels of anti-xanthine oxidase IgM and IgG antibodies were significantly higher in myocardial infarction patients when compared with their corresponding controls. Conflicting results were obtained when different personnel measured the IgM antibody titres, likely due to infarction factors of IgM aggregation within the assay. Results from this study demonstrate significant differences in the levels of antiMFGM and anti-XO IgM antibodies between myocardial infarction patients and controls. Conclusion: Collectively, the data suggest that XO may be a risk factor in myocardial infarction patients and the presence of antibodies may act as a protective factor

Advance in milk fat globule membrane in infants and middle⁃aged and elderly population / 医学研究生学报

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a thin, dense membrane that packages outside the milk fat droplets during mammary gland lactating.MFGM is mainly composed of phospholipids, sphingolipids and a variety of specific membrane proteins. In recent years, due to the potential health benefits of MFGM, it has become a hot spot for research. In this paper, the structure and composition , the role of the main components and their applications in infants, middle⁃aged and elderly population of MFGM are reviewed.

Milk Intake Patterns with Lactose and Milk Fat in Korean Male Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the milk intake patterns with lactose and milk fat in Korean male adults using the following variables: milk intake level, awareness of lactose, and milk fat, health problems, and necessity of milk intake. In addition, the factors affecting milk intake were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. METHODS: The subjects were 532 males aged 20 years or older among the nationwide milk purchasing group. The subjects were 223 (41.9%) in the 20–29 year age group, 188 (35.3%) in the 30–49 year age group and 121(22.7%) in the over 50 year age group. The survey was conducted using ANOVA and multiple comparative analysis to examine the differences in age and multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors affecting the intake of milk. RESULTS: The intake of milk in the subjects was 538.14 ± 494.23 ml per week. There were statistically significant differences in the subjects' age according to processed milk, low fat, nonfat milk, cheese, and ice cream. The perception of milk and lactose and milk fat was recognized as a good food for skeletal health when milk was consumed. Among the milk nutrients, lactose was highly recognized at the age of 20–29, and milk fat was recognized in those over 50 years. In addition to lactose and milk fat, calcium was the most highly recognized among the milk nutrients. Health problems associated with milk were skeletal health, obesity, and lactose intolerance. The perception of lactose intolerance was related to lactose intolerance and fatness, and the dietary behavior was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the milk intake patterns of adult Korean males. Many variables were found to be related to the intake of milk. In this study, the milk intake was high when there was no problem with the perception and dietary behaviors of milk nutrition (lactose and milk fat). This study focused on lactose and milk fat, which are major nutrients in milk, and it is a new perspective study among milk-related research.

Milk Intake Patterns with Lactose and Milk Fat in Korean Male Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the milk intake patterns with lactose and milk fat in Korean male adults using the following variables: milk intake level, awareness of lactose, and milk fat, health problems, and necessity of milk intake. In addition, the factors affecting milk intake were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. METHODS: The subjects were 532 males aged 20 years or older among the nationwide milk purchasing group. The subjects were 223 (41.9%) in the 20–29 year age group, 188 (35.3%) in the 30–49 year age group and 121(22.7%) in the over 50 year age group. The survey was conducted using ANOVA and multiple comparative analysis to examine the differences in age and multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors affecting the intake of milk. RESULTS: The intake of milk in the subjects was 538.14 ± 494.23 ml per week. There were statistically significant differences in the subjects' age according to processed milk, low fat, nonfat milk, cheese, and ice cream. The perception of milk and lactose and milk fat was recognized as a good food for skeletal health when milk was consumed. Among the milk nutrients, lactose was highly recognized at the age of 20–29, and milk fat was recognized in those over 50 years. In addition to lactose and milk fat, calcium was the most highly recognized among the milk nutrients. Health problems associated with milk were skeletal health, obesity, and lactose intolerance. The perception of lactose intolerance was related to lactose intolerance and fatness, and the dietary behavior was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the milk intake patterns of adult Korean males. Many variables were found to be related to the intake of milk. In this study, the milk intake was high when there was no problem with the perception and dietary behaviors of milk nutrition (lactose and milk fat). This study focused on lactose and milk fat, which are major nutrients in milk, and it is a new perspective study among milk-related research.

