ABSTRACT
A total of 50 barrows were used to evaluate qualitative feed restriction on digestibility of dietary components, weight of organs of digestive tract, and composition and production of feces. Five experimental diets, with increasing levels of qualitative feed restriction of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent were used. There was linear reduction (P<0.001) of all digestibility coefficients on the levels of qualitative feed restriction, except for acid detergent fiber, which presented a quadratic response (P<0.05). Contents of total solids (P<0.01), volatile solids (P<0.05), and total minerals (P<0.001) in the feces augmented with increasing levels of qualitative feed restriction, whereas the levels of K (P<0.05), Cu (P<0.01), N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn (P<0.001) presented a quadratic response. Daily feces excretion; and contents of total solids, volatile solids, total minerals, and levels of N, P, K, Mn, and Cu (P<0.001) and Ca, Na, Mg, and Fe (P<0.05) presented a clear increase in function of the qualitative feed restriction level. Qualitative feed restriction can be an alternative for the disposal of agribusiness waste, providing good crop-fertilizing by the use of swine feces.
Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos castrados para avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar qualitativa sobre a digestibilidade dos componentes dietéticos, os órgãos do trato digestório, a composição e a produção fecal. Foram utilizadas cinco dietas experimentais, com níveis de restrição qualitativa de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 por cento. Houve redução linear (P<0,001) para todos os coeficientes de digestibilidade, com exceção da fibra em detergente ácido, que apresentou resposta quadrática (P<0,05). Os teores de sólidos totais (P<0,01) e voláteis (P<0,05), e minerais totais (P<0,001) nas fezes aumentaram com os níveis de restrição alimentar, enquanto os níveis de K (P<0,05), Cu (P<0,01) e de N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe e Zn (P<0,001), apresentaram resposta quadrática. A excreção diária de fezes, sólidos totais e voláteis, minerais totais, N, P, K, Mn e Cu (P<0,001), Ca, Na, Mg e Fe (P<0,05) apresentaram aumento em função do nível da restrição alimentar qualitativa. A restrição qualitativa pode ser alternativa para destinação de resíduos da agroindústria, conferindo boas propriedades às fezes suínas, no que diz respeito à utilização para adubação de culturas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Feces , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Rumen/physiology , Environment , Modalities, Alimentary , SwineABSTRACT
Nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P) son elementos implicados en la contaminación ambiental. Con el objetivo de evaluar el balance de N y P se utilizaron 18 vacas bajo pastoreo en pasto kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum) en el Centro Agropecuario Marengo en Mosquera (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Los tratamientos consistieron en tres niveles (0, 0.7 y 1.4% del peso vivo) de oferta de ensilaje (MS) de avena (Avena sativa). Esta oferta diaria fue complementada con pasto kikuyo en pastoreo hasta alcanzar una oferta total del 4%. La relación kikuyo:ensilaje fue de 4:0, 3.3:0.7 y 2.6:1.4 para los tratamientos 1, 2 y 3, respectivamente. El ensilaje se suministró diariamente (AM y PM) en el potrero. Las vacas recibieron un alimento balanceado comercial a razón de 1kg por cada 4.2 kg de leche producida, y se mantuvo constante durante el periodo experimental que duró 14 días, con siete días de adaptación y siete de mediciones. La producción de leche (AM, PM) fue medida de manera individual; mientras que la producción de orina y heces fue medida los días 0, 7, y 14, para cuantificar N y P. El volumen de orina se estimó usando creatinina y el consumo usando cromo (cantidad de heces) y fibra en detergente acido indigerible (digestibilidad). El consumo de N (667.8 g/día) y la excreción en orina (240.6 g/d) fueron significativamente mayores (p<0.05) para el tratamiento 1 que para los tratamientos 2 (560.7 y 199.7 g/d) y 3 (594.8 y 200.8 g/d); sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas (p>0.05) en la eficiencia de utilización de N (15.6; 16.6 y 15.1%, respectivamente). El consumo de P (98.2, 85.9, y 93.4 g/d), la excreción en orina (0.43, 0.39, y 0.48, g/d) y en heces (91.9, 100.7, y 108.6 g/d) no fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre tratamientos (p>0.05); sin embargo, el balance de P fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) para el tratamiento 1 (5.9 g/d) que para los tratamientos 2 (-15.1g/d) y 3 (-15.6 g/d).
Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) have been implicated in environmental pollution. To evaluate N a P balance, eighteen lactating multiparous Holstein cows grazing kikuyu in the Livestock Center Marengo in Mosquera (Cundinamarca, Colombia). The treatments consisting three allowances of oat silage 0, 0.7 and 1.4 kg/100 kg of body weight. This daily allowance was completed with kikuyu on grazing to obtain a total dry matter allowance of 4kg/100 kg of body weight. The kikuyu and silage ratio was 4:0; 3.3:0.7 and 2.6:1.4 for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Cows received a commercial balanced feed 1kg for each 4.2kg of milk, and it was maintained during all the experimental period. This period lasted 14 days and consisted of 7 adaptation days and 7 experimental days. Individual milk production was measured (AM PM) and samples of urine and feces were taken on days 0, 7 and 14 to determine N and P. Urine volume was estimated using creatinine and dry matter intake using chromium (feces volume) and Indigestible Acid Detergent Fiber (Digestibility). N intake (667.8 g/d) and urine N excretion (240.6 g/d) was greater for cows on treatment 1 than for treatment 2 (560.7 and 199.7 g/d respectively) and for treatment 3 (594.8 and 200.8 g/d) respectively. However no differences were found on the efficiency of N utilization that was 15.6; 16.6 and 15.1 % for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Daily P intakes (98.2; 85.9 and 93.4 g/d), P excretion in urine (0.43; 0.42; and 0.35 g/d) and P excretion in feces (91.8; 100.7 and 108.6) were not different between treatments, however phosphorus balance was positive and greater for cows on treatment 1 (5.9 g/d) than cows in treatments 2 and 3 (-15.5, and -15.6 g/d, respectively).
Azoto (N) e fósforo (F) são elementos envolvidos na poluição ambiental. Com o objetivo de avaliar o balanço de N e P foram usadas 18 vacas em pastagem de capim kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) no Centro Agropecuario Marengo em Mosquera (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Os tratamentos consistiram de três níveis (0, 0.7 e 1.4% do peso corporal) lance silagem (MS) de aveia (Avena sativa). Essa oferta por dia foi complementado com pastagem Kikuyu em um lance de chegar a 4% do total da ração. A relação Kikuyu erva:silagem foi de 4:0, 3.3:0.7 e 2.6:1.4 para os tratamentos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. A silagem foi fornecida diariamente (AM e PM), no paddock. As vacas foram agraciados com uma alimentação equilibrada a uma taxa de 1 kg para cada 4.2 kg de leite produzido, e permaneceu constante durante o período experimental, que durou 14 dias, com sete dias de adaptação e sete dias de medidas. A produção de leite (AM, PM) foi medido numa base individual; enquanto a produção de urina e fezes foi mensurado dias 0, 7, e 14, para quantificar N e P. O volume de urina é considerada utilização e consumo de creatina usando cromo (quantidade de fezes) e fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (digestibilidade). O consumo de N (667.8 g/dia) e excretada na urina (240.6 g/d) foram significativamente maiores (p<0.05) para o tratamento 1 em comparação com os tratamentos 2 (560.7 e 199.7 g/d) e 3 (594.8 e 200.8 g/d); No entanto, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p>0.05) na eficiência de utilização de N (15.6, 16.6 e 15.1%, respectivamente). O consumo de P (98.2, 85.9 e 93.4 g/d), excreção de urina (0.43, 0.39 e 0.48 g/d) e nas fezes (91.9, 100.7 e 108.6 g/d) não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os tratamentos (p>0.05); No entanto, o balanço de P foi significativamente maior (p<0.05) para o tratamento 1 (5.9 g/d) do que para os tratamentos 2 (-15.1 g/d) e 3 (-15.6 g/d).
Subject(s)
Animals , Environmental Pollution , SilageABSTRACT
We studied the effects of soy isoflavone supplements on bone metabolism marker (serum osteocalcin, urinary deoxypyridinoline) and urinary mineral excretion (urinary Ca, Mg, Zn) in 47 postmenopausal women. There were 24 participants in the treatment group and 23 in the control group. The treatment group consumed isoflavone extract capsules daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared before and after isoflavone intake in the following areas: Physical examination, diet survey, bone metabolism marker and urinary mineral excretion. The average age of the treatment group was 64.6 years and that of the control group was 66.5 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight and body mass index. Both groups maintained a regular diet pattern in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There were no significant differences between the treatment group (23.9 mg) and the control group (25.4 mg) in terms of daily isoflavone intake based on diet. The analysis of bone metabolism marker changes in the treatment group after 12 weeks of taking the isoflavone supplements demonstrated significant differences in the following: Serum osteocalcin (13.7 ng/mL in befor versus 6.8 ng/mL in after) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (5.9 nmol/mmol Cr in befor versus 4.5 nmol/mmol Cr in after). The subjects in the treatment group showed no significant difference in urinary Ca excretion. But the subjects showed a significant difference in urinary Mg (131.9 mg/day in befor versus 115.6 mg/day in after) and Zn (400.5 microgram/day in befor versus 310.2 microgram/day in after) excretion in the isoflavone treatment group at the levels of p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively. No changes were made in the intake of minerals. The composition of serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline, and indicators of bone metabolism, including the excretion Mg and Zn, significantly decreased. As a result, bone mineral loss was lessened.