Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil: spatial distribution and relationship in the S. latifascia species group

ABSTRACT Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) is an economically relevant polyphagous moth, widely distributed in the Neotropics and part of the Spodoptera latifascia (Walker, 1856) species group. In this study, we used extensive sampling from different regions to describe the spatial distribution of S. cosmioides in Brazil and evaluate its variability both from morphological and molecular perspectives. Variable coloration and several morphological similarities were found among S. cosmioides and congeners of the S. latifascia complex, diverging from each 0.5 to 3.5% of mitochondrial DNA. The genetic divergence at the species level of S. cosmioides was 0.5% throughout Brazil, and a geographic structure was absent, including shared haplotypes with S. descoinsi Lalanne-Cassou & Silvain, 1994. Spodoptera cosmioides was found in all six biomes of Brazil, with the highest abundance recorded in the Cerrado, followed by the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, Caatinga, Pantanal, and Pampa.

Déterminants de l'introduction du poisson dans l'alimentation des enfants âgés de 6-23 mois en milieu urbain au Burkina Faso / NA

L'accumulation du capital humain commence dès l'enfance à travers une alimentation adéquate. Pour les pays en développement généralement caractériséspar la malnutrition infantile, la consommation du poisson constitue une opportunité pour améliorer le statut nutritionnel des enfants de 6-23 mois. Cet article vise à identifier les déterminants de l'introduction du poisson dans l'alimentation du jeune enfant. Pour y parvenir, des données ont été collectées auprès de 360 dans la la ville de Bobo-Dioulassoà travers une enquêtetransversale. Les données ont été principalement analysées à l'aide d'un modèle Logit simple. Selon les résultats, 76,9% des mères interrogées ont déjà introduit le poisson dans l'alimentation de l'enfanttandis que 43,1%ont donné du poisson au cours des 24 dernières heures précédant l'enquête. Des facteurs tels que la dépense journalière du ménage en poisson, l'âge de la mère de l'enfantet d'autres déterminantsont été identifiés comme ayant un impact significatif sur la pratique alimentaire. Les résultats obtenus plaident en faveur d'une intensification des politiques de pêche par la promotion de ce sous secteur économiqueà travers des actions de renforcement des capacités techniques, opérationnelles et institutionnelles des acteurs de la pêcheafin d'accroître l'offre nationale du poisson.En conclusion, l'étude permet de retenir que les interventions publiques de développement qui visent à améliorer les revenus des populations pauvres constituent des opportunités pour améliorer la consommation du poisson chez lesjeunes enfants.Mots clés: capital humain, poisson, enfants de 6-23 mois, Burkina Faso

The accumulation of human capital begins in childhood with adequate nutrition. For developing countries characterized by childhood malnutrition, fish consumption represents an opportunity to improve the nutritional status of children aged 6-23 months. This article aims to identify the determinants of the introduction of fish to young's children's diets. To achieve this, data was collected from 360 households in Bobo-Dioulasso through a cross-sectional survey. Data was essentially analyzed by using a simple Logit model. According to the results, 76.9% of the mothers interviewed had already introduced fish into their child's diet while 43.1% gave fish during the last 24 hours preceding the survey. Factors such as daily household expenditure on fish, age of the child's mother and other determinants were identified as having a significant impact on feeding practice. The results argue for fishing policies intensification by promoting that economic sub-sector through actions which strengthen technical, operational and institutional capacities of fishing stakeholders in order to increase the national supply of fish. , the study shows that public development development interventions aim to enhance poor population's income represent opportunities to improve fish consumption among young children.

Mid upper arm circumference cutoffs for identifying underweight and severe underweight among infants less than six months: A Hospital Based Cross-Sectional study

Background: Prevalence of undernutrition among infants <6 months are very high in India. WAZ is the most sensitive predictor of mortality among infants <6 months as compared to other anthropometric parameters. However, taking weight and calculating z-score in the community setting have many challenges. Taking mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) is more feasible in a field setting. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 419 infants <6 months in a tertiary care hospital in India to identify appropriate MUAC cutoffs for identifying underweight (WAZ<-2) and severe underweight (WAZ<-3) among infants <6 months by calculating sensitivities, specificities and Youden indices. Cohen kappa coefficients were calculated to assess agreements between MUAC and WAZ cutoffs. Results: The MUAC cut-offs for underweight and severe underweight were calculated as 11cm (Youden Index: 0.503; sensitivity: 83.4%; specificity: 66.9%) and 10.9cm (Youden Index: 0.504; sensitivity: 76.3%; specificity: 74.1%), respectively. Kappa coefficients to diagnose underweight with MUAC<=11cm was highest at 0.48. Conclusions: The MUAC cut-off of 11cm could reliably be used to screen infants <6 months with underweight and severe underweight for providing appropriate care in the Indian settings.

