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Objective To explore the morphological characteristics and differences of posterior malleolus fracture fragments in ankle fracture combined with posterior malleolus fracture and spiral fracture of middle and lower third of tibial combined with posterior malleolus fracture,and to analyze the relationship between the posterior malleolus fracture fragments and the above two types of fracture injury.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed.One hundred patients with ankle fracture were admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2011 to December 2011,including 59 males and 41 females,aged (42.0 ± 14.1) years,with an age range of 17-73 years.Among them,57 patients who were ankle fracture combined with posterior malleolus fracture were in Group A.Meanwhile,90 patients with spiral fracture of middle and lower third of tibial were admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2013 to December 2013,including 42 males and 48 females,aged (45.2 ± 13.0) years,with an age range of 18-77 years.Among them,35 patients who were spiral fracture of middle and lower third of tibial combined with posterior malleolus fracture were in group B.A total of 92 patients in the two groups were examined by CT before operation.The patient's fracture classification was determined according to Haraguchi classification.On axial plane,the angle between posterior malleolus fracture line and medial and lateral malleolus axis was defined as Ⅰ a in Haraguchi Ⅰ,angles between posterior malleolus fracture line and medial and lateral malleolus axis were defined as Ⅱ a and H b in Haraguchi Ⅱ,and angle Ⅰ c and Ⅱ c were angles between posterior malleolus fracture line and tibial axis on sagittal CT.Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD).Mann-whitney and Chi-square test were used to compare the differences of different angles in type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ,and whether there were statistical differences in different angles between the two groups.Results In the 92 cases,75 were type Ⅰ,12 were type Ⅱ and 5 were type Ⅲ.The angle of Ⅰ a was (26.6 ± 5.6)°,the angle of Ⅰ c was (15.4 ±4.1)°,the angle of type Ⅱa was (22.1 ±3.3)°,and the angle of Ⅱc was (16.4 ±5.4)°.The difference between Ⅰ a and Ⅱa data was statistically significant (P=0.003),but there was no significant difference between Ⅰ c and Ⅱ c (P =0.667).In group A and group B,the angle of Ⅰ a was (26.6 ± 5.9)°and (26.6±5.1)°,the angle of Ⅰcwas (15.7 ±4.2)°and (14.9±3.9)°,the angle of Ⅱa was (22.0± 3.0)°and (22.2±4.3)°,the angle of Ⅱb was (45.4 ±9.0)°and (46.5 ± 10.0)°,the angle of Ⅱc was (17.0 ±5.4)°and (15.3 ±6.2)°,respectively.There were no significant differences in the angles of Ⅰ a,Ⅰ c,Ⅱ a,Ⅱ b and Ⅱ c between the two groups (P values were 0.862,0.387,1.000,0.932 and 0.444,respectively).Conclusion The posterior malleolar fragments is not associated with fracture type of ankle fracture combined with posterior malleolus frature and the spiral fracture of middle and lower third of tibial combined with posterior malleolus fracture.