Ammonia-N concentration in alfalfa silage and its effects on dairy cow performance: A meta-analysis / Concentración del nitrógeno amoniacal en el ensilaje de alfalfa y sus efectos sobre el desempeño de vacas lecheras: Meta-análisis / Concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal em silagem de alfafa e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras: Meta-análise

Abstract Background: Ammonia nitrogen (N) in alfalfa silage is used to evaluate silage quality, but its effect on dairy cows production is unknown. Objective: A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of ammonia-N concentration in alfalfa silage on dairy cow performance. Methods: Thirty-four comparisons from 10 studies were analyzed with linear and quadratic models by the mixed-effect models of the R program using study as a random effect. The variance explained by the models was evaluated calculating marginal R2 (m) and conditional R2 (c) . Results: Dry matter intake declined (DMI; p = 0.007), and milk production and milk fat yield tended to decrease linearly in response to increasing ammonia-N concentration (p = 0.08). Milk fat and milk protein percentages were unaffected. Milk protein yield, however, showed a positive linear trend effect (p = 0.07) along with a significant quadratic effect (p = 0.01) in response to increasing ammonia-N concentration. Values of R2 (m) and R2 (c) indicated less variation for significant models. Conclusion: Increased ammonia-N in alfalfa silage reduced DMI, negatively impacting milk production and milk fat yield. The quadratic response in milk protein yield might be explained by the initial reduction in milk product ion, and the subsequent utilization of ammonia-N to produce more rumen microbial protein, which results in more milk protein.

Resumen Antecedentes: El nitrógeno (N) amoniacal en el ensilaje de alfalfa es utilizado para evaluar la calidad del ensilaje, pero se desconoce su efecto sobre la producción en vacas lecheras. Objetivo: Se realizó un meta-análisis para evaluar los efectos de la concentración del N amoniacal en el ensilaje de alfalfa sobre el desempeño de vacas lecheras. Métodos: Treinta y cuatro comparaciones de 10 estudios fueron analizadas utilizando modelos lineales y cuadráticos mediante modelos de efectos mixtos de R, incluyendo el estudio como efecto aleatorio. La varianza explicada por los modelos se evaluó calculando la R2 (m) marginal y la R2 (c) condicional. Resultados: El consumo de materia seca se redujo (DMI; p = 0,007), y la producción de leche y grasa en leche tendieron a disminuir linealmente (p = 0,08) en respuesta al incremento en la concentración de N amoniacal en el ensilaje. Los porcentajes de grasa y proteína en leche no fueron afectados. La producción de la proteína en leche, sin embargo, mostró una tendencia de efecto lineal positivo (p = 0,07) junto a un efecto cuadrático significativo (p = 0,01) al aumentar el N amoniacal del ensilaje. Los valores de R2 (m) y R2 (c) indicaron menor variación en los modelos significativos. Conclusión: El incremento del N amoniacal en el ensilaje de alfalfa redujo el DMI, la producción de leche y la producción de grasa en leche. La respuesta cuadrática en la producción de proteína en leche puede ser explicada por la reducción inicial en producción de leche, con el uso subsecuente a nivel ruminal del N amoniacal para producir más proteína microbiana, lo cual resulta en mayor proteína en leche.

Resumo Antecedentes: O nitrogênio amoniacal na silagem de alfafa é utilizado para avaliar a qualidade da silagem, porém o seu efeito sobre a produção de vacas leiteiras é desconhecido. Objetivo: Realizar uma meta-análise para avaliar os efeitos da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal na silagem de alfafa no desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Métodos: Trinta e quatro comparações compiladas a partir de dez trabalhos de pesquisa foram analisadas usando modelos mistos com coefi ciente linear e quadrático do programa R, e considerando o estudo como efeito aleatório. A variância explicada do modelo foi avaliada calculando a distribuição marginal R2 (m) e a condicional R2 (c) . Resultados: Houve redução no consumo de matéria seca (DMI; p = 0,007), e uma tendência em reduzir linearmente a produção de leite e de gordura em resposta ao aumento da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal na silagem (p = 0,08). As porcentagens de gordura e proteína do leite não foram afetadas. No entanto, houve uma tendência linear (p = 0,07), acompanhada de um signifi cativo efeito quadrático (p = 0,01) para o rendimento de proteínas do leite em resposta ao aumento do nitrogênio amoniacal na silagem de alfafa. Os valores de R2 (m) e R2 (c) indicaram menor variação para os modelos signifi cativos. Conclusaõ: O aumento do nitrogênio amoniacal na silagem de alfafa resultou na redução do DMI, afetando negativamente a produção de leite e o teor de gordura no leite. A resposta quadrática para o rendimento de proteínas do leite pode ser explicada pela redução inicial da produção de leite e à subsequente utilização do nitrogênio amoniacal presente na silagem para produzir mais proteína microbiana sintetizada a nível ruminal e consequentemente, mais proteínas do leite.

