Corpos de adolescentes e a função do olhar / Cuerpos adolescentes y función de la mirada / Adolescent bodies and the function of the gaze / Corps d'adolescents et fonction du regard

Este artigo coloca em perspectiva a questão do olhar e o processo de subjetivação da adolescência. O que significa ver e ser visto durante este momento tão particular da existência que é a adolescência? Durante as metamorfoses da puberdade, a questão do olhar sobre um corpo que se transforma e escapa ao sujeito pode ser uma fonte de angústia e, às vezes, leva o adolescente a escondê-lo ou exibi-lo. Com base em monografias escritas no decorrer de sua prática profissional enquanto professora de Educação Física do Ensino Médio francês (lycée), a autora revisita os três tempos da pulsão escópica para entender as dificuldades que os adolescentes têm para tecer novamente um imaginário diante do real da puberdade

Este artículo pone en perspectiva la cuestión de la mirada y el proceso de subjetivación adolescente. ¿Qué significa ver y ser visto en este momento tan particular de la existencia que es la adolescencia? Durante las metamorfosis de la pubertad, la cuestión de cómo mirar un cuerpo que se transforma y se escapa del sujeto puede ser fuente de ansiedad y a veces lleva al adolescente a ocultarlo o bien a exhibirlo. Basándose en monografías escritas en el curso de su práctica profesional como profesora de educación física profesora en la enseñanza secundaria francesa (lycée),la autora revisa las tres etapas del impulso escópico para comprender las dificultades que tienen los adolescentes para volver a tejer un mundo imaginario destrozado por la realidad del inicio de la pubertad

This article puts into perspective the question of the gaze and the process of adolescent subjectivation. What does it mean to see and be seen during this very particular moment of existence that is adolescence? During the metamorphosis that occurs at puberty, the gaze directed on a transforming body that slips away from the subject can be a cause of anxiety and sometimes leads the adolescent to hide or exhibit their body. Based on monographs written in the course of her professional practice in French secondary education (lycée), the author revisits the three stages of the scopic drive to understand the difficulties adolescents have in reweaving an imaginary world shattered by the reality of the onset of puberty

Cet article met en perspective la question du regard et le processus de subjectivation adolescent. Que veut dire voir et être vu lors de ce moment si particulier de l'existencequ'est l'adolescence? Suite aux métamorphoses de la puberté, la question du regard sur un corps qui se transforme et échappe au sujet peut être source d'angoisse et amène parfois l'adolescent à le cacher ou à l'exhiber. À partir de monographies rédigées au cours de sa pratique professionnelle d'enseignante d'EPS au lycée, l'auteure revisite les trois temps de la pulsion scopique pour comprendre les difficultés qu'ont les adolescents à retisser un imaginaire percuté par le réel de l'irruption pubertaire

Introduction of OTC Monograph System in USA and Its Enlightenment to China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To put forward some suggestions for the implementation of OTC monograph in China. METHODS ： Literature research was used to comprehensively review the concept ，emergence and development ，function of OTC monograph in USA；referring to experience in USA ，the necessity and feasibility of monograph system for OTC registration and evaluation in China were explored ，and some suggestions were put forward to the implementation of OTC monograph in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：OTC monograph in USA refers to the regulatory standards that should be followed when selling OTC products not included in new drug applications. The monograph originates from the re-evaluation project of the effectiveness of OTC drugs ， which plays a special role in accelerating the drug marketing and promoting product innovation. The OTC monograph system is necessary to help to optimize the OTC registration and evaluation ，but at present ，the conditions to establish and implement OTC monograph are not yet ripe in China. Based on the optimization of resource allocation and infrastructure construction ，national OTC drug management experience ，OTC monograph can play a full part in OTC registration and evaluation ，in terms of carrying out in-depth research ，taking pilot test ，improving risk management system and enhancing drug review resource allocation ability.