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Objective@#To explore the morphological characteristics and differences of posterior malleolus fracture fragments in ankle fracture combined with posterior malleolus fracture and spiral fracture of middle and lower third of tibial combined with posterior malleolus fracture, and to analyze the relationship between the posterior malleolus fracture fragments and the above two types of fracture injury.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was performed. One hundred patients with ankle fracture were admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2011 to December 2011, including 59 males and 41 females, aged (42.0±14.1) years, with an age range of 17-73 years. Among them, 57 patients who were ankle fracture combined with posterior malleolus fracture were in Group A. Meanwhile, 90 patients with spiral fracture of middle and lower third of tibial were admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2013 to December 2013, including 42 males and 48 females, aged (45.2±13.0) years, with an age range of 18-77 years. Among them, 35 patients who were spiral fracture of middle and lower third of tibial combined with posterior malleolus fracture were in group B. A total of 92 patients in the two groups were examined by CT before operation. The patient′s fracture classification was determined according to Haraguchi classification. On axial plane, the angle between posterior malleolus fracture line and medial and lateral malleolus axis was defined as Ⅰa in Haraguchi Ⅰ, angles between posterior malleolus fracture line and medial and lateral malleolus axis were defined as Ⅱa and Ⅱb in Haraguchi Ⅱ, and angle Ⅰc and Ⅱc were angles between posterior malleolus fracture line and tibial axis on sagittal CT. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (Mean±SD). Mann-whitney and Chi-square test were used to compare the differences of different angles in type I and type Ⅱ, and whether there were statistical differences in different angles between the two groups.@*Results@#In the 92 cases, 75 were type Ⅰ, 12 were type Ⅱ and 5 were type Ⅲ. The angle of Ⅰa was (26.6±5.6)°, the angle of Ⅰc was (15.4±4.1)°, the angle of type Ⅱa was (22.1±3.3)°, and the angle of Ⅱc was (16.4±5.4)°. The difference between Ⅰa and Ⅱa data was statistically significant (P=0.003), but there was no significant difference between Ⅰc and Ⅱc(P=0.667). In group A and group B, the angle of Ⅰa was (26.6±5.9)°and (26.6±5.1)°, the angle of Ⅰc was (15.7±4.2)°and (14.9±3.9)°, the angle of Ⅱa was (22.0±3.0)°and (22.2±4.3)°, the angle of Ⅱb was (45.4±9.0)°and (46.5±10.0)°, the angle of Ⅱc was (17.0±5.4)°and (15.3±6.2)°, respectively. There were no significant differences in the angles of Ⅰa, Ⅰc, Ⅱa, Ⅱb and Ⅱc between the two groups (P values were 0.862, 0.387, 1.000, 0.932 and 0.444, respectively).@*Conclusion@#The posterior malleolar fragments is not associated with fracture type of ankle fracture combined with posterior malleolus frature and the spiral fracture of middle and lower third of tibial combined with posterior malleolus fracture.
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The family Thapariellidae has been reported in only 3 countries since 1990. The objective of this study was to identify Thapariella anastomusa metacercariae in snails in Thailand based on morphological traits using a light (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A total of 94 Filopaludina snails were collected and identified as 50 F. martensi martensi and 44 F. doliaris. Metacercariae of T. anastomusa were recovered from the snails by the crushing method. The overall prevalence was 22.3% (21/94), and the mean intensity was 17.0 per snail. The prevalence in F. martensi martensi was 24.0% (12/50) and F. doliaris 20.5% (9/44) with the mean intensity of 18.8 and 14.8 per snail, respectively. SEM revealed traits such as a concave ventral body and well-developed oral and ventral suckers. This study represents the first report of T. anastomusa in South East Asia. While LM and SEM observations provide novel insights into T. anastomusa metacercarial morphology and life history, the trematode’s life cycle remains unclear. To date, there has been no report of T. anastomusa causing infections in humans. However, the snails F. martensi martensi and F. doliaris carrying the infective stages of T. anastomosa are frequently consumed by Thai people. This consumption, particularly uncooked snails, may present a risk of Thapariella infections in humans.
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Humans , Asian People , Asia, Eastern , Life Cycle Stages , Metacercariae , Methods , Prevalence , Snails , ThailandABSTRACT
Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) has been used in the field of morphological research of acupuncture and moxibustion for more than 20 years. It is one of the important tools for revealing the structure of acupoints and the effect of acupuncture from histological perspective. With the help of technical advantages of LSCM, the quality of morphological research of acupuncture and moxibustion has been greatly improved, helping us gain a deeper understanding about the structure of acupoints and meridians as well as histochemical changes induced by acupuncture/moxibustion intervention. In order to promote the application of LSCM in acupuncture and moxibustion, we simply reviewed some recent studies in this field and combined them with our experience, trying to provide some technical suggestions. We expect that the technique of LSCM could be integrated into more experiments in acupuncture medicine to provide more powerful morphological evidence for exploring the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibution therapies.