Comparación del contenido calórico de la leche materna fresca y congelada utilizando el método del crematocrito, en población residente de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia / Comparison of calorie content of fresh and frozen milk usig the crematocrito method, in high altitude resident population, La Paz, Bolivia

El estudio del valor calórico de la leche materna es de gran importancia en las primeras etapas de crecimiento del niño. El uso del crematocrito, permite determinar el aporte energético de la leche materna. PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: ¿Cuál será el contenido calórico de leche materna, a partir de un volumen preciso de leche, medido a través de la técnica del crematocrito, en muestras de leche fresca y congelada, en población de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia, gestión 2015?. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Determinar el contenido calórico de leche materna, a partir de un volumen preciso, medido a través de la técnica del crematocrito, en muestras de leche fresca y congelada, en población de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia, gestión 2015. METODOLOGÍA: estudio descriptivo transversal, en 43 muestras de leche materna fresca y 43 muestras de leche post congelación entre - 8a -20°C, provenientes de muestras de leche de madres en niños menores de 2 años, de zonas periurbana de la ciudad de La Paz, a 3700 metros de altitud. RESULTADOS: La diferencia promedio del valor de crematocrito medido en muestras de leche materna fresca y congelada, es de 1.4 ± 1.2%, y la diferencia en contenido calórico es de 90.2 kcal. Conclusiones: Se ha demostrado que existe una disminución del contenido de grasa y el aporte calórico en muestras de leche materna congelada en comparación con muestras de leche fresca, esta reducción fue mayor en las muestras con mayor cantidad de tiempo de congelación.

The study of the caloric value of breast milk is ofgreat importance in the early stages ofgrowth of the child. The crematocrito usage permits, to determine the energy contribution of breast milk. RESEARCH QUESTION: What will be the calorie content of breast milk from a precise volume of milk, measured by the technique of crematocrito in samples of fresh and frozen milk in population of high altitude, La Paz, Bolivia, term 2015. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: To determine the calorie content of breast milk from a precise volume, measured by the technique of crematocrito in samples of fresh and frozen milk in population of high altitude, La Paz, Bolivia, term 2015. METHODOLOGY: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study, 43 samples of fresh milk and 43 milk samples after freezing at - the 8th -20 ° C, from milk samples from mothers in children under 2 years of periurban areas of the city of La Paz, at 3700 meters altitude. RESULTS: The average difference of crematocrito value measured in samples of fresh and frozen breast milk is 1.4 ± 1.2 percent, and the difference in calorie content is 90.2 kcal. CONCLUSIONS: It has been shown that there is a decrease in fat and caloric intake in samples of frozen breast milk samples compared to fresh milk, this reduction was greater in samples with greater amount of freezing time.

Research progress of the association between anti-inflammatory cytokines and rheumatoid arthritis / 天津医药

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Joint deformity and dysfunction can occur in the late stage of the disease,which is seriously harmful to human health. Anti-inflammatory factors (AIC), as a protective factor, together with pro-inflammatory factors (PIC) play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of RA. It is widely accepted by the majority of scholars that the decrease of AIC and the increase of PIC in RA can aggravate the systemic and local inflammatory reactions and accelerate the articular cartilage and subchondral bone destruction, resulting in further progress of RA. A new generation of biological therapy for RA targeting at AIC is in the ascendant. Therefore ,it is important to understand the role of AIC in the pathogenesis of RA. From the perspective of the relationship between AIC and RA and the mechanism, this article reviews the research progress in this field, which provides new concepts for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.