La ostectomía proximal del peroné en el tratamiento de la gonartrosis

Introducción: La técnica de la ostectomía proximal del peroné como tratamiento del genu varo doloroso fue publicada por primera vez en Cuba en el año 2017. Es un proceder simple, minitraumático y efectivo que reduce el dolor cuando se padece de osteoartrosis medial de rodilla. Objetivos: Evaluar el estado de los pacientes al cabo tres años de intervenidos teniendo en cuenta que en la literatura revisada solo dos autores informan resultados con más de dos años. Métodos: Se llevaron a cabo las encuestas a través de la consulta externa y vía telefónica. Se elaboraron tablas univariadas para describir el comportamiento de cada variable y tablas de contingencia bivariadas para la asociación entre pares de variables. Resultados: En las 68 intervenciones realizadas, predominó el sexo femenino; el grupo etario más representativo fue el de 70 años o más y la edad media fue de 68,59 años. El 93,3 % de los casos tenían obesidad y sobrepeso. El tiempo de seguimiento medio fue de 48,7 meses. El 32,3 % de la muestra fue evaluado como no satisfactorio. Conclusiones: A pesar de mantenerse los resultados satisfactorios en las dos terceras partes de los casos, la obesidad es un factor negativo que influye en los cambios degenerativos de la rodilla.

Introduction: The technique of proximal fibular ostectomy of the as a treatment of painful genu varo was published for the first time in Cuba in 2017. It is a simple, mini-traumatic and effective procedure that reduces pain when suffering from medial osteoarthritis of the knee. Objectives: To assess the status of patients after three years of surgery, taking into account that in the literature reviewed only two authors report results with more than two years. Methods: Surveys were conducted through outpatient consultation and telephone. Univariate tables were developed to describe the behaviour of each variable and bivariate contingency tables for the association between pairs of variables. Results: In the 68 interventions performed, the female sex predominated; the most representative age group was 70 years or older and the mean age was 68.59 years. 93.3 % of the cases were obese and overweight people. The mean follow-up time was 48.7 months. 32.3 % of the sample was evaluated as unsatisfactory. Conclusions: Despite maintaining satisfactory results in two thirds of cases, obesity is a negative factor that influences degenerative changes in the knee.

Prevalence of Under Nutrition and Its Risk Factors among Children below Two Years of Age in a Tertiary Health Centre in West Bengal

Background: Malnutrition in under five children is prevalent widely. It affects growth as well as development; also causes higher morbidity and mortality among children significantly. This public health problem is multi-factorial. Aim and Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of under nutrition and its risk factors among children up to 2 years of age attending a tertiary health care institution of Kolkata. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 0 � 23 months, attending the Immunization clinic of CMSDH, Kolkata, during December, 2019 朖anuary, 2020. Data were collected by interviewing the accompanying caregivers, anthropometric measurements of the study subjects and review of records. Results: Among 135 children studied, the prevalence of stunting was 14.1% (5.8% severely stunted), underweight was 9.7% (3.8% severely underweight), wasting was 18.5% (8.1% were SAM).Younger age group (0-6 months),boys and children having inappropriate feeding for age were at increased risk of under nutrition. Children having working mothers, birth spacing of <3 years, LBW and delayed initiation of breastfeeding (>1hour) were at higher risk of stunting and underweight. Incorrect age of introduction of complementary feeding had higher risk of wasting. Conclusion: Several risk factors for malnutrition were found which are amenable to prevention.

Seasonal malaria chemoprevention coverage in Burkina Faso in 2018: Descriptive analysis of mothers' knowledge and attitude during cross sectional survey

Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is effective to prevent malaria in children 3 to 59 months in the Sahel region. Mother's seasonal malaria chemoprevention related knowledge and attitudes and the coverage of the strategy among targeted children were assessed. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 1828 children aged 3 to 59 months from November 7 to 18, 2018 in eight health regions of Burkina Faso where SMC was implemented with Malaria Consortium supported fund. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and direct inspection of SMC card. MAGPI software was used for data collection and STATA 12.0 was used for the analysis. A total of 1828 children 3 to 59 months were enrolled and 951 mothers interviewed on different aspects of SMC. Overall, the SMC coverage was high for single cycle or for cumulative coverage basis. Single cycle coverage increased over rounds, from mother and tutor's interview (from 87.09% (1592/1828) to 91.19% (1667/1828); p=0.001). Over 91.18% (869/951) knew that SMC objective was to prevent malaria. Overall SMC was well tolerated and most 95.2% (296/320) of mothers and tutors surveyed owned treated bed nets. Despite combining high coverage and treated bed-net use, at least 16.19% remained rapid diagnosis test positives during the survey. SMS coverage was high in the current survey and most mothers knew the relevance of SMC administration with high bed-net coverage.