Caracterização dos trabalhos de conclusão de curso da graduação em terapia ocupacional de uma universidade pública / Characterization of graduation final paper work in occupational therapy of a public university

Resumo Introdução O Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCC) tem a finalidade de aproximar o aluno da prática de pesquisa e da vivência com os aspectos éticos pertinentes à propriedade intelectual e à pesquisa com seres humanos. Sua elaboração oportuniza a investigação de um problema e a elaboração de soluções que consolidam o conhecimento adquirido ao longo do curso. Objetivo Caracterizar os TCCs da graduação em terapia ocupacional de uma universidade pública. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quali-quanti, que utilizou para coleta de dados informações descritas em 154 documentos, assim como em questionários respondidos por 24 professores orientadores. Resultados Os trabalhos eram majoritariamente pesquisas de revisão de literatura ou documental, com abordagem qualitativa, que utilizaram o caderno de campo como instrumento de coleta de dados. As áreas mais frequentemente estudadas foram a de Contextos Hospitalares e Saúde de Família, em trabalhos relacionados aos temas vivenciados pelos alunos em projetos de extensão, pesquisa, disciplinas ou estágio. As orientações foram realizadas apenas pelo professor orientador, dentro de suas áreas de pesquisa, e o problema mais encontrado foi a dificuldade no processo de escrita do aluno. As bancas de avaliação foram constituídas por professores efetivos ou temporários do próprio curso, que sinalizaram a metodologia como a principal falha dos trabalhos. Conclusão Os dados mostraram que os alunos necessitam de mais oportunidades para exercitar e preparar um texto científico antes do momento da elaboração do TCC, e que os professores precisam apoiar seus orientandos na busca de objetos de pesquisa, instrumentos e metodologias mais diversificados.

Abstract Introduction: The final paper has the purpose of bringing the student closer to the practice of research and experience with the ethical aspects which are relevant to intellectual property and research with human beings. Its elaboration facilitates the investigation of a problem and the elaboration of solutions that consolidate the knowledge acquired during the course. Objective Featuring the graduation final paper in occupational therapy of a public university. Method This is descriptive, qualitative-quantitative research that used data which were collected in 154 documents, as well as in questionnaires answered by 24 advisors. Results The works were mostly literature review or documentary research, with a qualitative approach, which used the field notebook as a data collection instrument. The most studied areas were the Hospital Context and Family Health, in works related to the themes experienced by the students in projects of extension, research, disciplines or internship. The orientations were carried out only by the advisor, within their research areas, and the most found problem was the difficulty in the student's writing process. The examination boards were made up of effective or temporary teachers from the own course, who signaled the methodology as the main failure of the work. Conclusion The data showed that students need more opportunities to exercise and elaborate a scientific text before the moment of the final paper creation and those teachers need to support their pupils in the search for more diversified research objects, instruments, and methodologies.

A pedagogia psicodramática como um método facilitador na escolha do tema monográfico / Psychodramatic pedagogy as a facilitating method in choosing the monographic theme / La pedagogía psicodramática como un método facilitador en la elección deltema monográfico

Este artigo tem por objetivo compreender a pedagogia psicodramática como um método facilitador na escolha do tema monográfico. Para isso, foram utilizados o método científico da pesquisa-ação e o estudo de caso, tendo a pedagogia psicodramática como método didático e a fenomenologia existencial como método filosófico. A aplicabilidade aconteceu no primeiro encontro de orientação de monografia. Foi possível perceber que a aluna/orientanda não apenas identificou o tema, mas também desenvolveu a espontaneidade e a criatividade na construção da monografia.

This article aims to understand psychodramatic pedagogy as a facilitating method in choosing the monographic theme. For this, the scientific method of research-action and case study were used, adopting psychodramatic pedagogy as a didactic method and existential phenomenology as a philosophical method. Applicability occurred at the first monograph orientation meeting. It was possible to perceive that the student/mentee not only identified the theme, but also developed spontaneity and creativity in the construction of monograph.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo comprender la pedagogía psicodramática como un método facilitador en la elección del tema monográfico. Para ello, se utilizaron el método científico de la investigación-acción y el estudio de caso, teniendo la pedagogía psicodramática como método didáctico y la fenomenología existencial como método filosófico. La aplicabilidad ocurrió en el primer encuentro de orientación de monografía. Fue posible percibir que la alumna/orientanda no sólo identificó el tema, sino también desarrolló la espontaneidad y la creatividad en la construcción de la monografía.