Productive performance of dairy cows fed with hydrolyzed sugarcane / Desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada

This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of dairy cows fed with sugarcane treated with 5g kg-1 of calcium oxide (CaO) or hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. Eight Holstein cows with 638.01±12.52kg of body weight and milk yield of 20.32±1.5kg d-1 were randomly assigned into two 4x4 Latin squares, fed with the following diets composed of corn silage (CS), fresh sugarcane (FS), sugarcane treated with calcium oxide (STCO) or calcium hydroxide (STCH) as only forage. Data collection lasted five days, after 15 days of adaptation to diets and facilities. The dry matter intake (% of body weight) was higher in diets with CS (3.08) compared to those with FS (2.67), STCO (2.73) or STCH (2.73), which did not differ. Diets with CS determined milk production adjusted for 4% fat (20.05kg d-1) similar to diets containing STCO and STCH (18.01 and 17.89kg d-1, respectively) and higher than those with FS (17.33kg d-1). The experimental diets did not alter the composition of milk. The use of sugarcane treated with Ca(OH)2 is a viable option for feeding Holstein cows with average genetic potential for milk production because it allows production and composition similar to milk dairy cows fed with corn silage, besides benefiting the logistics of feeding in the rural properties.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar tratada com 5g kg-1 de óxido (CaO) ou hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2]. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Holandesas com 638,01±12,52kg de peso corporal e produção média de leite de 20,32±1,5kg dia-1, distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois quadrados latinos balanceados 4x4, alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de milho (SM), cana-de açúcar in natura (CIN), cana-de-açúcar tratada com óxido de cálcio (CTOC) ou hidróxido de cálcio (CTHC) como único volumoso. O período de coleta de dados foi de cinco dias, após 15 dias de adaptação às instalações e dietas. O consumo de matéria seca (% do peso corporal) foi superior nas dietas com SM (3,08) em relação àquelas com CIN (2,67), CTOC (2,73) ou CTHC (2,73), as quais não diferiram entre si. Dietas com SM determinaram produção de leite ajustada para 4% de gordura (20,05kg dia-1), similar às dietas contendo CTOC e CTHC (18,01 e 17,89kg dia-1, respectivamente) e superior àquelas com CIN (17,33kg dia-1). As dietas experimentais não alteraram a composição do leite. A utilização da cana-de-açúcar tratada com Ca(OH)2 é uma alternativa alimentar viável para vacas Holandesas com potencial genético médio para produção leiteira, já que possibilita produção e composição do leite similar à vacas alimentadas com silagem de milho, além de beneficiar a logística de alimentação nas propriedades rurais.

MUC-1 expression in pleomorphic adenomas using two human milk fat globule protein membrane antibodies (HMFG-1 and HMFG-2)

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common salivary gland tumor and its microscopic features and histogenesis are a matter of debate. Human milk fat globule protein membrane (HMFG) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) comprise a set of antibodies against the mucin 1 (MUC-1) protein detected in several salivary gland tumors. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the immunoexpression of the PA neoplastic cells to MUC-1 protein using HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 MoAbs, contrasting these results with those from normal salivary gland tissue. Material and Methods Immunohistochemical detection of MUC-1 protein using HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 MoAbs was made in 5 mm thick, paraffin embedded slides, and the avidin-biotin method was used. Results Positivity to HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 MoAbs was found in ductal, squamous metaplastic and neoplastic myoepithelial cells, keratin pearls and intraductal mucous material. Two kinds of myoepithelial cells were identified: classic myoepithelial cells around ducts were negative to both MoAbs, and modified myoepithelial cells were positive to both MoAbs. This last cellular group of the analyzed tumors showed similar MUC-1 immunoexpression to ductal epithelial cells using both HMFG antibodies. Intraductal mucous secretion was also HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 positive. Conclusions Our results showed there are two kinds of myoepithelial cells in PA. The first cellular group is represented by the different kinds of neoplastic myoepithelial cells and is HMFG-positive. The second one is HMFG-negative and represented by the neoplastic myoepithelial cells located around the ducts. .

