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Abstract Uterine fibroids are the most common benign gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age, and ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for their diagnosis and characterization. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics developed a system for describing and classifying uterine fibroids uniformly and consistently. An accurate description of fibroids in the ultrasound report is essential for planning surgical treatment and preventing complications. In this article, we review the ultrasound findings of fibroids, detailing the main points to be reported for preoperative evaluation. In addition, we propose a structured, illustrated report template to describe fibroids, based on the critical points for surgical planning.
Resumo Os miomas uterinos são os tumores ginecológicos benignos mais comuns em mulheres em idade reprodutiva, sendo a ultrassonografia a modalidade de imagem de primeira linha para seu diagnóstico e caracterização. A Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia desenvolveu um sistema para descrever e classificar os miomas uterinos de forma uniforme e consistente. Uma descrição precisa dos miomas no laudo ultrassonográfico é essencial para o planejamento do tratamento cirúrgico e prevenção de complicações. Neste artigo, revisamos os achados ultrassonográficos de miomas, detalhando os principais pontos a serem relatados para avaliação pré-operatória. Além disso, propomos um modelo de relatório estruturado e ilustrado para descrição de miomas, com base nos pontos críticos para o planejamento cirúrgico.
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RESUMEN Introducción: Los leiomiomas uterinos son los tumores ginecológicos benignos más comunes; son causa de anemia, infertilidad, alteración en la implantación embrionaria, pérdida gestacional recurrente, parto prematuro e incontinencia urinaria. Su transformación maligna es excepcional. La afectación a la fertilidad, se asocia con miomas entre el 3 % y el 31 % y depende de su ubicación y tamaño, sobre todo en los que distorsionan la cavidad uterina. Objetivo: Describir las opciones terapéuticas para una joven nulípara con un mioma uterino intramural gigante. Caso Clínico: Paciente de 30 años de edad, con antecedentes de mioma uterino intramural, de 5 años de evolución, además anemia ferripriva. Aqueja menstruaciones abundantes y dolorosas, incontinencia urinaria y constipación. El tratamiento fue escalonado, mediante el uso de acetato de goserelina, embolización selectiva de las arterias uterinas y posterior miomectomía. Conclusiones: El tratamiento del mioma uterino en la mujer joven, nulípara, depende del tamaño, localización, sintomatología asociada, edad de la paciente y deseo de engendrar descendencia.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign gynecological tumors; they are a cause of anemia, infertility, altered embryo implantation, recurrent gestational loss, premature delivery and urinary incontinence. Their malignant transformation is exceptional. Fertility impairment is associated with myomas in between 3 % and 31 % and depends on their location and size, especially in those that distort the uterine cavity. Objective: To describe the therapeutic options for a nulliparous girl with a giant intramural uterine fibroid. Clinical Case: A 30-year-old patient with a 5-year history of intramural uterine fibroid, in addition to iron deficiency anemia. She complains of heavy and painful periods, urinary incontinence and constipation. Treatment was staggered, using goserelin acetate, selective embolization of the uterine arteries, and subsequent myomectomy. Conclusions: The treatment of uterine fibroid in young, nulliparous women depends on the size, location, associated symptoms, age of the patient and desire to have offspring.
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RESUMEN Se presentaron dos pacientes a las cuales se les realizó una miomectomía en los meses de enero y marzo de 2017, en la localidad de Luanda, Angola. Ambas fueron atendidas en la consulta de Ginecología por: aumento de volumen del abdomen, sangramiento genital durante la menstruación y fuera de ella, síntomas compresivos caracterizados por urgencia miccional y estreñimiento, además de infertilidad. Se les realizaron: exámenes de laboratorio, ultrasonido ginecológico y renal, así como histerosalpingografía. Después del análisis de estos exámenes se les diagnosticó una miomatosis uterina múltiple; fueron remitidas al salón de operaciones con previo consentimiento informado y se les practicó una miomectomía múltiple sin complicaciones transoperatorias. Se conservó el útero en ambas pacientes, las cuales tuvieron una recuperación postoperatoria satisfactoria. Una de estas pacientes logró un embarazo cinco meses después de la cirugía.
