Caracterización de los focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti en el municipio de Abreus. 2016-2022

Fundamento el conocimiento acerca de la focalidad por mosquitos motiva a pobladores y decisores a trabajar sobre las cuestiones que inciden en la proliferación de estos vectores; así como a una participación comunitaria eficaz, y el éxito en la prevención y control de las arbovirosis. Objetivo caracterizar los focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti. Métodos se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, y de corte transversal, acerca de los focos de Aedes aegypti detectados en el municipio de Abreus, provincia de Cienfuegos, en el período 2016-2022. El universo fue de 390 focos, para los cuales se describieron las variables: semana estadística, mes y año de diagnóstico, consejo popular, tipo de depósito, lugar de la vivienda donde se encontró y fase del mosquito al diagnóstico. Se utilizaron datos de las encuestas entomológicas y los registros del laboratorio de Entomología Médica de la Unidad Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología. Resultados la mediana del número de focos de Aedes aegypti correspondió a la semana estadística 32 de cada año. La mayor cantidad de focos se detectó en los consejos populares de Abreus (165) y Juraguá (102); hallados sobre todo en patios (85,5 %) y tanques bajos (55,5 %). Predominó la fase larvaria en IV estadio (82,3 %). Conclusiones en el municipio de Abreus la focalidad por mosquitos Aedes aegypti se caracterizó por su mayor incidencia en los meses de junio a septiembre, con predominio en el consejo popular de Abreus, sobre todo en tanques bajos y patios. El mayor número fue diagnosticado en la IV fase.

Background knowledge about the mosquito's breeding grounds motivates residents and decision makers to work on the issues that affect the mosquito proliferation; as well as effective community participation, and success in the prevention and control of arboviral diseases. Objective to characterize the Aedes aegypti mosquito's breeding grounds. Methods an observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was carried out on Aedes aegypti's breeding grounds detected in the Abreus municipality, Cienfuegos province, from 2016 to 2022. 390 breeding grounds were the universe, for which the described variables were: statistical week, month and year of diagnosis, neighborhood, type of deposit, place of residence where it was found, and phase of the mosquito at diagnosis. Data from entomological surveys and records from the Municipal Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit's Medical Entomology laboratory were used. Results the median number of Aedes aegypti breeding grounds corresponded to statistical week 32 of each year. The largest number of outbreaks was detected in the Abreus' neighborhood (165) and Juraguá (102); found mainly in yards (85.5 %) and low tanks (55.5 %). The larval phase in IV stage predominated (82.3 %). Conclusions in the municipality of Abreus, the focality of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was characterized by its highest incidence in the months of June to September, with predominance in the popular council of Abreus, especially in low tanks and yards. The largest number was diagnosed in the IV phase.

Knowledges, attitudes and practice regarding malaria in a vulnerable municipality in Colombia / Predicción fisicomatemática de la dinámica semestral de la malaria en Antioquia, Colombia

Introduction: In Colombia, malaria affects people in vulnerable conditions. In urban areas, disease control measures have decreased the incidence of malaria in the past 5 years. However, there is some government abandonment in areas with armed conflict. Objective: To determine the knowledges, attitudes and practice regarding malaria in Piñalito, a town located in the municipality of Vista Hermosa in the Meta department (Colombia), in the period 2016-2017. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study using a survey consisting of 45 questions on knowledge, attitudes, and practices and semistructured interviews with medical personnel and government workers. Results: Of the respondents, 89.13% said that malaria is a health problem, 63.04% said the disease is transmitted by a mosquito bite, main symptoms were reported to be high fever (78.26%) and headache (60.87%). A total of 73.91% of respondents affirmed using mosquito nets to avoid the disease. The community affirmed that they do not receive good medical attention (65.22%) and did not identify the active participation of the local health secretary to prevent malaria. Conclusions: The inhabitants of Piñalito demonstrated adequate knowledge about the disease and positive attitudes toward preventing malaria. However, they had negative perceptions about the actions of the secretary of health and the government for control and prevention of the disease.

Introducción: En Colombia, la malaria afecta a personas en condiciones de vulnerabilidad. En áreas urbanas, las medidas de control de enfermedades han disminuido la incidencia de malaria en los últimos 5 años. Sin embargo, existe cierto abandono del gobierno en áreas con conflicto armado. Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la malaria en la población del municipio de Piñalito (Meta, Colombia), en el periodo 2016-2017. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio de métodos mixtos utilizando una encuesta de 45 preguntas sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de la población y entrevistas semiestructuradas con personal médico y trabajadores del gobierno. Resultados: De los encuestados, el 89,13 % dijo que la malaria es un problema de salud, el 63,04 % considera que la enfermedad se transmite por la picadura de un mosquito. Los síntomas principales fueron fiebre alta (78,26 %) y dolor de cabeza (60,87 %). El 73,91 % de los encuestados afirmó utilizar mosquiteros para evitar la enfermedad. La comunidad manifestó que no recibe buena atención médica (65,22 %) y no identificó la participación activa de la secretaría de salud local para prevenir la malaria. Conclusiones: Los habitantes de Piñalito demostraron un adecuado conocimiento sobre la enfermedad y actitudes positivas hacia la prevención de la malaria. Sin embargo, tenían percepciones negativas sobre las acciones de la secretaría de salud y del gobierno para el control y prevención de la enfermedad.