Oferta de pasto kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum), tercio de lactancia y perfil de ácidos grasos lácteos / Kikuyo grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) allowance, state of lactation and milk fatty acid profile

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la oferta de kikuyo y el tercio de lactancia sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos en la grasa láctea de bovinos en pastoreo. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 18 vacas de la raza Holstein con un peso promedio de 585 ±10 kg entre dos y cuatro partos, en primer y segundo tercio de lactancia. Las vacas se dividieron en tres grupos y fueron asignados al azar a uno de los tres tratamientos (ofertas de 2.6; 3.3 ó 4.0 kg MS/100 kg PV). Se determinó el perfil de ácidos grasos en la leche los días 14 y 21 del periodo experimental. Resultados. Los ácidos grasos C6:0, C16:0, C18:1c9 y C18:3 permanecieron constantes entre las diferentes ofertas de forraje y tercios de lactancia. En las mayores ofertas se presentó un aumento entre el día 14 y 21 de los ácidos C10:0 y C12:0 mientras que disminuyeron su concentración en estos mismos días los ácidos C18:1t11, C18:2c9c12, C18:2c9t11 y poliinsaturados. Se presentó una mayor concentración del ALC en animales de segundo tercio respecto a los de primero. Conclusiones. Debido a las variaciones entre los días de muestreo en el perfil de ácidos grasos de la grasa láctea fue imposible determinar si el aumento en la oferta mejora las concentraciones de ácidos grasos que han presentado efecto benéfico en la salud humana. La movilización de reservas de grasa podría explicar el comportamiento diferente de la concentración de ácidos grasos entre los días de recolección de muestras.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of kikuyu offer and stage of lactation on fatty acids profile on milk fat of grazing dairy bovines. Materials and methods. Eighteen Holstein cows with average weight of 585±10 Kg in two to four calvings on first and second lactation stages. Cows were divided in three groups and assigned randomly to one of three treatments (pasture allowances of 2.6, 3.3 or 4.0 KgDM/100 Kg LW). Milk fatty acid profiles were determined on days 14 and 21 of the experimental period. Results. Fatty acids C6:0, C16:0, C18:1cis9, C18:3 remained constant between different forage allowances and lactation stage were used. On the treatments of highest allowance, there was an increase between days 14 and 21 of C10:0 andC12:0 acids while C18:1t11,C18:2c9c12, C18:2c9,t11, and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased their concentration. The lowest allowance had a different behavior. A higher concentration of ALC was observed in animals of second stage compared to first stage of lactation. Conclusions. It was not possible to conclude on the effects of forage allowance on the fatty acid profile of milk, due to variations between sampling dates. It is possible that mobilization of fat storage can explain the different behavior of fatty acid concentrations between sampling days.

Producción y Composición de la Leche y Queso Fresco Pasteurizado de Cabras Mestizas Canarias Suplementadas con Grasa Sobrepasante / Production and Composition of Milk and Fresh Pasteurized Cheese in Crossbred Canarias Goats, Supplemented with Protected Fat

Para determinar el efecto de la grasa sobrepasante (GSP) con alto contenido de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados sobre la producción y composición de la leche y queso fresco pasteurizado, se utilizaron 22 cabras mestizas (entre 3/4 y 5/8 Canarias) de primer parto, de las cuales 11 se asignaron al grupo tratamiento y 11 al grupo control, de la Unidad Experimental de Producción Caprina (UEPC), de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela. Los análisis químicos se realizaron tanto a leche como a los quesos para determinación de acidez titulable, pH, Wisconsin Mastitis Test, cloruros, grasa, caseína, proteínas totales, sólidos totales, humedad, cenizas (Cen), sólidos no grasos y lactosa. Asimismo, se determinó el contenido de ácidos grasos C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 presentes en los quesos. Los resultados revelan que la incorporación de 3% de GSP en la dieta de los animales aumentó significativamente la producción de leche en 43% (P = 0,0019) y presentó una tendencia (P= 0,0821) a aumentar los días en lactancia. No se afectaron las características, ni la composición de la leche y quesos, pero por el hecho de producir más leche sin afectar sus componentes, resultó en una mayor concentración de todos los componentes (kg/lactancia). Hubo diferencias en la concentración de ácidos grasos C18:1 (P=0,0064), C18:2 (P=0,4632), C18:3 (P=0,0322), precursores de ácidos ω-3 y ω-6 en los quesos elaborados. No se afectó el rendimiento quesero, pero al aumentar la producción de leche, aumentó la producción de queso en 47,09% en el grupo tratamiento. No se alteraron las características físico-químicas y propiedades organolépticas de los quesos frescos. La suplementación con 3% de GSP no afectó las características físico-químicas ni organolépticas de los quesos. De igual manera, tampoco afectó el consumo de alimento y la condición corporal de las cabras.

