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Foramen ovale, situated in the greater wing of sphenoid, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum, transmits the sensory and motor root of mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, emissary vein and lesser petrosal nerve to the infratemporal fossa. The normal shape of the foramen is oval, but its shape and size is quite variable. It plays an important role in the diagnostic and surgical procedures related to the middle cranial fossa. So, knowledge of the variations, dimensions and the topographic location is of importance to the neurosurgeons while dealing with surgeries in this region. Our study aims at finding the morphological variations in shape, dimensions of foramen ovale and its location in relation to the zygomatic arch.METHODSA cross-sectional observational study was carried out over a period of one year from 1/6/2018 to 31/5/2019, on 46 adult human skulls, taken from the department of Anatomy, RIMS, Ranchi. Fully dried, intact, adult human skulls were included in the study. Foramen ovale was observed for variation in shape, size and location. The presence of any accessory bony structure like bony plate, spine or septa was looked for and prevalence noted. The maximum antero-posterior length and width of foramen ovale and its distance from articular tubercle and the anterior root of zygomatic arch were measured using Vernier callipers. Pathologically malformed and damaged skulls were excluded from the study.RESULTSFour types of shapes were observed – oval (76.08%) , almond (5.43%) , semilunar (8.69%) and triangular (9.78%). The mean anteroposterior dimension of foramen ovale was 6.96 ± 1.17 mm (6.89 ± 1.28 mm on the right side & 7.02 ± 1.05 mm on the left side) and the mean transverse dimension was 3.35 ± 0.66 mm (3.25 ± 0.57 mm on the right side, 3.45 ± 0.73 mm on the left side) . The mean distance of foramen ovale from articular tubercle on zygomatic arch was 32.58 ± 1.29 mm (32.41 ± 1.10 mm on the right side, 32.74 ± 1.45 mm on the left side) and from anterior root of zygomatic arch was 24.75 ± 1.70 (23.91 ± 0.85 mm on the right side, 25.59 ± 1.92 mm on the left side).CONCLUSIONSThere is no significant average difference between FO_AP_RT – FO_AP_LT. There is no significant average difference between FO Width_RT - FO_Width_LT. There is a significant average difference between FO to Art. Tubercle Right - FO to Art Tubercle left. There is a significant average difference FO to ant. root Right - FO to ant. root left.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Liver is the largest gland of the body. Itis situatedunder the right dome of the diaphragm andmainlyoccupies the right hypochondriac and epigastricregions. In man, the liver is essentialfor survival since there iscurrently no artificial organ orequipment that has the capacityto compensate for theabsence of liver function. Henceknowledge of variation in liver anatomy is required for goodsurgical outcome, diagnostic imaging and minimally invasivesurgical procedures.Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in160 human livers from embalmed cadavers in the Departmentof Anatomy, KIMS, Karad, during the study duration of July2017 to August 2018. The liver specimens were removed fromadult human cadavers during routine dissection for medicalundergraduate students and then preserved in 10% of formalin.Results: We analyzed 160 livers, with its morphologicalcharacteristics and structural variations. Mean weight ofthe liver was reported to be 1.05 Kg (Minimum 0.461 andMaximum 2.137 Kg) with SD of 0.34 Kg. Mean breadth ofliver was reported to be 18.44 cm (Maximum 25.5 cm andMinimum 2.4 cm) with SD of 2.45 cm. Mean thickness of liverwas reported to be 10.52cm (Maximum 18.3 and Minimum3.4) with SD of 1.82 cm.Conclusion: The present study focuses upon the frequentoccurrence of morphological variations on the surface of theliver.
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Antecedentes: La morfología radicular en molares superiores presenta menos variabilidad anatómica, sin embargo, es muy importante tener en cuenta que existen alteraciones anatómicas, y que aun no están bien fundamentadas, se asocia a hiperactividad en la vaina epitelial de Hertwig o bien asociados a factores externos durante la odontogénesis. Descripción del caso: El presente artículo relata un caso de un segundo molar superior derecho con pulpitis irreversible sintomática, en el examen radiográfico se observa la existencia de una raíz supernumeraria palatina. Se realizó tratamiento endodontico con ProtaperNext® y se obturó con técnica lateral modificada con ultrasonido. Conclusión: Los molares con raíces supernumerarias requieren del conocimiento y experiencia del clínico para integrar los métodos de diagnóstico tales como exámenes radiográficos, tomográficos, de microscopía así como técnicas para el tratamiento endodóntico.