Les indicateurs de l'alimentation du nourrisson et du jeune enfant prédicteurs de la malnutrition chez les enfants 6-23 mois dans la zone de santé de Kapolowe, Haut-Katanga, R D Congo / NA

Introduction. L'étude visait évaluer les indicateurs de l'alimentation du nourrisson et du jeune enfant liés à l'état nutritionnel dans la zone de santé de Kapolowe, province du Haut Katanga avant les essais cliniques. Matériel et méthodes. Nous avons conduit une étude descriptive transversale dans la communauté auprès des 568 couples mère-enfant 6-23 mois évalués sur les indicateurs nutritionnels associés à la malnutrition. Résultats. L'allaitement maternel optimal était observé chez 10,7% des couples mère-enfant et l'alimentation complémentaire adéquate bénéficiée par 5,5% des enfants. Presque 25,6% des ménages utilisaient des toilettes améliorées, 98,8% des ménages buvaient l'eau des sources protégées et 12,1% des mères pratiquaient un minimum de lavage de mains. Le premier aliment complémentaire donné à la moitié des enfants (46%) était importé, mais 60,3 % des mères utilisaient le mélange farine de maïs + huile + sucre comme aliment de complément. La prévalence de la malnutrition aiguë, de la malnutrition chronique et de l'insuffisance pondérale était respectivement de 11,9%, 37% et 26,8%. La malnutrition aiguë était associée à l'occupation de la mère, au niveau socio-économique du ménage, à la Religion de la mère, à la consultation prénatale suivie par la mère, au Minimum de Diversité Alimentaire, à l'allaitement maternel non optimal, aux infections récurrentes et au faible poids de naissance. L'insuffisance pondérale était associée au sexe, à l'occupation de la mère, au niveau socio-économique, à la religion de la mère, au minimum de diversité alimentaire, à l'allaitement maternel non optimal, aux infections récurrentes et au faible poids de naissance. La malnutrition chronique était associée au sexe, au niveau socio-économique,

Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess infant and young child feeding indicators related to nutritional status in the Kapolowe health zone, Haut Katanga province prior to the clinical trials. Material and methods. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the community among568 mother-child pairs 6-23 months of age assessed on nutritional indicators associated with malnutrition. Results. Optimal breastfeeding was observed in 10.7% of the mother-child pairs and adequate complementary feeding in 5.5%. Almost 25.6% of households used improved toilets, 98.8% of households drank water from protected springs and 12.1% of mothers practiced minimal hand washing,12.1% of mothers practiced minimal handwashing. The first supplementary food given to half of the children (46%) was imported food, but 60.3% of mothers used maize flour + oil + sugar as a complementary food. The prevalence of acute malnutrition, chronic malnutrition and under weight were 11.9%, 37% and26.8% respectively. Acute malnutrition was associated with the mother's occupation, household socio-economic level, mother's religion, prenatal consultation attended by the mother, minimum dietary diversity, non-optimal breastfeeding, recurrent infections, and low birth weigh. Underweight was associated with gender, maternal occupation, socio-economic level, maternal religion, minimum dietary diversity, non-optimal breastfeeding, recurrent infections and low birth weight. Chronic malnutrition was associated with gender, socio-economic level, minimum meal frequency, type of toilet used, non-optimal breastfeeding, recurrent infections, and low birth weight. Conclusion. The prevalence of malnutrition, in all its forms, is still very high and worrying among children aged 6-23 months. The feeding practices are predictors of it.

Risk Factors Of Short-Fat Status Nutrition Among Children Aged 12-23 Months In Indonesia

@#Indonesia has a double burden, which is besides facing the problem of malnutrition and other micronutrient deficiencies, Indonesia also faced the problem of obesity. Prevalence of short-fat status nutrition in Indonesia amounted to 6.8% in 2013. This study aimed at determining the risk factors for short-fat status nutrition in children aged 12-23 months in Indonesia.The design of this study was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from basic health Research (RISKESDAS) 2013, with a sample size of 378,308 children aged 12-23 months. the dependent variable in this study is short-fat nutrition status and the independent variables are exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, neonatal visit, immunization, and Giving of Vitamin A. Further analysis of the data in several steps include univariate, bivariate (chi -Square), and multivariate (logistic regression). Sample of this study is mostly male 204,030 (53.9%) with the nutritional status based on the combined height/age and weight/height is not shot-fat status nutrition 352450 (93.2%). Based on bivariate test results, four variables are to be the risk factors in this study, are not exclusive breastfeeding OR = 1.047, Complementary food OR = 1.136, immunization OR = 0.761, and vitamin A consumption OR = 0.601. While the neonatal care visits variable as the risk factor. Multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant variable is the provision of complementary food OR 1.158 (95% CI 1.127 to 1.189). From these results, it can be concluded that giving complementary feeding is the most responsible for the short-fat nutrition status in children aged 12-23 months. Prevention efforts need to through monitoring the nutritional status of children, especially monitoring the growth of body length or height by age as early as possible for early detection of nutritional problems in children, so that management can quickly prevent that case.