The effect of protected fat (PF) with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the production and composition of milk and fresh cheese in crossbred Canarias goats was evaluated. Experiments were conducted at the Goat Production Experimental Unit of the College of Veterinary Sciences of the Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, the State of Aragua, Venezuela . Twenty-two crossbred (3/4 and 5/8) Canarias goats from first calving were used. Animals were allotted into two groups: Group 1 (n =11): Treatment group; Group 2 (n = 11): Control group. The following chemical analyses were performed for milk and cheese: pH, titratable acidity; Wisconsin Mastitis Test; chloride; fat; casein; total proteins; total solids; humidity; ash; non-fatty solids; lactose; and fatty acids (C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3) content present in cheese. Results show that addition of 3% PF caused a significant (P=0.0019) increase in milk production (43%), with a tendency (P=0.0821) to increase lactation days. Neither the characteristics nor the composition of milk and cheese were affected by PF inclusion, but the production of more milk without affecting its composition resulted in a greater concentration (kg/lactation) of all its components. There were differences in the content of the following fatty acids: C18:1 (P=0,0064), C18:2 (P=0,4632), C18:3 (P=0,0322), precursors of ω-3 and ω-6 in processed cheese. Cheese performance was not affected, but the increase in milk production, increased cheese production (47.09%) in treatment group. Treatment did not significantly affect physicochemical and organoleptic properties of fresh cheese, voluntary consumption of food, and body condition.

Expression of milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 in microglial cells of neural retinal layer in developing rats / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background The retina microglia play a eliminating effect on apoptotie cells in the neural retinal layer of normal rats during postnatal development.Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8(MFG.E8)can combine specifically with phosphatidylinositol serine of the surface of apoptotie cells and enhance macrophage phagoeytosis of apoptotic cells.Objective Present study was to evaluate the localization and expression of MFG-E8 and its relevant cytokines in the neural retinal layer of normal rats during postnatal development Methods Normal royal college of surgeon(RCS)rats were divided into P0,P3,P7,Pi4,P30,P45 groups according to their postnatal days,and the 30-day-old RCS rats(2 rats)served as controls.Double stain of M FG.E8 and microglial cells marker(CD11b)was performed by immunofluorescence.Expressions of MFG-E8,integrin β5,CD11b and interleukin-6(IL-6)mRNA in the neural retina were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The utilization of animals complied with the Regulation for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State and Science and Technology Commission.Results MFG-E8 and CD11b were positively co-expressed in retinal ganglion cell layer and external plexiform layer with the green fluorescence for FITC-labeled IgG and red fluorescence for cy3-labeled lgG respectively in normal adult rats.RT-PCR showed that the mRNA of MFG-E8,integrin 85,CD11b and IL-6 was detectable at P0 rats.The expression level of these eytokines began to rise fterward and reached peak value at P14 rats and then declined gradually,showing significant differences among different ages groups in various cytokines mRNA expression(all P<0.05).Conclusion MFG-E8 can be specifically expressed in the neural layer of retina microglia in RCS rat.

Kappa casein genotypes and curd yield in Holstein cows / Relación entre los genotipos de la kappa caseína de vacas holstein y el rendimiento en cuajada / Relações entre os genótipos da kappa caseína em vacas holstein a rendimento de requeijão