Advancing USP compendial methods for fixed dose combinations: A case study of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide tablets / 药物分析学报

The current United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary (USP–NF) includes more than 250 mono-graphs of fixed dose combinations (FDCs), and some of them need to be updated due to incompleteness of impurity profiles and obsolescence of analytical methodologies. A case study of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide tablets is presented to summarize challenges encountered during the USP monograph modernization initiative of FDCs and to highlight an "adoption and adaptation" approach employed for method development. To this end, a single stability-indicating HPLC method was devel-oped to separate the two drug substances and eight related compounds with resolution 2.0 or higher between all critical pairs. Chromatographic separations were achieved on a Symmetry column (C18, 100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) using sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.0; 34 mM) and acetonitrile as mobile phase in a gradient elution mode. The stability-indicating capability of this method has been demon-strated by analyzing stressed samples of the two drug substances. The developed HPLC method was validated for simultaneous determination of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide and relevant impurities in the tablets. Moreover, the developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablet dosage forms and proved to be suitable for routine quality control use. The case study could be used to streamline USP's monograph modernization process of FDCs and strengthen compendial procedures.

As monografias da escola de educação física do Espírito Santo: circulação e produção de saberes (1932-1939) / The monographs from the Espírito Santo school of physical education: knowledge circulation and production (1932-1939) / Las monografías de la escuela de educación física de Espírito Santo: circulación y producción de conocimientos (1932-1939)

Analisa o processo de elaboração de monografias na Escola de Educação Física do Espírito Santo para compreender a formação de professores, a circulação de saberes e sua materialização como dispositivo de controle dos conhecimentos incorporados. Utiliza como fontes os documentos presentes no Arquivo Permanente do Centro de Educação Física e Desportos da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, entre os anos de 1932 e 1939. Usa como referencial teórico e metodológico os conceitos de lutas de representações e circulação e o modelo do paradigma indiciário. Os indícios nos permitem compreender que as monografias eram um dispositivo que reforçava a utilização do Método Francês.Os alunos usaram os recursos disponíveis na escola, como livros e periódicos, para sua elaboração. Os temas presentes nos trabalhos referiam-se aos saberes apresentados para a formação dos professores e à forma como o Método Francês foi utilizado no Estado

This article examines the process of writing monographs at the Espírito Santo School of Physical Education to understand teacher training, knowledge circulation and its materialization as a device to control incorporated knowledge. As sources, it uses documents in the Permanent Archive of the Center for Physical Education and Sports of the Federal University of Espírito Santo between 1932 and 1939. Its theoretical and methodological framework are the concepts of representational struggles, circulation and the model of the index paradigm. The evidence allows us to understand that monographs reinforced the use of the French Method. To write them, students used resources available at the School such as books and journals. The works' topics were related to knowledge presented for teacher training and the way the French Method was used in the state

Analizar el proceso de elaboración de monografías en la Escuela de Educación Física de Espírito Santo para entender la formación del profesorado, la circulación de conocimientos y su materialización como dispositivo de control de los conocimientos incorporados. Utiliza como fuentes los documentos presentes en el Archivo Permanente del Centro de Educación Física y Deportes de la Universidad Federal de Espírito Santo, abarcando el periodo entre 1932 y 1939. Utiliza como referencia teórica y metodológica los conceptos de lucha de representaciones y circulación y el modelo del paradigma indiciario. Los indicios nos permiten comprender que las monografías eran un dispositivo que reforzaba la utilización del Método Francés. Los alumnos utilizaron los recursos disponibles en la escuela, como libros y revistas, para su elaboración. Los temas presentes en el trabajo se referían a los conocimientos presentados para la formación de los profesores y a la forma en que el Método Francés ha sido utilizado en Espírito Santo