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Objective To investigate the morphological regularity of the thoracic pedicle screw in 4 to 12 years old children by the digital technology,and to provide the theoreticl basis for thoracic pedicle screw fixation in children.Methods A total of 60 healthy children aged from 4 to 12 years old with computed tomography(CT) data of thoracic spine were divided into three groups by age,each group 20 cases.Then they were examined by MIMICS software and the parameters of pedicle width(PW),pedicle height(PH),the length of screw path(SL),e angle and f angle were measured.Results The pedicle width,pedicle height,the SL of the pedicle generally showed a rising trend with advancing age.There were significant differences in the PW,PH and LS between the three group(P0.05).E angle of the pedicle generally showed a decreasing trend with increasing vertebral order,and e angle of T11 to T12 showed negative angle.The f angle showed a wavy descending trend.Conclusion There was significant difference in correlation parameters of thoracic pedicle with increasing age in healthy children,which indicates that the pedicle screw fixation for the kind of children should be performed based on 'the Principle of individualization' to improve the success rate of surgery.
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In case of class II malocclusion, mandible has morphological characteristics such as size and position. To investigate morphological characteristics of mandible, most study has been done in indirect measurement using cephalogram. Recently, it is possible to measure directly Three dimensional skeletal model reconstructed from computed tomography images. This study aimed to know characteristics of mandible in class II malocclusion, analyzing Three dimensional mandible models of class I and II malocclusion which are acquired from computed tomography images of 80 cadavers. In open bite type of class II malocclusion, the size of mandible had no difference from class I malocclusion but the sagittal ramus angle and condylar angle were smaller 3 degree than class I. These findings inform that the ramus and condylar process of open bite type of class II malocclusion stand more erectly than class I and then the mandible is placed posteriorly. In deep bite type of class II malocclusion, the length of mandible was shorter 4 mm and, the sagittal ramus angle and condylar angle were larger 5 degree than class I. These findings, short length of mandible and more lying ramus and condylar process, make the mandible in the feature of deep bite of class II malocclusion. In comparison of past issued articles which used cehpalometry mainly, the values of measurements agree partially. It is the differences of measuring points and methods to make inconsistency between indirect measurement like cephalometric study and 3 dimensionally direct measurement like this study. To increase accuracy of Three dimensionally direct measurement, standardization of measuring points and method for the measurement is required.
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Cadaver , Deception , Malocclusion , Mandible , Open Bite , OverbiteABSTRACT
Objective The co existence of two kinds of neurotransmitters in the cell bodies or axon terminals and the relationship between a neurotransmitter and its relevant receptor were observed at the ultrastructural level. Methods The pre embedding double labeled immuno electron microscopic techniques were used by peroxidase immunohistochemistry combined with immunogold silver labeled method. Results In the sections of the striatum,a large number of the SP like immunoreactive(\|LI) axon terminals(immunoperoxidase reaction products)and SP receptor(SPR)\|LI neuronal cell bodies and dendrites(immunoglold silver grains)were seen in the present study.Some SP\|LI axon terminals were observed to form symmetric axon somatic or axon dendritic synaptic contacts with SPR\|LI neuronal cell bodies and dendritic profiles.On the other hand,in the sections of caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus,a substantial number of axon terminals of the two kinds of the vesicular glutamate transporters,the differentiation associated Na + dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter(DNPI)and vesicular glutamate transporter of type1(VGluT1),were labeled by peroxidase immunohistochemistry and immunogold silver grains.Some axon terminals were labeled by both DNPI and VGLuT1 immunoreaction formed asymmetric synaptic contact with non labeled dendrite profile.Conclusion\ The pre embedding double labeled immuno electron microscopic technique has the advantage of higher sensitivity and greater preservation of the antigen in the many tissues.Thus,the present study favors the application of this technique to study the co existence of two kinds of the neurotransmitters in the cell bodies or axon terminals and analyse the relationship between a neurotransmitter and its relevant receptor in the field of the neuroanatomy.