Changing Paradigm in the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in India

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a very serious public health problem in India and the conducive environment permit its emergence in non-endemic areas in the country. There are constant changes taking place in the pattern of current agricultural practices and vector breeding habitats which had far-reaching consequences on the epidemiology of JE and the severity of epidemic outbreaks today. Due to the continuous ecological changes taking place, vectors changed in their breeding dynamics, feeding, and resting behavior and started invading previously non-endemic areas. JE has recently spread to new territories due to land-use changes, including forest fragmentation and concentrated livestock production. Changes in the livestock population decreased the cattle pig ratio which enhanced the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. This review brings forth the present widespread changes encountered that grossly impact the risk of infection in many places for the emergence of Japanese encephalitis and to address the implications for its control.

Diversity and distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peru and their relationship with metaxenic diseases / Diversidad y distribución de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en el Perú y su relación con las enfermedades metaxénicas

Abstract Introduction: Tropical Andean and Amazonian ecosystems shape the great biodiversity found in Peru. However, studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the country are scarce, resulting in an information gap regarding their diversity, ecology, distribution, and abundance. Objective: To search for documented evidence on the diversity and distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peru, and to establish -in relation to species of medical relevance- their potential link with the epidemiological cycle of some metaxenic diseases. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SciELO, as well as in 7 databases specialized in insect taxonomy, using specific terms and their combinations by means of Boolean operators ("AND" and "OR"). Search strategy: study types: original research articles, review articles, books, and book chapters; publication period: no initial date - June 2020; languages: English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Results: A total of 99 studies were retrieved after the initial search, 84 in the 4 electronic databases and 15 in the specialized databases, of which 41 met the inclusion criteria. One additional record was included due to its relevance to the objective of the review. The studies included were original articles (n=28), review articles (n=6), books (n=5), book chapters (n=2), and undergraduate theses (n=1). Regarding the language of publication, 25 (59.52%) were published in English and 17 (40.48%) in Spanish. Conclusions: In Peru, the greatest diversity of mosquito genera is found in the departments of Loreto, Huánuco, and Madre de Dios. Knowledge of the diversity of mosquitoes in Peru that have the potential to cause health issues is relatively scarce and is focused on Aedes aegypti and some species of the Anopheles and Culex genera, thus overlooking a rich diversity distributed in the Amazonian forests, high jungle, and inter-Andean valleys.

Resumen Introducción. Los ecosistemas tropicales andinos y amazónicos determinan la gran biodiversidad presente en Perú. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en el país son escasos, lo que resulta en un vacío de información en cuanto a su diversidad, ecología, distribución y abundancia. Objetivos. Buscar evidencia documentada sobre la diversidad y la distribución de mosquitos en el Perú, y establecer -con relación a las especies de importancia médica- su potencial vínculo con el ciclo epidemiológico de algunas enfermedades metaxénicas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en Google Académico, ScienceDirect, PubMed y Scielo, así como en siete bases de datos especializadas en taxonomía de insectos, usando términos específicos y diferentes combinaciones con operadores booleanos ("AND" y "OR"). Estrategia de búsqueda: tipos de estudios: artículos originales de investigación, artículos de revisión, libros y capítulos de libros; periodo de publicación: sin límite inicial a junio del 2020; idiomas: inglés, español y portugués. Resultados. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 99 estudios, 84 en las 4 bases de datos electrónicas y 15 en las bases de datos especializadas, de los cuales 41 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. También se incluyó un registro adicional debido a su relevancia con el objetivo de la revisión. Los estudios incluidos fueron artículos originales (n=28), artículos de revisión (n=6), libros (n=5), capítulos de libro (n=2) y tesis de pregrado (n=1). Respecto al idioma de publicación, 25 (59.52%) estaban en inglés y 17 (40.48%), en español. Conclusiones. En Perú, la mayor diversidad de géneros de mosquitos se encuentra presente en los departamentos de Loreto, Huánuco y Madre de Dios. El conocimiento sobre la diversidad de mosquitos en Perú que tienen el potencial de generar problemas de salud es relativamente escaso y se centra en el Aedes aegypti y algunas especies de los géneros Anopheles y Culex, dejando de lado una rica diversidad distribuida en los bosques amazónicos, la selva alta y los valles interandinos.