Challenges in the end-of-course paper for nursing technical training / Desafíos del trabajo de conclusión de curso en la formación del técnico de enfermería / Desafios do trabalho de conclusão de curso na formação do técnico de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the opinion of Nursing Technical Training students on the stages of construction of the End-of-Course Paper. Method: A cross-sectional study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. A total of 94 students participated from a Nursing Technical course of an institution in the State of São Paulo. A questionnaire was used with assertions, followed by a "Likert Scale" and open field for additional comments. Results: The students gave a positive evaluation of the stages involved in completing the paper, but negative responses regarding the time available and obligatory nature (38%). Nevertheless, they understood the essence of the task, in order to foster personal and professional growth; with perspectives to advance in other modalities of the course. Conclusion: It is important that course administrators and professors are prepared to support their students, aiming at an effective transformation for the way of thinking and practice in health care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la opinión de los estudiantes de la Enseñanza Técnica de Enfermería sobre las etapas de construcción del trabajo de conclusión de curso. Método: Estudio transversal, con abordaje cualitativa y cuantitativa. Participaron 94 estudiantes del curso Técnico de Enfermería de una institución del Estado de São Paulo. Fue utilizado un cuestionario con asertivas, seguidas por una "Escala Likert" y campo abierto para comentarios adicionales. Resultados: Los estudiantes evaluaron positivamente la realización de las etapas de trabajo de conclusión de curso, excepto el tiempo disponible y su obligatoriedad. Ellos asimilaron la esencia de la construcción de ese trabajo, en el sentido de propiciar crecimiento personal y profesional, con perspectivas para avanzar en otras modalidades de curso, aunque 38% no concuerde con la obligatoriedad de esa construcción. Conclusión: Es importante que gestores y docentes estén preparados para apoyar a los estudiantes, visando la efectiva transformación en la manera de pensar y reaccionar en salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a opinião dos estudantes do Ensino Técnico de Enfermagem sobre as etapas de construção do trabalho de conclusão de curso. Método: Estudo transversal, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Participaram 94 estudantes do curso Técnico de Enfermagem de uma instituição do Estado de São Paulo. Foi utilizado um questionário com assertivas, seguidas por uma "Escala Likert" e campo aberto para comentários adicionais. Resultados: Os estudantes avaliaram positivamente a realização das etapas do trabalho de conclusão de curso, exceto o tempo disponível e sua obrigatoriedade. Eles apreenderam a essência da construção desse trabalho, no sentido de propiciar crescimento pessoal e profissional, com perspectivas para avançar em outras modalidades de curso, embora 38% não concorde com a obrigatoriedade dessa construção. Conclusão: É importante que gestores e docentes estejam preparados para apoiar os estudantes, visando a efetiva transformação na forma de pensar e agir em saúde.

Analysis of difficult problems on European Union laws and regulations of traditional herbal medicinal products / 中国中药杂志

Registration of Chinese patent medicine in European Union (EU) is of great significance to the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine as EU market acts as an important position in the global botanical market. In retrospect, the domestic studies on EU regulations of traditional herbal medicinal products have been conducted for more than 10 years, but there is still some cognitive bias and lack of research. In this paper, a review of the relevant research progress and the main misunderstanding problems about Directive 2004/24/EC, like the centralized and decentralized supervision system of traditional herbal medicinal products in the EU, marketing authorization procedures for traditional herbal medicinal products, Community Herbal Monograph and List Entries, would be systematically analyzed, so as to provide reference for the registration of Chinese patent medicine in EU.

Analysis on value of Community Herbal Monograph in registration of traditional Chinese medicinal products in Europe / 中草药

The Community Herbal Monograph (CHM) is an official document which reflects the scientific opinion of European Medicines Agency (EMA) and plays an important role in technical harmonization of the herbal medicinal products. The role of CHM is very similar with the centralized procedure in the EU level as it represents the technical coordination results of the assessment about safety and efficacy of herbal medicine. The monograph and national procedure, decentralized procedure, and mutual recognition procedure together constitute the coexistence characteristic of centralization and decentralization of the EU medical legislation. The CHM and the traditional herbal medicine registration also constitute the core content of Directive 2004/24/EC in the EU and member state level respectively. And the CHM plays an important role in the registration of traditional herbal medicinal products in the EU member state. However, it has not yet been fully studied by domestic experts and scholars. This paper makes intensive studies on the value of CHM and analyzes the application of monograph in traditional herbal medicine registration. The purpose is to clarify the value and importance of CHM in the registration of traditional Chinese medicine in EU and to provide reference for the Chinese enterprises which are aspiring to open up the EU market.

