ABSTRACT
Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of organophosphate agrochemicals, namely monocrotophos and glyphosate on soil chemical parameters, microbial population and activities of certain vital exoenzymes e.g. invertase, amylase, cellulase, dehydrogenase and protease at 7 days interval over an incubation period of 84 days. Methodology: Three concentrations of monocrotophos (1.0 g kg-1 soil-low T1, 2.0 g kg-1 soil-medium T2, 3.0 g kg-1 soil-high T3) and glyphosate (0.1 g kg-1 soil-low T1, 0.15 g kg-1 soil-medium T2, 0.2 g kg-1 soil-high T3) were applied to soil. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) were assessed. Bacterial and fungal population along with activities of exoenzymes were also studied. Data were analysed using two way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). Results: Significant variations (p<0.05) of chemical parameters, except P and K, in treated soil between concentrations and time over the incubation period were observed. Microbial population and exoenzymes showed significant variations (p<0.05) in response to agrochemical treatments. Invariably, lower microbial load and enzyme activities were noticed in treated soil relative to control. Interpretation: The study indicated that monocrotophos and glyphosate at recommended and elevated concentrations in soil could adversely impact microbial growth. Inhibited microbial population culminated in lower exoenzyme activity
ABSTRACT
Despite extensive research in understanding toxic effects of monocrotophos, some uncertainty exists. The results showed a decrease in SOD activity both in smoker and non-smoker exposed groups when compared to the control group in the present study. The mean SOD activity in non-smoker control group was 1263±7.22 and the same has decreased to 496.0±9.123 in the non-smoker exposed group. Similarly a decrease in SOD activity was observed in smoker exposed group. While SOD activity in control group is 1258.3±12.79 it has decreased to 496.0±9.12 in the smokers exposed to monocrotophos pesticide. The results showed a decrease in GPX activity both in smoker and nonsmoker exposed groups when compared to the control group. The mean GPX activity in non-smoker control group was 20.62±4.14 and the same has decreased to10.75 ±2.87 in the non-smoker exposed group.
ABSTRACT
Occupationally exposed monocrotophos pesticide sprayers revealed various health complications like hyper tension, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular problems, headache, eye irritation, cold, sinus problems, asthma, backache, fatigue, skin allergy, joint pains and acidity. There was a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity in exposed group when compared to control group. Significant increase was seen in the activity of Glutathione-Stransferase in long term exposure to monocrotophos pesticide sprayers. Present study is an attempt to explore the status of usage of monocrotophos in Ramayanpet Village of Medak district in Andhra Pradesh State of India.
ABSTRACT
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of monocrotophos in ciliate models Paramecium caudatum and Oxytricha fallax. In acute toxicity studies higher concentrations of monocrotophos caused marked increase in mobility of cells exhibiting rocking movements within two mins of exposure but were decreased after 30 mins. LC50 value by mortality curve for 3 hr acute toxicity test of Oxytricha fallax and Paramecium caudatum was found 307.744±33.27mg l-1 and 332.284±57.52 mg l-1 respectively. Oxytricha fallax was found sensitive than Paramecium caudatum to monocrotophos. In acute exposure cells showed deformities such as swelling, oval shaped deformity and in higher concentrations shortening of longitudinal axis with blackening of cytoplasm occurred. The length of paramecia was reduced prominently. Similarly, enlargement of contractile vacuole and stress egestion of food vacuoles was also observed. The morphological studies showed the changes in shape, size, colour and width of Paramecia and Oxytricha. Frequencies of macronuclear aberrations were significant showing deformities such as rod shaped, elongation, fragmentation, diffusion and total absence of nucleus and were concentration dependent. The data provided in the present study, on interaction of pesticides with nuclear structure can be of immense value because most of these pesticides have been reported to have carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic properties.
ABSTRACT
Piaractus mesopotamicus is a freshwater native fish from rivers of the Paraná-Paraguay Basin and of the Pantanal region and has been used for repopulation programs in Brazil. Juvenile fishes were exposed to the sub-lethal dose of 1.08mg/L of the OP Azodrin®400 containing 0.43µL/L of the active principle monocrotophos for 96 h. A frequent pathology in the gills at all times of exposure was epithelial detachment, from minimal until 24 h of exposure, to intense after 48 h of contamination. Deformed pillar cells in the respiratory lamellae leading to irregular blood spaces and blood congestion, as well as hyperplasia and lamellar fusion were observed. These histopathologies suggested that 48 h after T0 was an important time when a reduction in the capability for gaseous exchange with consequent weakening of the fishes' condition could occur. This could impair growth and development of juveniles introduced in water bodies for repopulation programs.
Piaractus mesopotamicus é um peixe de água doce encontrado na Bacia Paraná-Paraguai e na região do Pantanal, tendo sido usado em programas de repovoamento no Brasil. Peixes juvenis foram expostos por 96 horas à dose sub-letal de 1.08mg/L do organofosforado (OP) Azodrin®400 que contém 0,43µL/L do principio ativo monocrotofós. A patologia freqüente nas brânquias foi o descolamento epitelial que variou de mínimo nas primeiras 24 horas a severo ou intenso após 48 horas de contaminação. Deformações e degeneração de células pilares nas lamelas respiratórias levando à formação de espaços sanguíneos irregulares e congestão sanguínea, hiperplasia e fusão lamelar também foram observadas. Sugere-se que 48 horas após o T0 é um tempo crítico após exposição a níveis subletais de OP, pois a capacidade de trocas gasosas poderá ter diminuído, levando ao enfraquecimento dos peixes. Os sintomas poderão prejudicar o desenvolvimento dos juvenis introduzidos em corpos de água em programas de repovoamento.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of monocrotophos in mice.Methods Sixty pregnant Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups,15 in each:three groups were exposed to the monocrotophos at the doses of 0.05,0.10 and 0.20 mg/kg,10 ml/kg through gavage,during the period of organ formation(from 7th day to 16th day),once a day and the control group to distilled water.The pregnant mice were weighted in day of 0,6,12,18,and 20,and were sacrificed on 20th day of pregnancy.The numbers of living,dead and absorbed fetus were counted,and the uterus and placenta were weighted.The deformity examination was conducted.Results The maternal body weight of exposure groups were lower than those of control group in 12,18 and 20 day of pregnancy.With the increased doses of monocrotophos,the weights of pregnant mice showed a downward trend.Compared with the control group,the rates of dead fetus and absorbed fetus increased significantly,and the rates of living fetus,the fetal body weight and body length,tail length and placental weight decreased significantly(P