The Patterns of Complementary Feeding and Growth among 12 to 23 Month-Old Children in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study aimed to understand the characteristics of dietary patterns among children aged 12 to 23 months and discusses the relationship between dietary patterns and the growth of children.@*Method@#Cross-sectional data were selected from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for 0 to 18 year-old children in China ( @*Results@#Four dietary patterns were identified among the children @*Conclusion@#Although China is undergoing rapid urbanization and economic development, there is still a phenomenon of insufficient intake of protein-rich foods and dairy-based dietary patterns at the stage of complementary food introduced among children aged 12 to 23 months.

Neumonía en lactantes de 6 meses de edad y menores

RESUMEN Introducción: Poca atención se ha dado en literatura a la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) en niños menores de 6 meses. Objetivos: Identificar los casos de NAC en pacientes de hasta 6 meses de edad, analizar las características demográficas, clínicas y evolutivas, y determinar los factores asociados a severidad. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron a pacientes con NAC de 6 meses o menos de edad hospitalizados entre los años 2008 y 2019. Se definió como NAC a la presencia de síntomas y signos respiratorios (fiebre, tos y/o dificultad respiratoria) y evidencia en la radiografía de tórax de imagen de condensación. Se analizó las características demográficas, clínicas y factores asociados a severidad. Resultados: De 1582 casos de NAC en el periodo de estudio, se identificaron 256 casos en aquellos de 6 meses o menores. El 23% de los pacientes padecieron una comorbilidad. Hubo aislamiento microbiano en el 8% de los casos, siendo el Staphylococcus aureus y el Streptococcus pneumoniae los más frecuentes. Requirieron admisión en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) 122 pacientes (48%) de los cuales 88 (72%) requirieron ventilación mecánica. Veintisiete pacientes (10.5%) fallecieron. De 94 pacientes menores de 3 meses, 77 (82%) se hospitalizaron en UCI en tanto que de los que no lo requirieron la mayoría fue mayor de 3 meses (p<0.001; OR 2.61, 95%IC 1.57-4.33). Conclusiones: El presente estudio muestra la severidad de las neumonías en lactantes de 6 meses o menores. La proporción de pacientes que requieren hospitalización en UCI es elevada, al igual que la mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Little attention has been given in the literature to community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children younger than 6 months. Objectives: To identify CAP cases in patients up to 6 months of age, analyze demographic, clinical and clinical course characteristics, and determine factors associated with severity. Materials and methods: Patients with CAP aged 6 months or younger, hospitalized between 2008 and 2019, were included. CAP was defined as the presence of respiratory symptoms and signs (fever, cough and / or respiratory distress) and evidence on chest radiography. of lung condensation. Demographic, clinical characteristics and factors associated with severity were analyzed. Results: Of 1582 CAP cases in the study period, 256 cases were identified in patients 6 months or younger. 23% of patients had a comorbidity. There was microbial isolation in 8% of cases, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most frequent. One-hundred twenty-two patients (48%) required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), of whom 88 (72%) required mechanical ventilation. Twenty-seven patients (10.5%) died. Of 94 patients younger than 3 months, 77 (82%) were hospitalized in the ICU, while the majority of those who did not require hospitalization were older than 3 months (p <0.001; OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.57-4.33). Conclusions: This study describes the severity of pneumonia in infants 6 months and younger. The proportion of patients requiring ICU hospitalization is high, as is mortality.

Assessment of immunization status of 12 to 23 months old children in rural Patna

Background: For immunization to be effective in decreasing the cases of vaccine preventable diseases and deaths, every child needs to be fully immunized. The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the immunization status and vaccination coverage of 12-23 months old children in the rural areas of Patna district.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in the rural areas of Patna. The study was conducted using 30 cluster technique. The proforma designed by UNICEF was used as a study tool.Results: The vaccination coverage for bacille calmette guerin, pentavalent 1, 2 and 3 and measles were respectively 93.63%, 98.18%, 90%, 84.54% and 76.36%. The proportions of fully immunized children were 80.90%, partially immunized 19.10% and no unimmunized children. The dropout rate was 9.7% for BCG-DPT3, 14.56% for BCG-Measles and 13.83% for DPT1-DPT3.Conclusions: Although the vaccination coverage shows higher coverage but the dropout rates are still more than acceptable standards.