Estresse em Estudantes do Quarto Ano de Graduação Expostos à Realização do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso / Stress Among Fourth-Year Undergraduate Students in the Process of Developing Their Course Term Project

Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de estresse em alunos do quarto (último) ano de graduação, na fase de elaboração do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. Material e Métodos: Foram incluídos 51 alunos dos cursos de Graduação em Fisioterapia, Biologia e Sistemas de Informação de uma universidade de São Paulo - SP, que foram avaliados por meio de questionário de coleta de dados e pelo Inventário para Sintomas de Estresse em Adultos de Lipp. Resultados: Observou-se que o grupo Fisioterapia referiu com maior frequência (n= 10, 76,9%) que tem que fazer as atividades com muita rapidez e 69,2% (n= 9) do mesmo grupo afirmou que o trabalho exige frequentemente habilidades ou conhecimentos especializados (p = 0,002 e p = 0,02, respectivamente, Teste de Kruskal-Wallis). O grupo Biologia pareceu ter o pior relacionamento com os chefes e o melhor com os colegas e também referiu o maior número de sintomas associados ao estresse em 24 horas, uma semana e um mês (p < 0,0001, p < 0,0001 e p = 0,009, respectivamente, Teste de KruskalWallis). Conclusão: O grupo Sistemas de Informação apresentou menor número de sintomas associados ao estresse, sugerindo maior adaptabilidade às exigências e problemas do dia-a-dia por esse grupo, comparado à Fisioterapia e Biologia.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the level of stress among fourthyear undergraduate students in preparation of their course term projects. Materials and Methods: 51 students of Physiotherapy, Biology and Information Systems from a university in São Paulo were included. The student were evaluated using a questionnaire and the Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for adults. Results: The Physiotherapy group reported most frequently having to do the activities very quickly (n= 10, 76.9%). Of these, 69.2% (n=9) reported that the work often requires skill or specialized knowledge (p=0.002 and p=0.02, respectively, Kruskal-Wallis Test). The Biology group seemed to have the worst relationship with the bosses and the best with colleagues and also reported the highest number of symptoms associated with stress in 24 hours, one week and one month (p<0.0001, p<0.0001 and p=0.009 respectively, Kruskal-Wallis Test). Conclusion: The Information Systems group presented a lower number of symptoms related to stress, suggesting more adaptability to the demands and day-by-day problems as compared to Physiotherapy and Biology.(AU)

The discipline construction of medical image technology and analysis of the academic monograph / 中国医学装备

Today’s medical imaging has developed from a single observation of organisms’ anatomy and the change of morphology under the physiological and pathological conditions to the study of biology function and activity mechanism. Furthermore, it has entered into the molecular imaging. Through the analysis of 25 academic monograph and the experiences of convening three national editorial committees, the author successfully analyzes. Before writing, the author should carry out the market research and the writings should be deigned for a readership. The writing team must be equipped with academic quality as well as humanistic quality. And the comprehensive quality of the premier author is of great importance. He needs to call together all the members of the committee to have an all-round and deep communication, do the job as unifying the drafts, advertise sales and revise.

Analysis on current status of assessment on herbal medicinal products in EU and its enlightenment / 中草药

It is of great importance to bring proprietary Chinese medicines to EU as its herbal medicinal product is world-leading, yet the current status for registrations from China is full of challenges. The routes for registration of herbal medicinal products are introduced at first and then the current registration status on the overall assessment of the products, the characteristics of combinations, the utilization of EU monograph and main indications are analyzed. Suggestions on registering proprietary Chinese medicines are made in the end.

Insight into recently issued community herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L., folium and its impact on registration strategy of Ginkgo Folium products in EU / 中草药

In January, 2014, European Medicines Agency (EMEA) issued a draft for community herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L., folium. That means the community herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L., folium has been settled finally. This assay introduces the new Ginkgo monograph briefly, describes the two registering methods and requirements for herbal medicines in EU, and reads the new monograph in more detail. By analyzing the impact of the new monograph on Ginkgo Folium products, this monograph will offer a very important reference and basis for the herbal registration application of Ginkgo Folium products in EU.

Systematic organization of medicinal plant information: a monograph template proposal

The use of medicinal plants in Brazil is widespread and is supported by public policies; it has the objective of providing the population with safe and effective herbal medicines of adequate quality. An action in these policies is to develop medicinal plant monographs to gather published information and decide which medicinal plants should be financed by the Brazilian government and distributed by the public health system. Currently, the monographs published worldwide do not present unified information regarding medicinal plants, and generally, they do not cover enough requirements for herbal medicine registration. The aim of this study is to develop a monograph model with standardized information not only about botany, agronomy, quality control, safety, and efficacy but also about relating regulatory aspects that support herbal medicine regulation. The development of standardized monographs favors the fast authorization and distribution of herbal medicines in the public system. The model also points out the lacking studies that should be carried out to supplement the necessary regulatory information of medicinal plants.

