ABSTRACT
( change) in (（）, pulse change indicates the abnormal changes inside body) in the (), the Bamboo Slips of Han Dynasty in Zhangjiashan is related to the classical thought on and the theory on meridians at early era. The connotation of was explored in views of interdisciplinary perspectives, such as Chinese medicine, philology and philosophy in the ancient time. It refers to the pulse changes as mentioned in ancient medical books, indicating the abnormal changes in the body. Before the ancient medical canonization marked as sphygmology, the ancient medical scholar focused on monism. Based on the thinking mode as analogy and detecting the root from the phenomenon, it is believed that refers to the imbalance of activity inside the body, manifested with the abnormal pulse change at relevant pulse region on the body surface. Accordingly, the disorders inside the body are detected by palpation.
ABSTRACT
[Objective] Analyze the discussion of Qi and Qi transformation in Huangdi Neijing, therefore to give insight into the Qi Theory of TCM. [Methods] Analyze articles about Qi and Qi transformation in Huangdi Neijing, as well as comments from doctors of all dynasties, to summerize the understanding on Qi and Qi transformation of Huangdi Neijin. [Result] In the whole book of Huangdi Neijing, there are 19 chapters named after Qi, 1700 (2997) characters of Qi are mentioned, and there are 7 discussions upon Qi transformation. The Qi mentioned in Huangdi Neijing can be material, or functional, or be able to transform. The conception of Qi transformation includes six parts: the transformation among Yin and Yang, among the five elements, and the growth and transformation among all kinds of essences, the transportation, nutrition and transformation among all kinds of matters, as well as the transportation of Qi and the transformation of five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors.[Conclusion] Qi transformation is mentioned in all but a few chapters in Huangdi Neijing. Everything, from matters growing to turning into essences is actually Qi transformation. In Huangdi Neijing's view, Qi transformation is the fundamental of all matters coming into being, and the fundamental to stay healthy, therefore the fundamental of preserving health, diagnosis and treatment.
ABSTRACT
Durante toda sua obra, Freud concebe os processos psíquicos como derivados da atividade do cérebro. Aqui é proposta uma reconstituição dos passos inferenciais (constituindo uma seqüência lógica e não cronológica), possibilitados por essa concepção psiconeural, que levaram (sob a influência dos fatos clínicos) ao conceito psicanalítico de inconsciente. Os processos neurofisiológicos subjacentes ao psíquico devem possuir complexidade suficiente para justificar as propriedades psíquicas conhecidas pela consciência. Para Freud, a consciência é uma espécie de percepção interna de processos psíquicos. Como a consciência não é inerente a esses processos, torna-se natural imaginar que eles possam também ocorrer sem serem percebidos (processos pré-conscientes). O conceito de inconsciente propriamente dito também se mostra tributário de sua concepção psiconeural.
Along all his works Freud conceives of psychical processes as derived from the activity of the brain. We offer here a reconstruction of the inferential steps (making up a logical and not a chronological sequence), made possible by this psychoneural conception, that have led (under the influence of clinical facts) to the psychoanalytical concept of the unconscious. Neurophysiological processes underlying psychical reality must possess enough complexity to justify the psychical properties known by consciousness. According to Freud, consciousness is a sort of internal perception of psychical processes. As consciousness is not inherent to these processes, it is natural to imagine that they may also occur without being perceived (preconscious processes). The concept of the unconscious properly said also appears as dependent on this psychoneural conception.
Subject(s)
Conscience , Freudian Theory , Neuropsychology , Neurosciences , Philosophy , Psychoanalysis , Unconscious, PsychologyABSTRACT
Qi was a basic concept of material existence in Chinese ancient philosophy.Qi was the flowing and microscopic existence in pre-qin dynasty,which was different from liquid and solid.Qi was the important conception of the flowing and microscopic existence in Inner Canon of Huangdi,which constructed the medical theory and explained the nature,human body,physiology and pathology.Thus,it made the TCM theory belong to materialistic epistemology.Qi explained the existence of life material which could not be cognized at that time,this made TCM theory do not need to study what material was,but to study what the changes of material were,then promoted the progress of medical science.