ABSTRACT We present two patients who had a myomectomy in January and March 2017, in Luanda, Angola. Both were treated in the Gynecology consultation due to increased abdominal volume, genital bleeding during and between periods, compressive symptoms characterized by urinary urgency, constipation and infertility. Laboratory tests, gynecological and renal ultrasound, as well as hysterosalpingography were performed. After the analysis of these tests, they were diagnosed with multiple uterine myomas, referred to the operating room with prior informed consent and underwent a multiple myomectomy without transoperative complications. The uterus was preserved in both patients, who had a satisfactory postoperative recovery. One of these patients got pregnant five months after surgery.
Subject(s)
Uterine Myomectomy , Infertility , Infertility, Female , Leiomyoma , MyomaABSTRACT
RESUMEN La inversión uterina no puerperal es muy rara. Se comunica un caso asociado con leiomiomatosis. Se trató de una multípara de 45 años que manifestó sangrado vaginal grave, dolor pélvico y sensación de cuerpo extraño vaginal. Se diagnosticó mioma uterino en fase abortiva. Se programó para miomectomía con probable histerectomía abdominal y se encontró inversión uterina completa. Este reporte constituye un caso anecdótico de inversión uterina no puerperal, cuyo tratamiento quirúrgico fue exitoso.
ABSTRACT Non-puerperal uterine inversion is very rare. A case associated with leiomyomatosis is reported. The case of a 45-year-old multiparous woman with severe vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and vaginal foreign body sensation is presented. Uterine leiomyoma in abortive phase was diagnosed. She was scheduled for myomectomy with probable abdominal hysterectomy and complete uterine inversion was found. This report is an anecdotal case of non-puerperal uterine inversion, whose surgical treatment was successful.
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No ano de 2018, aproximadamente 549.000 cirurgias robóticas em ginecologia foram realizadas no mundo, ocupando o segundo lugar em volume de procedimentos. Estudos sugerem superioridade ou equivalência dessa tecnologia em relação à cirurgia laparoscópica, porém o custo, a disponibilidade e o treinamento limitam sua adoção. Nesta revisão narrativa, os principais benefícios e limitações dos procedimentos ginecológicos robóticos foram analisados. O uso de robôs na histerectomia para o tratamento de lesões benignas apresentou menor incidência de lesões iatrogênicas e de sangramentos em relação à laparoscopia convencional. Na miomectomia robótica, além de menor taxa de complicações, maior volume de miomas retirados foi observado. A cirurgia robótica tem sido bem-sucedida para cirurgias de estadiamento no câncer de endométrio em estágios precoces (I e II), devido à menor taxa de complicações em relação à cirurgia aberta e aos resultados satisfatórios obtidos em mulheres obesas. A histerectomia robótica realizada no tratamento de câncer de colo do útero apresentou menor perda sanguínea em parte dos estudos, porém um ensaio clínico recente demonstrou maior mortalidade no grupo dos procedimentos minimamente invasivos. Espera-se que, com a redução dos custos e a ampliação dos treinamentos, a cirurgia robótica seja uma ferramenta complementar às modalidades já existentes.(AU)
In 2018, 549,000 robotic gynecology surgeries were done in the world, ranking second in volume of procedures. Studies suggest the superiority or equivalence of this technology over laparoscopic surgery, but its cost, availability, and training limit its adoption. In this narrative review, the benefits and limitations of robotic gynecological procedures were investigated. Using robots in hysterectomy for the management of benign lesions showed a lower incidence of iatrogenic lesions and bleeding compared to conventional laparoscopy. In robotic myomectomy, besides a lower complication rate, a larger volume of removed fibroids was noted. Robotic surgery has been successful in the early stages (I and II) endometrial cancer staging surgeries, because of the lower complication rate compared to open surgery and the satisfactory results achieved in obese women. Robotic hysterectomy performed in the treatment of cervical cancer showed less blood loss in part of the studies, but a recent clinical trial showed higher mortality in the minimally invasive procedures group. It is desired that with the reduction of costs and the spread of training robotic surgery will be a complementary tool to existing modalities.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Gynecologic Surgical Procedures/methods , Robotic Surgical Procedures , Postoperative Complications , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Databases, Bibliographic , Treatment Outcome , Laparoscopy/methods , Uterine Myomectomy/instrumentation , Genital Neoplasms, Female/surgery , Hysterectomy/instrumentation , Intraoperative Complications , Leiomyoma/surgeryABSTRACT