Several Thoughts and Suggestions on International Quality Standard System Construction of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Monographs of Chinese medicine into the United States Pharmacopeia and the European Pharmacopoeia is the prerequisite and foundation for the aim of Chinese medicine standards leading the international standard-set-ting. By comparative analysis of the key issues of quality standards among Chinese, American and European Phar-macopoeia, thoughts and suggestions are proposed on how to implement the construction of international quality stan-dard of traditional Chinese medicine. Meanwhile, under the pressure of the present international environment, the pa-per can also provide some reference and advices which can help to break down the difficult situation for the process of internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.

Key issues in registration of Chinese materia medica in European Union based on "Community Herbal Monograph" / 中草药

The European Legislation Directive 2004/24/EC introduced a simplified registration procedure for traditional herbal medicinal products, which has largely reduced the difficulty of registration for herbal medicinal products. The traditional Chinese medicinal products still face a lot of challenges such as 15-year minimum medicinal use requirements in the European Union (EU) and limited self-medication indication categories and administration modes. As the criteria for a Community Herbal Monograph assessment is in many aspects similar to assessment of safety and efficacy aspects in the registration of a traditional herbal medicinal product, this article has made a systematic evaluation of the latest assessment of Community Herbal Monograph and presented the key issues in traditional Chinese medicinal product registration based on a Community Herbal Monograph perspective. The results from this article will ultimately contribute to supporting and assisting the non-European traditional herbal medicinal product registration in EU.

Preference of patient information leaflets over standard drug monographs by patients prescribed hydrochlorothiazide, nifedipine and enalapril / Preferencia por los prospectos de información al paciente en lugar de las monografías estándar sobre medicamentos, por parte de los pacientes a quienes se les ha prescrito hidroclorotiazida, nifedipina y analapril

Standard drug monographs (SDMs) have been described as deficient in providing information in a manner simplified enough for patient reading. The aim of this study was to design patient information leaflets for hydrochlorothiazide, nifedipine and enalapril with content indicated by patients as relevant and to evaluate them against the SDM. Patient information leaflet (PIL) for each drug was designed to contain information on name, use of drug, how it works, how it is to be taken, common side effects, storage, missed dose action, things to avoid and when to contact the physician. Appropriateness was assessed by 10 practising pharmacists. For each drug, 40 patients were recruited, of which 20 were given SDM and 20 PIL. The knowledge of each participant was examined before and after exposure to SDM or PIL, as well as opinion on ease of reading and attractiveness using Pearson's Chi-square analysis. The results showed that both SDM and PIL improved knowledge of common side effects when compared with responses before exposure (χ² = 24.26for SDM and 27.64 for PIL, p < 0.001) with no difference between the groups. Respondents receiving PILs were better able to recall "things to avoid" after exposure to PIL (χ² =10.85, p < 0.001). After exposure to SDM or PIL, the respondents who received PIL were more aware of when to contact the physician, compared to the SDM group (χ² = 8.41, p < 0.01). When compared with SDM, respondents receiving PIL were more likely to indicate that PIL was easy to read (χ² = 20.00, p < 0.001), attractive (χ² = 12.45, p < 0.001) and they were more likely to recommend distribution of their reading material to other patients (χ² = 22.11, p < 0.001). We conclude that there is benefit in designing information leaflets that simplify language and medication information contained in SDMs, including better understanding of precautions to take while on medication and when to consult physicians.