The objective of this study was to relate kappa casein (CSN3) genotypes with curd yield (RC) and total milk protein (PTP) in Holstein cows located in the high tropics in Narino, Colombia. Twenty seven animals were used to establish the mentioned relationships. The genotype of each animal was determined by PCR - SSCP. Variables were analyzed using a linear model which included the fix effects of genotype, lactation stage, and their interaction. Age of the cow and fat percentage in milk were used as covariates. The results for RC indicate no interaction between genotype and lactation stage. Age was not statistically significant (p>0.05), while fat percent and genotype were significant (p<0.05). The Tukey - Kramer test indicated differences between the BB genotype, compared to homozygous AA and heterozygous AB. The BB genotype resulted in the best performance, requiring the least amount of milk to produce one kg of curd. As for protein content, differences were significant (p<0.05) for the effect of genotype and lactation stage: the homozygous BB had the highest percentage of milk protein during the final (third) stage of lactation.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las relaciones entre los genotipos para Kappa Caseína (CSN3), el rendimiento industrial en cuajada (RC) y el porcentaje total de proteína (PTP) en vacas Holstein del Trópico Alto de Nariño-Colombia. El genotipo de cada animal fue determinado molecularmente con la técnica PCR - SSCP. Para establecer las relaciones antes indicadas se utilizaron 27 unidades experimentales. Las variables fueron analizadas mediante un modelo lineal en el que se incluyeron los efectos fijos del genotipo, el tercio de lactancia, la interacción entre estos dos factores y como covariables, la edad del animal y el porcentaje de grasa en la leche. Los resultados para RC indicaron que no existe interacción entre los genotipos y el tercio de lactancia. La edad del animal no fue estadísticamente significativa (p>0.05), mientras que la covariable porcentaje de grasa y el genotipo resultaron significativos (p<0.05). La prueba estadística de Tukey - Kramer indicó diferencias entre el genotipo BB, respecto al homocigoto AA y al heterocigoto AB, siendo el primero el de mejor rendimiento, al requerir la menor cantidad de leche para producir un kilogramo de cuajada. En cuanto al porcentaje de proteína, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) únicamente por efecto del genotipo y del tercio de lactancia, siendo el homocigoto BB el que presentó mayor porcentaje de proteína en el tercer tercio de lactancia.

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as relações entre os genótipos para Kappa Caseína (CSN3), a rendimento industrial em requeijão (RC) e a percentagem de proteína total (PTP) em vacas Holstein do trópico alto do Nariño Colômbia. O genótipo de cada animal foi determinado molecularmente mediante a técnica PCR-SSCP. Para estabelecer as relações descritas acima, foram utilizadas 27 unidades experimentais e um modelo linear que incluiu os efeitos fixos do genótipo, o terço da lactação, a interação entre estes dois fatores, a idade do animal e o percentual de gordura no leite como covariáveis. Os resultados para (RC) indicaram ñao existe interação entre os genótipos e o terço da lactação, a idade do animal não foi estatisticamente significativa (p>0.05), mas a covariável percentagem de gordura, e o genótipo foram estatisticamente significativos (p<0.05). O teste estatístico de Tukey - Kramer indicou as diferenças entre o genótipo BB em relação a o homozigoto AA, heterozigoto AB, apresentando o primeiro o melhor desempenho porque precisou a menor quantidade de leite para produzir um quilo de requeijão. Em relação ã percentagens de proteína foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0.05) pelo efeito do genótipo e do terço de lactação, sendo o homozigoto BB o que a presenteou maior percentagem de proteína, no terceiro terço da lactação.

Produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas com diferentes proporções de forragem e teores de lipídeos / Milk production and composition of cows fed diets with different contents of concentrate and lipids

Avaliaram-se a produção e a composição do leite de vacas da raça Holandesa alimentadas com diferentes proporções de forragem e teores de lipídeos na dieta. Foram utilizadas oito vacas com 58±9 dias em lactação, com produção média de 28±4kg/dia de leite, distribuídas em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 duplo, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2. Os tratamentos foram dietas com alta forragem e baixo nível de lipídeos, alta forragem e alto nível de lipídeos, baixa forragem e baixo nível de lipídeos e baixa forragem e alto nível de lipídeos. As produções de leite e leite corrigido para 3,5 por cento de gordura não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). A redução na proporção de forragem reduziu a produção e a concentração de gordura no leite (P<0,05). O aumento no teor de lipídeos nas dietas reduziu a concentração de sólidos totais e o teor de nitrogênio uréico no leite (P<0,05).