Maternal Factors and Stunting among Children Age 0-24 Months in Banten Province Indonesia

@#Introduction: Pandeglang regency in Banten provinceis one of the top 100 counties noted for stunting issue. In 2018 stunting prevalence was recorded to be 8,303 children (38.5%). Indonesia was in the fifth rank in the world with stunting prevalence of 37.2%. This study aimed to determine the correlation between maternal factors and stunting in children aged 0-24 months in Koroncong Village. Methods: This study used cross sectional method and total sampling technique. Total samples in this study were mother with children aged 0-24 monthsin Koroncong Village, Koroncong Sub-County, Pandeglang County which passed inclusion and exclusion requirements as 63 respondents. Results: Data analyses showed stuntingamong 19 respondents (30%) in the population. The percentage of stunting was significant among mothers with >2 children and 5.8 times higher than mothers with <2 children. Conclusion: This finding shows that the percentage of stunting cases is high and requires more aggressive promotion and prevention

Psychodynamic Study about Reflux and Colic During the First Year of Life / Estudo Psicodinâmico dos Sintomas Refluxo e Cólica no Primeiro Ano de Vida / Estudio Psicodinámico de los Síntomas de Reflujo y Cólico en el Primer Año de Vida

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the psychodynamics of three mother-infant pairs with reflux diagnosis and two with colic diagnosis and their possible relation to the referred psychosomatic disorders. Qualitative exploratory study in which the sample was composed after signing the informed consent form. Instruments: semi-directed interview, seven boards of the Thematic Apperception Test and Naturalistic Observation. Content analysis of the interviews and TAT boards was performed and the way the mother perceived the productions of the baby was considered from naturalistic observation. These analyses supported psychodynamic interpretations of the functioning of the dyads studied. As main results, the reflux group highlights the need for maternal support and the presence of maternal ambivalence. In mother-infant pairs with colic, there is anxiety regarding their own ability to care for their child. In both groups, there is environmental influence on the way mothers feel about sufficiently good mothering.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a psicodinâmica de três pares mãe-bebê com diagnóstico de refluxo e dois com diagnóstico de cólica e sua possível relação com as referidas desordens psicossomáticas. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo e exploratório cuja a amostra foi composta após assinatura do termo de consentimento. Instrumentos: entrevista semi-dirigida, sete pranchas do Teste de Apercepção Temática (TAT) e Observação Naturalista. Procedeu-se análise de conteúdo das entrevistas e das pranchas do TAT e, da observação naturalista, valorizou-se principalmente a maneira como a mãe percebeu as produções do bebê. Estas análises respaldaram interpretações psicodinâmicas do funcionamento das díades estudadas. Como principais resultados, destaca-se no grupo refluxo a necessidade de apoio para maternar e presença de ambivalência materna. Já nos pares mães-bebês com cólica, há ansiedade frente à própria capacidade de cuidar do filho. Nos dois grupos, há influência ambiental na maneira como as mães se sentem no exercício da maternagem suficientemente boa.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la psicodinámica de 3 parejas madre-bebé con diagnóstico de reflujo y 2 con cólico y la posible relación de estos síntomas con trastornos psicosomáticos. El estudio es cualitativo y exploratorio. La muestra se compuso después de que los participantes firmaron el formulario de consentimiento. Instrumentos: entrevista semidirigida, 7 láminas del Test de Apercepción Temática y observación naturalista. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de las entrevistas y de las láminas del TAT y, a partir de la observación naturalista, se valoró la forma en que la madre percibió las producciones del bebé. Estos análisis respaldaron interpretaciones psicodinámicas del funcionamiento de las díadas estudiadas. Como resultados principales, en el grupo reflujo se destacan la necesidad de apoyo a la madre y la presencia de ambivalencia materna. En las parejas madre-bebé con cólico, se percibe ansiedad con respecto a la capacidad para cuidar al niño. En ambos grupos, hubo influencia ambiental en los sentimientos de las madres sobre el buen ejercicio de la maternidad.