Background: Radiographic examination in upper molars is often deficient in order to diagnose abnormalities in the root canal system and to be able to choose the ideal treatment. Description of the case: This article shows the clinical case of a second right upper molar with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. An accessory root on the palatal is observed in a radiographic examination. A therapy of the canal was carried out with ProtaperNext ® and the sealing was made by cold lateral condensation with ultrasonic condensation. Conclusión: It is very important to know the root canal system morphology of the tooth to be treated in order to offer the patient an adequate treatment.
Antecedentes: O exame radiográfico em molares superiores é frequentemente deficiente para diagnosticar anormalidades no sistema de canais radiculares e para poder escolher o tratamento ideal. Descrição do caso: Este artigo mostra o caso clínico de um segundo molar superior direito com pulpite irreversível sintomática. Uma raiz acessória no palato é observada em um exame radiográfico. A terapia do canal foi realizada com ProtaperNext ® e a vedação foi feita por condensação lateral fria com condensação ultra-sônica. Conclusão: É muito importante conhecer a morfologia do sistema de canais radiculares do dente a ser tratado, a fim de oferecer ao paciente um tratamento adequado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Endodontics/methods , Dentistry/methods , AnatomyABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this article was to describe the diagnosis and the endodontic treatment of a mandibular first premolar with two root canals. Case report: A 67-year-old female patient presented to the dental clinic referring pain in the right mandibular first premolar. The patient reported induced pain and the sensation of "grown tooth". Clinical examination revealed a marked degree of dental abrasion associated with a slight swelling in the periapical region and positive percussion and cold tests. The radiographic examination revealed an apical radiolucency. A pulpal diagnosis of necrotic pulp and chronic perirradicular periodontitis were made. After access cavity, the canals were prepared using K-files, Gates-Glidden drills and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Gutta-percha cones and AH-Plus sealer were used during obturation with the lateral condensation technique. Conclusion: After a period of 23 months of follow-up, clinical and radiographic examinations revealed total regression of the lesion.
Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever o diagnóstico e tratamento endodôntico de um primeiro pré-molar inferior com dois canais radiculares. Relato de caso: Paciente de 67 anos de idade apresentou-se à clínica odontológica referindo dor no primeiro pré-molar inferior. A paciente relatava dor espontânea e sensação de "dente crescido". O exame clínico revelou um grau acentuado de abrasão dentária associada a ligeiro inchaço na região periapical e respostas positivas aos testes de percussão e frio. O exame radiográfico revelou a presença de uma radiolucência apical. Foi realizado o diagnóstico de polpa necrótica e periodontite perirradicular crônica. Após a realização da cavidade de acesso, os canais foram preparados utilizando limas tipo K, brocas Gates-Glidden e hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%. Cones de guta-percha e cimento obturador AH-Plus foram utilizados na obturação com a técnica de condensação lateral. Conclusão: Após um período de 23 meses de acompanhamento, os exames clínicos e radiográficos revelaram regressão total da lesão.
ABSTRACT
Background: Ossicular morphology and morphometric considerations play cornerstone importance in reconstructive surgeries. An attempt is made to have an insight into such morphological variations and evaluate the morphometric values of malleus in south Indian population through cadaveric dissection. Materials and methods: 25 human head specimens taken from the dissection hall, after removal of brain and duramater, subarcuate fossa and arcuate eminance of the petrous part of the temporal bone were chipped off with help of fine edged chissel and hammer. With help of bone cutter the tegmen tympani forming the remaining roof was removed, till the middle ear cavity and three ossicles are properly exposed and identified. Results: Malleus height ranged from 6.94 mm to 7.78 mm on both sides with average of 7.37mm on right and 7.51 mm on left. Weight ranged from 16.85 mg to 19.25 mg with average of 18 mg on right side and 18.52 mg on left both side. Length and weight of left malleus bones were statistically more than their right counterparts. Conclusions: Morphologically malleus showed lesser variations in comparison to stapes. The left sided malleus dominated the right sided ones in both length and weight.