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Objective To observe the relationships among the direct projection neurons from the lumbar spinal cord to the lateral parabrachial nucleus(LPB),calbindin D-28K(CB)-like immunoreactive (-LI) neurons,peripheral noxious information transmission as well as substance P receptor(SPR)-LI neurons. Methods Triple-labeled techniques were used by tetramethyl rhodamine(TMR) retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry for CB-,SPR- or Fos protein.The stained sections were observed under a confocal laser-scanning microscope. Results 1.After injecting TMR to the unilateral LPB,a number of TMR retrogradely labeled neurons were mainly distributed in the lamina Ⅰ,lateral spinal nucleus(LSN),and regions around the central canal of the spinal cord(lamina X) of the ipsilateral spinal cord;2.CB-LI neurons were mainly found in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the lumbar spinal cord,especially in the lamina Ⅱ in the dense distribution; 3.SPR-LI neurons were also mainly seen in the lamina Ⅰ,LSN and lamina X of the spinal cord.A few of the SPR-LI neurons were also distributed in the lamina Ⅱ;4.Fos-positive neurons were detected in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,lateral aspect of the lamina Ⅴ to Ⅶ of the lumbar spinal cord by injecting 5% formalin into the ipsilateral hindpaw;5.Triple-labeled neurons for TMR/CB/SPR or TMR/CB/Fos were mainly found in lamina Ⅰ,while a few of the triple-labeled neurons were also found in lamina Ⅱ of the dorsal horn.TMR/CB/SPR triple-labeled neurons accounted for 103%,98% and 146% of total population of TMR-,CB- or SPR-LI neurons in laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,respectively.On the other hand,TMR/CB/Fos triple-labeled neurons formed 118%,106% and 158% of the total population of TMR-,CB-LI or Fos-positive neurons in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,respectively.Conclusion\ The results indicated that in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the lumbar spinal cord some neurons with CB-Like immunoreactivity transmitting the peripheral noxious information and projecting directly to the LPB might receive SPergic primary afferents.
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PURPOSE: To clarify the morphological patterns of the extensor tendon and juncturae tendinum on the dorsum of the hand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty eight hands of cadavers were dissected to evaluate the morphological patterns of the extensor tendon and juncturae tendinum. RESULTS: The tendon of extensor indicis proprius and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) to the index finger arose and terminated at a single tendon. The EDC to the long finger arose as a single tendon, divided into two slips and then converged again to form a single tendon. The EDC to the ring finger arose as double tendons, divided into three or four slips and converged again into double tendons. The EDC to the little finger was usually absent (72%). The extensor digiti minimi arose and terminated as double tendons. The juncturae tendinum (JT) between the EDC tendons to the index finger and those to the long finger were of type I (thin filamentous type). The JT between EDC tendon to the long finger and those to the ring finger consisted of 16% in type I, 31% in type II (thick filamentous type) and 53% in type III (tendinous type). There were 14% of type II JT and 86% of type III JT between the ring and small fingers. CONCLUSION: A knowledge of both the usual and possible variations of the extensor tendon and the juncturae tendinum is useful in the identification and repair of these structures.
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Cadaver , Fingers , Hand , TendonsABSTRACT
En el período comprendido entre septiembre 1 de 1996 y octubre 1 de 1997, se recolectó para estudios morfológico y citogenético un total de 84 productos de aborto espontáneo del 1° y 2° trimestres de la gestación, en diferentes servicios de ginecoobstetricia de la ciudad de Medellín. Dieciséis de los 84 se descartaron por contaminación o ausencia de tejidos apropiados para el estudio. De los 68 productos restantes en 60 (88,2 por ciento) Se establecieron cultivos para estudio citogenético, los cuales fueron exitosos en 34 casos (56, 7 por ciento). Diecisiete de los anteriores (50 por ciento) mostraron un cariotipo anormal con las siguientes alteraciones cromosómicas: monosomía X, 10 (58,8 por ciento)mosaicismos 5 (29,4 por ciento), trisomías 1 (5,9 por ciento) y tetraploidía 1 (5,9 por ciento). En 21 de los 68 productos (30,9 por ciento) (3 embriones y 18 fetos) fue posible el estudio morfológico. Doce de éstos, (2 embriones y 10 fetos; 57, 1 por ciento) mostraron alteraciones morfológicas externas o internas. El presente estudio citogenético y morfológico en productos de aborto espontáneo con edad gestacional menor de 20 semanas es el primero que se informa en nuestro medio y sus resultados son similares a los obtenidos en otros reportes que aparecen en la literatura
Eighty tour spontaneous abortion products, with gestational age under 20 weeks, were collected in ditterent obstetric and gynecologic services trom Medellin-Colombia between September 1996 and October 1997; they were studied both morphologically and cytogenetically. Sixteen of those products were discarded because of contamination or absence of suitable tissues for the study In 60 of the remaining 68 products (88°/~) cultures for cytogenetic studies were establishedJ and they were succesful in 34 cases (56J7%). Seventeen of. these (50%) showed an abnormal karyotype with the following chromosomal anomalies: X monosomies 10 (58J8%), mosaicisms 5 (29,4%)J trisomies 1 (5,9%), and tetráploidy 1 (5J9%). From the 68 products, a morphologic study was performed in 21 cases (3 embryos and 18 fetuses). Twelve products (2 embryos and 10 fetuses; 57 J 1 %) had external and/or jnternal anomalies This study of spontaneous abortions with gestational age under 20 weeks is the first in our country, and its results are similar to those published from other centers.