A study on screen time use in children between 24 to 60 months of age in Tamil Nadu, India

Background: This study was done with the objective of finding the average daily duration and pattern of screen time use in children in the age group of 24 to 60 months in the state of Tamilnadu, India and to find the correlation between screen time and demographic parameters.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the state of Tamilnadu, India from June 2019 to August 2019 among 148 children in play school and kindergarten classes in the age group of 24 to 60 months fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Details regarding screen time use were collected from the parents using a predesigned questionnaire and analyzed using suitable statistical methods.Results: A total of 148 children (77(52.0%) male and 71(48.0%) female) were studied. The average daily screen time in the study group was 139.4 minutes (SD: 1.6). Majority of the children had a screen time duration between 61 to 120 minutes (48.6%). Only 14.2% had a screen time of ?60 minutes as per AAP and WHO recommendations. Majority of the screen time was used to watch children's entertainment programs and play games (67.6%). 83.1% of the children were using 2 or more screen types. Television and smart phones were the commonest screen types used by children in this age group. The percentage of children with average daily screen time ? 60 minutes was found to be more in joint families (16.3%) compared to nuclear families (10%). But this difference was not statistically significant. No statistically significant correlation was found between screen time duration in children and age, gender, parent's socioeconomic status, education and occupation.Conclusions: Increasing screen time activity in early childhood is an emerging problem of the digital age which requires interventions at family, social and healthcare levels.

Breastfeeding Practices and Associated Factors among Mothers of Children Aged 6-23 Months in Konduga Local Government Area, North East Nigeria

Aims: To assess knowledge and practices of breastfeeding as well as identify associated factors among mothers of children aged 6-23 months in Konduga Local Government Area (LGA) in Borno State, Nigeria. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers of children aged 6 to 23 months. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Konduga LGA of Borno State, Nigeria in August, 2018. Methodology: The study focused on 224 mothers of children aged 6-23 months that have ever assessed the health facility for Micronutrient Powder (MNP) supplementation for their index child. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, knowledge of breastfeeding and their practices of breastfeeding. A point was assigned to correct response to each of the two questions used to assess breastfeeding practices, and respondents with two points were categorized as those with effective breastfeeding practice. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistics regression, with the level of significance set at 0.05. Results: A total of 224 respondents were approached for interview and 218 responded, giving a response rate of 97%. Forty-six (21%) of the respondents knew that it is not appropriate to give semi-solid food or water to child that is 4 months old, and 98 (45%) knew that breastfeeding should not be discontinued for a child that is one year of age. Sixty-one (28%) of the respondents practice effective breastfeeding, which was significantly predicted by having formal education (AOR=14.0, 95% CI= 4.0 – 48.6), having a spouse that is educated (AOR=6.0, 95% CI= 2.1- 17.6) and having a male child (AOR=3.2, 95% CI= 1.3 – 8.0). Conclusions: The study findings suggest that effective breastfeeding practice is low among the study participants particularly among the less educated and those having a female child. Interventions targeted at strengthening Infant and Young Child Feeding counseling in the health facility and community are recommended.

Infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas graves en niños menores de 6 meses hospitalizados: análisis de factores de riesgo de gravedad / Low acute breathing respiratory infections in children under 6 months hospitalized: analysis of risk factors of gravity / Baixas infecções respiratórias agudas em crianças menor de 6 meses hospitalizadas: análise de fatores de risco de gravidade

Objetivos: Describir características clínicas y socio ambientales de niños < de 6 meses hospitalizados por infección respiratoria aguda baja (IRAB) y factores de riesgo de gravedad. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal, caso-control entre 1/5/14 - 5/8/14. Casos (IRAB grave): necesidad de oxígeno de alto flujo y/o soporte ventilatorio. Controles (IRAB no grave): hospitalizados en cuidados moderados. Se revisaron historias clínicas y entrevistaron a padres. Se excluyeron niños con infección respiratoria intrahospitalaria y comorbilidades. Variables: edad, sexo, puntuación de TAL, educación materna, hacinamiento, tabaquismo, prematurez, número de consultas previas al ingreso, demora en la consulta, diagnóstico etiológico al ingreso. Procesamiento datos: software SPSS. Resultados: 396 niños, 167 casos, 229 controles. Mediana edad (días) casos: 77, controles: 76. Explorando modelos de regresión logística binaria para explicar la presencia de IRAB grave resultaron predictores estadísticamente significativos: número de consultas previas (p=0.035) y diagnóstico etiológico al ingreso (p=0.003).El modelo no fue satisfactorio, solo logró explicar 4,6% de la variabilidad total. Conclusiones: Futuros estudios, con muestras más representativas, son necesarios para profundizar en el conocimiento de los factores predictores de gravedad.