Abstract Objective To evaluate the factors associated with complete myomectomy in a single surgical procedure and the aspects related to the early complications. Methods A cross-sectional study with women with submucous myomas. The dependent variables were the complete myomectomy performed in a single hysteroscopic procedure, and the presence of early complications related to the procedure. Results We identified 338 women who underwent hysteroscopic myomectomy. In 89.05% of the cases, there was a single fibroid to be treated. According to the classification of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, FIGO, in French),most fibroids were of grade 0 (66.96%), followed by grade 1 (20.54%), and grade 2 (12.50%). The myomectomies were complete in 63.31% of the cases, and the factors independently associated with complete myomectomy were the diameter of the largest fibroid (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.96-0.98) and the classification 0 of the fibroid according to the FIGO (PR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.18-3.52). We observed early complications in 13.01% of the hysteroscopic procedures (4.44% presented excessive bleeding during the procedure, 4.14%, uterine perforation, 2.66%, false route, 1.78%, fluid overload, 0.59%, exploratory laparotomy, and 0.3%, postoperative infection). The only independent factor associated with the occurrence of early complications was incomplete myomectomy (PR: 2.77; 95%CI: 1.43-5.38). Conclusions Our results show that hysteroscopic myomectomy may result in up to 13% of complications, and the chance of complete resection is greater in small and completely intracavitary fibroids; women with larger fibroids and with a high degree of myometrial penetration have a greater chance of developing complications from hysteroscopic myomectomy.
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados a miomectomia por histeroscopia completa em um único procedimento e as suas complicações. Métodos Estudo de corte transversal com mulheres submetidas a histeroscopia para exérese de miomas submucosos. As variáveis dependentes foram a miomectomia completa realizada em um tempo cirúrgico único, e a presença de complicações precoces relacionadas ao procedimento. Resultados Analisamos 338 mulheres que foram submetidas a miomectomia histeroscópica. Em 89,05% dos casos, o mioma a ser tratado era único. Quanto à classificação da Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, FIGO, em francês), a maioria era de grau 0 (66,96%), seguidos pelos graus 1 (20,54%) e 2 (12,50%). As miomectomias foram completas em 63,31% das mulheres, sendo que os fatores independentemente associados à miomectomia completa foram o diâmetro do maior mioma (razão de prevalência [RP]: 0,97; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,96-0,98) e a classificação FIGO grau 0 (RP: 2,04; IC95%: 1,18-3,52). Foram observadas complicações precoces em 13,01% dos procedimentos (4,44% apresentaram sangramento excessivo durante o procedimento, 4,14%, perfuração uterina, 2,66%, falso pertuito, 1,78%, intoxicação hídrica, 0,59%, laparotomia exploradora, e 0,3%, infecção pósoperatória). O único fator independentemente associado à ocorrência de complicações precoces foi a realização de miomectomia incompleta (RP: 2,77; IC95%: 1,43-5,38). Conclusão Nossos resultados mostram que as complicações da miomectomia por histeroscopia podem ocorrer em até 13% dos procedimentos. A chance de ressecção completa é maior em miomas pequenos e completamente intracavitários; mulheres com miomas maiores e com maior grau de penetração miometrial têm maiores chances de desenvolver complicações.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Aged , Uterine Neoplasms/surgery , Cross-Sectional Studies , Blood Loss, Surgical , Leiomyoma/surgery , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications , Uterine Myomectomy/adverse effects , Intraoperative ComplicationsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the safety of colpotomy in terms of intra- and post-operative complications in women taken to laparoscopy for the removal of benign masses. Materials and methods: Case series of patients with benign adnexal or uterine masses taken to laparoscopic surgery and removal of the specimen through colpotomy. The patients signed the informed consent. Patients with obliterated posterior cul-de-sac, narrow vagina, absence or uterus, deep endometriosis, inflammatory pelvic disease, masses of less than 4 cm, were excluded. Consecutive sampling was used. Sociodemographic, clinical, qualitative and quantitative variables were studied by means of a descriptive analysis of the data. The research study was endorsed by the ethics committee of the institution. Results: During the study period, 12 procedures for the removal of benign pelvic masses using posterior colpotomy were performed. Mean age was 34.3 years (IQR: 29-39,5). Of these cases, 50% were nulliparous women. Mean surgical time was 127 minutes (IQR: 90-150). There were no conversions to laparotomy, and there were no intra- or postoperative complications. Conclusions: Posterior colpotomy is an option that can be considered in the removal of benign pelvic masses of more than 5 cm in size.