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Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Abortion, Spontaneous/genetics , Abortion, Spontaneous/pathology , Aborted Fetus/pathology , Chromosome Aberrations , Cytogenetic Analysis , ColombiaABSTRACT
Normal embryonic development of human heart is studied with special emphasis to the formation of atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections and their significance in congenital heart disease. Twenty nine human embryos and 8 chick embryos are used in this study. Human embryos are analyzed by reconstruction of serial section slides and chick embryos are microdissected and examined by scanning electron microscopy. In the early cardiac development (Streeter horizon 12), bulbo-ventricular fold divided two ventricles first. The atrioventricular canal is incompletely divided and the canal was in contact neither with septum primum nor with ventricular septal crest. Infundibular and truncal septa were not seen. The division of A-V canal was observed during the stages 14-15. Septation of truncus arteriosus (Streeter horizon 15-17) was followed by septation of bulbus cordis (Streeter horizon 16-17). The shortening of mitral-aortic distance and downward left shift of aortic valve occured after the trunco-infundibular septation and finally the secondary interventricular formen closed at the end of seventh week (Streeter horizon 20-21).
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Humans , Chick Embryo , AnimalsABSTRACT
Using a quantitative method, the healing of the experimental gastric ulcer in rats was studied in various states of thyroid function. Rats were made hypothyroid by ingestion of thiouracil (0.1％ solution in drinking water for 10 days). Rats were made slightly hyperthyroid by ingestion of thiouracil and simultaneous administration of T_4 (3?g/100 g/day,ip) for 10 days. Rats were made hyperthyroid by administration of excess T_4 (10?g/100 g/day, ip) for 10 days. The normal rats served as controls. In all of these rats, gastric ulcer was induced by injecting a small quantity of glacial acetic acid into the submucosa of the stomach after laparotomy under aseptic conditions. After operation the rats in four groups were given those drugs as above respectively for 10 days. The volume (7.71?0.52mm~3' 5.5?0.78 mm~3 for control) and area (8.29?0.90mm~2; 4.39?0.73mm~2 for control) of gastric ulcer increased in the rats with hypothyroidism. The healing rate of gastric ulcer retarded (-30?9.4％ for volume healing rate, -50?2.1％ for area healing rate). The volume (4.75?0.88mm~3) and area (4.05?0.93mm~2) of gastric ulcer decreased in the rats with slight hyperthyroidism, and the healing rate of gastric ulcer accelerated (37?3.8％ for volume healing rate, 49?3.2％ for area healing rate). The volume (4.88?0.90mm~3) and area (6.16?0.74mm~2) and the healing rates of gastric ulcer in the rats with hyperthyroidism were similar as those of control. These findings suggested that (1) thyroxine is necessary for healing of the experimental gastric ulcer in rats and (2) thyroxine seem to accelerate healing of the experimental gastric ulcer in rats.
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The green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene recombinant virus labeling is a new method for the neuroanatomical studies. It is effective to investigate the morphological features of neurons, the chemical architectures (neural active substances and their receptors) of the neurons, the relationships between the neuronal morphological features and their termination areas or their functions, and local circuits related to specific functions. This method remedies the defects of previous morphological methods and could provide direct morphological evidence for the functional investigations.