Objectives: Describe clinical characteristics and environmental partner of children under 6 months hospitalized for low acute respiratory infection (ALRI) and explore predictors of severity. Methodology: Observational, transversal, case-control study between 1/5/14 - 5/8/14. Cases (severe ALRI): Need for high flow oxygen and/or ventilator support. Controls (Alri not severe): hospitalized in moderate care. Clinical histories were reviewed and the parents were interviewed. Children with intrahospital respiratory infection and comorbidity were excluded. Variables: Age, sex, TAL score, maternal education, overcrowding, smoking, prematurity, number of pre-admission consultations, delay in consultation, etiologic diagnosis of income. Data processing: SPSS software. Results: 396 Children, 167 cases, 229 controls. Middle age (days) cases: 77, controls: 76. Exploring binary Logistic regression models to explain the presence of severe ALRI were statistically significant predictors: number of previous consultations (P= 0.035), etiologic diagnosis of admission (P= 0.003). The model was not satisfactory because it only managed to explain 4.6% of the total variability. Conclusions: Exploring different statistical models did not find a satisfactory, the total variability explained by the model is very low. It is emphasized that the model did not enter environmental factors considered "a priori" relevant (habit of smoking, overcrowding) nor the rest of the variables studied: schooling and maternal age, nutritional status to income, prematurity and factors behavioral as the delay in the consultation. Diagnosis of admission and number of pre-admission consultations were significant. Future studies, with more representative samples, are necessary to deepen the knowledge of the predictive factors of gravity.

Objetivos: Descrever características clínicas e parceiro ambiental das crianças < de 6 meses hospitalizados para baixa infecção respiratória aguda (IRAB) e para explorar os preditores de severidade. Metodologia: observação, transversal, estudo de caso-controle entre 1/5/14 - 5/8/14. Casos (IRAB severo): necessidade para oxigênio do fluxo elevado e/ou sustentação do ventilador. Controlos (IRAB não severos): hospitalizado em cuidados moderados. Histórias clínicas foram revistas e pais foram entrevistados. Foram excluídas as crianças com infecção respiratória intrahospital e comorbidade. Variáveis: idade, sexo, TAL pontuação, educação materna, superlotação, tabagismo, prematuridade, número de consultas prévias à admissão, atraso na consulta, diagnóstico etiológico de renda. Processamento de dados: software SPSS. Resultados: 396 crianças, 167 casos, 229 controles. Idade média (dias) casos: 77; controles: 76. Explorar modelos binários de regressão logística para explicar a presença de IRAB graves foram preditores estatisticamente significativos: número de consultas prévias (p= 0.035) diagnóstico etiológico de admissão (p= 0.003). Modelo não foi satisfatório porque só conseguiu explicar 4,6% da variabilidade total. Conclusões: explorar diferentes modelos estatísticos não encontrou um satisfatório, a variabilidade total explicada pelo modelo é muito baixa. O modelo não introduziu factores ambientais considerados "a priori" relevantes (hábito de fumar, superlotação) nem o resto das variáveis estudadas: escolaridade e idade materna, estado nutricional para rendimentos, prematuridade e factores comportamental como o atraso na consulta. Diagnóstico de admissão e número de consultas prévias à admissão foram significativos. Estudos futuros, com amostras mais representativas, são necessários para aprofundar o conhecimento dos fatores preditivos da gravidade.

Content Changes of Eight Components in Tetrastigmatis Hemsleyani Radix of Different Months / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish a HPLC method for determination of chlorogenic acid,rutin,polydatin,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,astragalin,resveratrol,quercetin,kaempferol in Tetrastigmatis Hemsleyani Radix,in order to study the content changes of eight components of different months. Method:Zorbax SB C18column (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)was adopted with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile(A)and 0.1%phosphoric acid(B)in gradient elution(0-30 min,10%-30%A;30-40 min,30%-95%A;40-45 min,95%A;45-60 min,95%-10%A). The flow rate was 0.8 mL·min-1,the column was kept at 25℃,and the detection wavelength was 320 nm. Result:Chlorogenic acid,rutin,polydatin,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,astragalin,resveratrol,quercetin,kaempferol showed a good linearity within the range of 13.7-549 mg·L-1(r=0.999 0),12.6-253 mg·L-1(r=0.999 1),15.8-316 mg·L-1(r=0.999 0),14.7-147 mg·L-1(r=0.999 2),8.8-88 mg·L-1(r=0.999 1),7.9-79 mg·L-1(r=0.999 5),8.6-172 mg·L-1(r=0.999 1),8.9-89 mg·L-1(r=0.999 4). There were great differences in contents of the eight flavonoid active components in different growth phases. In July and August,the relative contents of chlorogenic acid,rutin,kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and polydatin were the highest. The highest relative content of quercetin was observed in June. The relative contents of resveratrol and kaempferol in April and May was higher than those in other mouths. The relative content of astragalin in November was the highest. Conclusion:It could provide abundant information for the production and quality control of Tetrastigmatis Hemsleyani Radix.

