Substrates, emergence and seedling quality of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. (Jatoba) in protected cultivation / Substratos, emergência e qualidade de mudas de Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart (Jatobá) em cultivo protegido

Because the consumption and use of native fruit, there is need for research on strategies for maintenance propagation of the species. Jatoba is a fruitful tree of great importance to the Brazilian fauna, cuisine and reclamation and thus is essential to obtain high quality seedlings. This study aimed at the formation of Jatoba seedlings on different substrates. The experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm for Teaching, Research and Extension of UNESP, Campus Ilha Solteira, SP, located in Selvíria/MS for the period 13 October 2011 to 11 February. For producing the seedlingsm we used a black screen of polypropylene (Sombrite®) with 50% light reduction and black plastic bags 15 x 21,5 cm (1.8 L) filed with different substrates: (S1) soil control; (S2) soil (50%) + manure (50%); (S3) soil + mineral fertilizer; (S4) soil (50%) + mineral fertilizer + manure (50%); (S5) soil + limestone; (S6) soil (50%) + limestone + manure (50%); (S7) soil + mineral fertilizer + limestone; (S8) soil (50%) + limestone + manure + mineral fertilizer (50%). Emergence of seeds was evaluated daily and fortnightly and after emergence of seeds were observed height and stem diameter. At 120 days after emergence, we evaluated the length of root system, shoot and root dry mass, total dry mass, shoot/ lap diameter (S/D), relation between shoot and root dry mass (SDM/RDM), relation between shoot and root fresh mass (SFM/RFM), relation between length of shoot/root (LS/LR) and Dickson's Quality Score (DQS). Experimental design was completely randomized in factorial with 8 x 7 reviews substrates. Proceeded with analysis of variance unfolding of significant interactions with the Tukey test for comparisons of means of the substrate factor and time factor for polynomial regression. Treatment pure soil substrate (S1) provided to the Jatoba seedlings the largest biomass formation of shoot and root dry mass. The addition of manure to the substrate did not benefit the development of the Jatoba seedlings.

O jatobazeiro é uma espécie frutífera de grande importância para fauna brasileira, culinária e recuperação de áreas degradadas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a formação de mudas de jatobazeiro em diferentes substratos. Foi realizado na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Unesp, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, localizada em Selvíria/MS, no período de 13 de Outubro de 2011 a 11 de fevereiro de 2012. Para a produção das mudas utilizou-se viveiro telado polipropileno preto (Sombrite®) com 50% de redução de luz e sacos plásticos preto de 15 x 21,5 cm (1,8 L) preenchidos com diferentes substratos: (S1) solo (testemunha); (S2) solo (50% + esterco bovino (50%); (S3) solo+ adubo mineral; (S4) solo (50%) + adubo mineral + esterco (50%); (S5) solo + calcário; (S6) solo (50%) + calcário + esterco (50%); (S7) solo + calcário + adubo mineral e (S8) solo (50%) + calcário + adubo mineral + esterco (50%). Foram avaliadas diariamente a emergência das sementes e quinzenalmente após a emergência das sementes foram verificadas a altura e diâmetro de caule. Aos 120 dias após a semeadura foi verificado o comprimento do sistema radicular (CR), fitomassas das matérias secas do sistema radicular e da parte aérea, massa seca total (MST), relação parte aérea/diâmetro do colo (RPAD), relação massa fresca da parte aérea/massa fresca do sistema radicular (RMF), relação massa seca da parte aérea/massa seca do sistema radicular (RMS), relação comprimento da parte aérea/comprimento do sistema radicular RPA/SR e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial com 7 avaliações x 8 substratos. Procedeu-se análise de variância dcom desdobramento de interações significativas com teste de Tukey para comparações das médias do fator substrato e regressão polinomial pata fator tempo. O tratamento substrato solo puro (S1) proporcionou as mudas de jatobazeiro maior acúmulo de fitomassa da matéria seca aérea e radicular. A adição do esterco aos substratos não beneficiou o desenvolvimento das mudas do jatobazeiro.

Storage induced changes in coliform, heterotrophic groups of bacteria and nutrient levels of human urine for its safe use in biological production.

Human urine is a potential source of various nutrients, minerals and trace elements. Its use as a fertilizer is growing popular among farmers. Here, we examined the pattern of changes in the counts of coliform, heterotrophic bacteria as well as physico-chemical characteristics of human urine during different days of storage under closed conditions at ambient temperature. We observed that after 253 days of storage under closed condition, the coliform counts were reduced significantly and remained within the safe limit to be used as fertilizer. With increase in storage period, the concentration of phosphate showed decline coupled with rise in pH, alkalinity and electrical conductance. Our study revealed that human urine can be used as safe fertilizer after 8 months of storage under closed conditions at ambient temperature ranging 25-35ºC.