Milk yield and composition of Holstein dairy cows fed different forage to concentrate ratio as well as different lipid contents in the diets were studied. Eight cows with 58±9 days in milk and average production of 28±4 kg/day were assigned in a double Latin square design 4 x 4, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were diets with high forage and low lipid levels, high forage and high lipid levels, low forage and low lipid levels and low forage and high lipid levels. Milk yield and fat corrected milk yield (3.5 percent) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The reduction on forage ratio in the diet decreased milk fat percentage and production (P<0.05). The increase in lipid levels in the diets reduced total milk solids as well as milk urea nitrogen concentrations (P<0.05).

Composición de la grasa láctea en la sabana de Bogotá con énfasis en ácido ruménico - CLA cis-9, trans-11 / Composition of the fat milk of the Bogotá´s savannah with emphasis on rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA)

Los ácidos linoleicos conjugados (CLAs) son microcomponentes naturales de la grasa láctea de los rumiantes que han ganado un creciente interés por sus efectos potenciales sobre la salud humana. El ácido ruménico (CLA cis-9, trans-11 C18:2) es la iso-forma de CLA más importante por su abundancia y por sus efectos. Nuestro objetivo fue la identificación y cuantificación del ácido ruménico en la grasa láctea de la sabana de Bogotá, y la búsqueda de algunas relaciones entre la dieta y las concentraciones de A. ruménico, utilizando diecisiete muestras de leche de diferentes fincas de la sabana de Bogotá y cuatro muestras de leches de marcas comerciales. Para esto, se estandarizó un método de cromatografía de gases que permitió separar y cuantificar más de 30 ácidos grasos, desde el butírico (C4:0) hasta el araquídico (C20:0) y el ruménico (C18:2). La concentración promedio de ácido ruménico fue 13.6 mg/g de grasa, y varió desde 6.38 mg hasta 19.54 mg/g. Estos resultados son coherentes con otros reportes de literatura realizados bajo pastoreo y se ubican dentro de los valores esperados para condiciones de alimentación como las de este estudio. La suplementación de MS, el consumo de forrajes conservados, el consumo de ensilaje de maíz, y el consumo de semilla de algodón tuvieron una correlación negativa con la concentración de ácido ruménico (valores de r de -0.66, -0.54, -0.48 y -0.7, respectivamente), sin embargo, los valores de los coeficientes de determinación (r2) fueron bajos para estas variables, sugiriendo que cada variable puede tener efectos, pero, de manera individual, ninguna explica completamente la variación en la concentración de ácido ruménico. Se observó una disminución del contenido de ácido ruménico con el aumento de la suplementación bajo pastoreo, especialmente cuando esta incluye ensilaje de maíz y una tendencia a la disminución del contenido de ácido ruménico con el aumento en el consumo de semilla de algodón.

Conjugated linoleic acids are natural micro-components of ruminant’s fat milk, which have gained an increasing interest because of their valuable potential effects on human health. Rumenic acid (CLA cis-9, trans-11 C18:2) is the most important of the CLA iso-forms because of its abundance and its effects. Our main objective was the identification and quantification of the rumenic acid content of fat in milks of the Bogotá savannah. Additionally, we looked for associations between dietary factors and rumenic acid concentration. In this study, seventeen milk samples coming from the Bogotá savannah and four commercial milk samples were used. A gas chromatography method that allowed us to separate and quantify more than thirty fatty acids, from butyric (C4:0) to araquidic (C20:0) and rumenic acid (conjugated 18:2) was standardized. The mean rumenic acid content of the samples was 13.6 mg/g of fat, and ranged from 6.38 mg to 19.54 mg/g of fat (3 fold variation). These results showed similar values to other literature reports conducted under grazing conditions and are in the expected range for the amount consumed by the cows. The correlation (r) values were significant for dry matter supplementation, conserved forages supplementation, silage intake, and cotton seed intake and had a negative correlation with the rumenic acid content of fat milk (r values of -0.62, -0.54, -0.48 and -0.7, respectively). However, the values for the determination coefficients (r2) of these variables were very low, suggesting that each variable had individual effect, although none of them explains completely the variation of the rumenic acid content in fat milk. In general, a clear tendency to a decrease in rumenic acid content was observed with an increase in supplementation under grazing conditions, especially when corn silage was included.