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la seguridad de la colpotomía en mujeres llevadas a laparoscopia por masas benignas en términos de complicaciones intra y posoperatorias. Materiales y métodos: Serie de casos que incluyó pacientes con masas anexiales o uterinas benignas, sometidas a laparoscopia operatoria con extracción de la pieza quirúrgica mediante colpotomía, previo consentimiento informado. Se excluyeron pacientes con fondo de saco posterior obliterado, vagina estrecha, ausencia de útero, endometriosis profunda, enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, masas menores de 4 cm, muestreo consecutivo. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, cualitativas y cuantitativas mediante un análisis descriptivo. La investigación fue avalada por el comité de ética médica de la institución. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se realizaron 12 extracciones de masas pélvicas benignas por colpotomía posterior. La mediana de la edad fue de 34,3 años (Rango Intercuartílico - RIC: 29-39,5). El 50 % de las pacientes eran nulíparas. La mediana de tiempo quirúrgico fue de 127 minutos (RIC: 90-150). No se realizó ninguna conversión a laparotomía. No se presentaron complicaciones intra ni posoperatorias. Conclusiones: La colpotomía posterior es una alternativa por considerar en la extracción de masas pélvicas benignas cuando tengan un tamaño mayor a 5 cm.
Subject(s)
Humans , Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery , Laparoscopy , Colpotomy , Uterine Myomectomy , MorcellationABSTRACT
Esta revisão tem como objetivo determinar o efeito da miomectomia histeroscópica sobre a performance reprodutiva de mulheres, com leiomiomas submucosos, tentando engravidar há, pelo menos, 12 meses e sem outras causas definidas de infertilidade. Foram revistos estudos clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECCR) publicados entre janeiro de 2005 e agosto de 2015 nas bases de dados MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine) e a Biblioteca Cochrane. Os desfechos examinados foram a taxa geral de gravidez, taxa de gravidez por tipo de leiomioma submucoso e tempo médio entre a intervenção e a gravidez. As publicações mostraram resultados favoráveis à realização da miomectomia histeroscópica quando comparada à não ressecção do leiomioma, atingindo taxas gerais de gravidez de até 63,4% no grupo intervenção e de apenas 28,2% no grupo controle. Resultados semelhantes ainda foram obtidos quando avaliadas as taxas de gravidez por tipo de leiomiomas submucosos. Apenas um estudo avaliou o tempo médio entre intervenção e gravidez, evidenciando redução significativa deste desfecho nas pacientes submetidas ao procedimento cirúrgico. Um importante benefício com a miomectomia histeroscópica não pode ser excluído nessas pacientes sugerindo um aumento nas taxas de gravidez quando essa cirurgia é realizada. Porém, mais ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados são necessários para comprovar tal benefício.(AU)
This review aim to determine the effect of hysteroscopic myomectomy on reproductive performance of women with submucosal fibroids trying to conceive for at least 12 months and with otherwise unexplained infertility. The analysis was limited to only randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) published between January 2005 and August 2015, with reference to the MEDLINE database (National Library of Medicine) and the Cochrane Library. The selected endpoints were overall pregnancy rate, pregnancy rate by type of submucosal fibroids and mean time between intervention and pregnancy. The studies showed favorable results performing hysteroscopic myomectomy when compared to no resection of the fibroid, reaching overall pregnancy rates of up to 63,4% in the intervention group and only 28,2% in the control group. Similar results were also obtained when evaluated pregnancy rates by the type of submucosal fibroids. Only one study evaluated the mean time between intervention and pregnancy, showing significant reduction in this outcome in patients undergoing the surgical procedure. An important benefit with hysteroscopic myomectomy cannot be excluded in these patients, suggesting an increase in pregnancy rates when the surgery is performed. But more randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm this benefit.(AU)