Produção de mudas de manjericão com diferentes tipos de substratos e recipientes / Production of basil seedlings with different types of substrates and recipients

A utilização de pó de coco em substratos para obtenção de mudas tem crescido principalmente na região Nordeste do Brasil, onde essa matéria prima pode ser obtida com facilidade. No entanto, poucos são os trabalhos com a utilização deste substrato em espécies como o manjericão. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de mudas de manjericão cv. Genovese em substratos contendo pó de coco, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito de doses de calcário (0 1 e 2 g L-1 de substrato) e fertilizante formulado [NPK 06-24-12 + (6% Ca; 5% S; 0,2% Zn; 0,05% B; 0,02% Cu; 0,15% Fe; 0,10% Mn e 0,003% B) - 3, 6 e 9 g L-1 de substrato], em mistura de pó de coco + vermiculita (1:1). No segundo, avaliou-se o efeito de recipientes e composições de substratos contendo esterco bovino curtido. Após a avaliação dos resultados, conclui-se que a produção de mudas de manjericão utilizando calcário e NPK em bandeja de poliestireno expandido de 128 células, deve-se utilizar pó de coco acrescido com 1 g L-1 de calcário dolomítico com 9 g L-1 de fertilizante 06-24-12 + Micro. Já para uma produção de mudas utilizando esterco bovino curtido, o substrato indicado é o pó de coco e esterco bovino curtido na proporção de 2:1, em tubetes.

The utilization of coconut dust as a substrate for seedling production has been increased recently, principally in the northeast region of Brazil, where such material can be easily obtained. However, there are few works using this substrate in species like basil. Thus, aiming to evaluate seedling performance of basil cv. Genovese in substrates containing coconut dust, we carried out two essays. The results have shown that the production of seedlings of basil using lime and NPK in polystyrene trays of 128 cells should be used with coconut powder plus 1 g L-1 of dolomitic limestone with 9 g L-1 of fertilizer 06 -24-12 + Micro. The substrate to grow seedlings in plastic pots of basil is coconut powder or cattle manure in the ratio of 2:1.

Efeito da adubação mineral na produção de biomassa e no teor e composição do óleo essencial do capim-citronela / Effect of mineral fertilization on the production of biomass and the content and composition of the essential oil of grass citronella

Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito de quatro doses de adubo mineral na produção de biomassa, no teor e na composição do óleo essencial do capim-citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) em cinco épocas de colheita. Na avaliação da produção de biomassa do capim-citronela foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, com cinco repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro doses de adubo mineral com fertilizantes NPK (0, 50, 100 e 150% da dose recomendada); a recomendação de adubação mineral foi de 100 kg ha-1 P205, 40 hg ha-1 K2O e 50 kg ha-1 N fornecidos por superfosfato simples, cloreto de potássio e sulfato de amônio respectivamente; as subparcelas por cinco épocas de avaliação (60, 88, 116, 144 e 172 dias após o transplante). O óleo essencial foi obtido por hidrodestilação e a identificação dos compostos do óleo essencial por CG/EM. A adubação mineral de 150 % da dose recomendada propiciou as maiores taxas de crescimento em todas as variáveis analisadas. Os maiores teores de óleo essencial foram obtidos nas doses de 100% (1,59%) e 150% de NPK (1,67%). Foram identificados dez compostos químicos no óleo essencial do capim-citronela, entre monoterpenos e sesquiterpenos. Os compostos majoritários do óleo essencial foram o citronelal, o geraniol e o elemol. O teor e a composição do óleo essencial do capim-citronela variaram conforme a dose de adubo mineral utilizado.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of four doses of mineral fertilization in biomass production, the content and composition of essential oil of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) in five harvest seasons. In the evaluation of the production of biomass of citronella grass was adopted the statistical design in block randomized in a subdivided plot scheme, with five repetitions. The plots consisted by four levels of mineral fertilization with fertilizers NPK (0, 50, 100 and 150% of the recommended dose) the recommendation of mineral fertilizer was 100 kg ha-1 P205, 40 hg ha-1 K2O and 50 kg N ha-1 provided by superphosphate, potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate, respectively; the subplots for five harvest times (60, 88, 116, 144 and 172 days after transplant). The extraction of essential oil of citronella grass was made by hydrodistillation and the identification of compounds of the essential oil by GC/MS. The mineral fertilizer of 150% of the recommended dose propitiated the biggest taxes of growth in all the analyzed variable. The biggest essential oil content was obtained in the doses of 100% (1.59%) and 150% of NPK (1.67%). Ten chemical compounds were identified in essential oil of citronella grass, between monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The majority compounds of the essential oil were the citronellal, geraniol and elemol. The content and the composition of the essential oil of citronella grass varied depending on the dose of mineral fertilizer used.

Organic and mineral fertilization and chemical composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) essential oil

Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae, is an herb with great growth prospects in the cosmetic industry due to its essential oil. In order to improve its production, it is necessary to study related agricultural practices. This study evaluated the effect of organic and mineral fertilization on the chemical composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) essential oil. The assay was conducted at the "Fazenda Experimental do Glória" of the Federal University of Uberlândia, and essential oil extraction and GC/MS analyses were completed by the Centre for Research and Development on Plant Genetic Resources of the Campinas Agronomic Institute. The assay was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The tested treatments were six types of fertilization (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 kg.m-2 of cattle manure and mineral fertilizing with 60 g.m-2 of NPK 4-14-8 + 4 g.m-2 of boric acid) with four replications. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation in a modified Clevenger apparatus. The chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. The essential oil presented the same compounds for all treatments; however, the relative proportion of some chemical constituents was altered according to the treatment. Neral, geranial, and citronellal were the major constituents.