Insights into knowledge, attitude and practices on early complementary feeding of infants among Saudi mothers

@#Background: The World Health Organization recommends that mothers avoid early complementary feeding of infants before the age of 6 months, to promote maximum growth and health. However, this practice is still high among Saudi mothers. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards early complementary feeding among Saudi mothers in Riyadh. Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted in Riyadh city among 771 mothers of children, aged 6-24 months. Data was collected through an online questionnaire that assessed KAP aspect regarding early complementary feeding among mothers. Results: More than one-third of mothers (37.4%) had introduced early complementary feeding, out of which 83.3% later stated that the main reason for this was because they thought that the baby was old enough to receive complementary foods. The two most common types of complementary foods given to the baby before 6 months were liquids (83.0%) and mashed foods (72.9%). The mothers who introduced complementary feeding before 6 months of age compared to those who initiated complementary feeding after 6 months were observed to have a higher percentage of medium knowledge and neutral attitude (76.0% versus 54.4% and 55.2% versus 62.5%, (p<0.05), respectively). Mothers’ knowledge and attitude significantly influenced their practices in relation to early complementary feeding (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that the appropriate knowledge and attitude are important to promote the introduction of complementary feeding at 6 months in the population that was studied. Thus, education on complementary feeding should be promoted.

Anemia prevalence and its influencing factors for the infants aged 6-23 months in poor areas in Gansu Province / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of anemia and its influencing factors in infants aged 6 to 24 months in poor areas of Gansu Province, and to provide reference for improving the prevalence of anemia in local children. Methods A multi-stage sampling method was used to conduct a survey on infant and caregivers, in the 12 children nutrition improvement project counties in Gansu Province. T-test and analysis of variance were used to compare the hemoglobin content, the chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of anemia, and the Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results Among the 3 188 effective data, the detection rate of anemia was 25.69% (819). The detection rate of anemia among boys and girls was 24.54% and 26.90%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the detection rate of anemia among different sexes ( 2=2.326, P=0.127). The detection rate of anemia between different age groups were statistically significant ( 2=42.339, P<0.001); The results of multivariate analysis showed that children's age, children's ethnic groups, parents' awareness of feeding knowledge, the feeding method of 6 months after birth and the way of taking nutritional packs were associated with anemia (all P<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of anemia in infants aged 6 to 24 months in poor areas in Gansu Province was relatively high. Strengthening the education of caretakers’ knowledge of guardian feeding and scientific child-rearing, and ensuring the nutrition packages intake can significantly reduce the prevalence of anemia prevalence in poor areas in Gansu Province.

Effects of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) education on childhood intestinal parasitic infections in rural Dembiya, northwest Ethiopia: an uncontrolled before-and-after intervention study

BACKGROUND@#Soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) infections are among the most common infections worldwide and affect the most deprived communities. Adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) prevents environmental contamination, thereby preventing transmission of STH. Cognizant of this, WASH education was implemented in rural Dembiya to reduce intestinal parasitic infections. This study was, therefore, conducted to assess the impacts of the intervention on households' WASH conditions and prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections.@*METHOD@#An uncontrolled before-and-after intervention study was used. Cross-sectional studies were done before and after the intervention. Two hundred twenty-five and 302 under five children were recruited randomly at the baseline and endline, respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and observational checklists. Direct stool examination and Kato-Katz methods were used to identify parasites in the stool. We used percent point change and prevalence ratio (PR) to see the effects of the intervention on WASH conditions and prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections respectively. Pearson chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to test for statistically significant percentage point changes of WASH conditions. The effect of the intervention on intestinal parasitic infections was statistically tested on the basis of PR with 95% confidence interval (CI).@*RESULTS@#The baseline prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 25.8%, and the endline prevalence was 23.8%. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was not significantly decreased at the endline compared with the baseline [PR = 0.92, 95% CI = (0.62, 1.38)]. Ascaris Lumbricoides was the most prevalent parasitic infection both at the baseline and endline. The proportion of children who had good hygienic condition increased from 1.3% at the baseline to 34.4% at the end line (p <  0.05). The percentage of mothers/care givers who washed hands at different pick times was significantly increased from 24.4% at the baseline to 68.2% at the endline (p <  0.001). The proportion of households who practiced home-based water treatment was significantly increased from 7.6% at the baseline to 47% at the endline (p <  0.001). The proportion of households who used sanitary latrine was increased from 32% at the baseline to 49% at the endline (p <  0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#This before-and-after intervention study found that households' WASH performance was significantly improved at the endline compared with the baseline. The endline prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was slightly lower than the baseline prevalence; however, the reduction was not statistically significant. The local health office needs to strengthen the WASH education program, mobilize the community to construct WASH facilities, and support the community to sustain households' WASH performance.