Las monografías de medicamentos estandarizadas se han considerado deficientes a la hora de proporcionar información de manera suficientemente simple para que el paciente pueda entenderlas. El objetivo de este estudio fue disenar prospectos con información sobre la hidroclorotiazida, la nifedipina y el analapril con contenidos indicados como relevantes por los pacientes, y evaluarlos en comparación con las monografías estandarizadas de medicamentos (MEM). El prospecto de información para el paciente (PIP) fue disenado de modo que apareciera información sobre el nombre del medicamento, su uso, modo de operar, manera de tomarse, efectos secundarios comunes, almacenamiento, qué hacer en caso de perder una dosis, cosas que deben evitarse, y cuando debe contactarse el médico. Se evaluó la adecuación por parte de 10 farmacéuticos practicantes. Para cada medicamento, se reclutaron 40 pacientes, a 20 de los cuales se les dio monografías (MEM), en tanto que a 20 se les ofreció prospectos (PIP). El conocimiento de cada participante se examinó antes y después de la exposición a MEM o PIP, así como la opinión en cuanto a facilidad de lectura y grado de atracción, usando el análisis del Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Los resultados mostraron que tanto MEM como PIP mejoraron el conocimiento sobre los efectos secundarios comunes, cuando se hacía una comparación con las respuestas antes de la exposición (χ² = 24.26para MEMy 27.64para PIP, p < 0.001) sin diferencia entre los grupos. Los encuestados que recibieron prospectos pudieron recordar mejor las "cosas a evitar" luego de la exposición a PIP (χ² =10.85, p < 0.001). Después de la exposición a MEM o PIP, los encuestados con PIP tenían mayor conciencia en cuanto a cuando contactar a un médico, en comparación con el grupo MEM (χ² = 8.41, p < 0.01). Cuando se les comparó con el grupo MEM, los encuestados que recibieron PIP mostraron por una parte mayor probabilidad de indicar que PIP era más fácil de leer (χ² = 20.00, p < 0.001) y atractivo (χ² = 12.45, p < 0.001), y por otra, una mayor tendencia a recomendar la distribución de su material de lectura a otros pacientes (χ² = 22.11, p < 0.001). Se llegó a la conclusión de que es beneficioso disenar prospectos que simplifiquen el lenguajey la información médica contenida en las monografias estándar del medicamento, incluyendo una mejor comprensión de las precauciones a tomar mientras se está bajo medicación, y sobre cuándo consultar al médico.

Las monografías en la edición científica y los perfiles de autoría y productividad en las universidades andaluzas / Monographies in Scholarly Publishing: author's profile and productivity in the andalusies university

La publicación de monografías es una de las actividades más importantes en el ámbito de la edición científica y objetivo prioritario en el sector de la edición universitaria. A pesar de esto se han desarrollado pocos estudios dedicados a su análisis y a las pautas de publicación de sus autores; a extraer perfiles de publicación a partir de la combinación de variables. En este estudio se analizaron las pautas de publicación de autores de universidades andaluzas, desde el punto de vista de la productividad, edad literaria, pertenencia a la universidad y materiales de publicación. El análisis se desarrolló mediante estudio multivariante con el objetivo de detectar los perfiles distintivos de los autores académicos a través del análisis de correspondencias múltiples que permitió establecer los patrones de asociación entre las categorías de las diferentes variables. Se observaron diferencias significativas por áreas científicas, por universidades, por edad literaria y por pertenencia a la universidad. El análisis de cluster mostró igualmente diferencias significativas entre los patrones de publicación de las universidades más antiguas con respecto a las más recientes en todos los parámetros estudiados. Se detectaron cambios importantes entre el estudio desarrollado en 2006 y el actual.

The publication of papers is one of the most important activities in the field of scientific publishing and priority in the academic publishing industry. Yet few studies have been devoted to its analysis and publication patterns of authors to publish profiles extracted from the combination of variables. In this study, analyzed publication patterns of authors from universities in Andalusia, from the standpoint of productivity, literary age, membership in the university and publishing materials. The analysis is developed through multivariate analysis in order to detect distinctive profiles of academic authors through the Multiple Correspondence analysis allows to establish patterns of association between categories of different variables. Significant differences were found by scientific areas by universities, literary age and membership of the university. Cluster analysis also shows significant differences between the patterns of publication of the oldest universities about the latest in all parameters studied. Equally important changes are detected between the study conducted in 2006 and today.

Telemedicine in the U.S.A. with Focus on Clinical Applications and Issues

Telemedicine usually refers to the use of information-based technologies, such as, computer and communications systems, to provide healthcare across geographic distances. Although telemedicine has the potential to improve healthcare, the number of clinical applications is still small and constrained by custom, regulatory, reimbursement and technical issues. In this review paper, a short historical review of telemedicine is provided, followed by an overview of clinical telemedicine applications, including cardiology, dermatology, emergency medicine and trauma care, homecare, pathology, psychiatry, radiology and surgery. Current telemedicine issues in clinics and technological problems to be decided, improved, and challenged, are reviewed. This is followed by conclusions.