Diversidad genética de aedes aegypti en el eje transfronterizo Central-Alto Paraná en Paraguay / Genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti in the central-upper Paraná Cross-Border axis in Paraguay

RESUMEN Objetivos: Conocer la diversidad genética de Aedes aegypti en el corredor vial transfronterizo Central-Alto Paraná de Paraguay, con registros de casos de dengue. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron veinte hembras adultas de la eclosión de huevos de Ae. aegypti procedentes de casas geolocalizadas en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Cordillera y Central, entre el 2018 y 2019. Se extrajo ADN del tejido de las hembras para amplificación aleatoria de sus patrones polimórficos mediante amplificación aleatoria del ADN polimórfico por PCR (RAPD-PCR), usando cebadores H3 y B03 a fin de conocer parámetros genéticos de diversidad poblacional. Las relaciones entre las poblaciones de mosquitos según la localidad fueron visualizadas mediante análisis no apareado de la media aritmética. Las áreas idóneas de distribución geográfica real y potencial de estas poblaciones de Ae. aegypti fueron analizadas mediante DIVA-GIS 7.3.0 y MAXENT. Resultados: Se identificaron 40 loci mediante perfiles RAPD-PCR, con diferenciación génica moderada (Gst = 0,12). El corredor transfronterizo presentó condiciones bioclimáticas para la presencia de poblaciones variantes de Ae. aegypti, siendo determinantes en la distribución la precipitación del trimestre más cálido y la temperatura media del trimestre más seco. Conclusiones: Se evidencia que existe diversidad genética moderada en las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti procedentes de zonas con registros de casos de dengue ubicadas en el corredor vial transfronterizo que une los departamentos Central y Alto Paraná de Paraguay. El estudio de variabilidad genética de Ae. aegypti es de gran utilidad para la vigilancia entomoepidemiológica y evaluación de posibles eventos de resistencia al control químico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti in the Central-Alto Paraná cross-border road corridor of Paraguay, an area that has reports of dengue cases. Materials and methods: Twenty adult females were selected from hatching Ae. aegypti eggs from households geolocated in the departments of Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Cordillera and Central, between 2018 and 2019. DNA was extracted from the tissue of females for amplifying their polymorphic patterns by random amplification of polymorphic DNA by PCR (RAPD-PCR), using primers H3 and B03 in order to identify genetic parameters of population diversity. The relationships between mosquito populations according to locality were observed by unpaired arithmetic mean analysis. We used DIVA-GIS 7.3.0 and MAXENT to analyze the suitable areas of actual and potential geographic distribution of these Ae. aegypti populations. Results: Forty loci were identified by RAPD-PCR profiling, with moderate gene differentiation (Gst = 0.12). The cross-border corridor presented bioclimatic conditions for the presence of variant populations of Ae. aegypti, with precipitation in the warmest quarter and mean temperature in the driest quarter being determinant in the distribution. Conclusions: There is evidence of moderate genetic diversity in Ae. aegypti populations from areas that have reported dengue cases in the cross-border road corridor linking the Central and Alto Paraná departments of Paraguay. The study of genetic variability of Ae. aegypti is very useful for entomo-epidemiological surveillance and evaluation of possible resistance to chemical control.

CONTROL DE Aedes aegypti (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) MEDIANTE ACTINOBACTERIAS FORMADORAS DE BIOPELÍCULAS / Control of Aedes aegypti (Díptera: Culicidae) by means of biofilm-forming actinobacteria

RESUMEN Las actinobacterias incluyen miembros productores de compuestos multipropósitos restringidamente sobreexplotados al género Streptomyces. No obstante, es necesario reorientar la exploración de bacterias no estreptomiceas para el uso de nuevos bioagentes ecológicos con miras a evitar redescubrimientos y contrarrestar la resistencia a insecticidas químicos en Aedes aegypti. En esta investigación, se caracterizó actinobacterias formadoras de biopelículas para evaluar su dinámica de crecimiento, actividad larvicida y efectos subletales. La identificación, crecimiento y bioactividades de los patógenos se realizaron por cultivos, análisis de imágenes por fotomicrografía y bioensayos. Las biopelículas pertenecen a Pseudonocardiaceae (PsA1TA) y Corynebacteriaceae (CoA2CA) característicamente dependientes a crecer sobre sustratos con revestimiento cuticular específico. PsA1TA coloniza estructuras membranosas de tórax y abdomen de larvas. Las microcolonias desarrollan infectivamente a biopelículas mono y biestratificadas hasta cubrir cuatro veces la amplitud toracoabdominal (envergadura infectiva entre 1010 μm a 1036 μm). En contraste, CoA2CA envuelve radialmente estructuras esclerotizadas cefálica y anal al triplicar la amplitud de los órganos infectados (envergadura infectiva: 1820 a 2030 μm y 1650 a 1860 μm, respectivamente). Las biopelículas ejercen mortalidad diferenciada a todas las etapas larvarias, no obstante, PsA1TA resultó más mortal y virulento frente al segundo estadio (58 %-96 horas, TL50: 3,4 días), mientras que CoA2CA lo fue sobre el cuarto estadio larval (85 %-96 horas, TL50: 2,5 días). CoA2CA indujo emergencia incompleta de farados y despliegue de tarsos curvos en adultos emergentes, además de revestir cadáveres larvarios con robustas biopelículas. Los morfotipos actinobacterianos revelan efecto larvicida y subletal en A. aegypti por formación de biopelículas.

ABSTRACT Actinobacteria include several ubiquitous members involved in the synthesis of multipurpose bioactive compounds strictly derived from the genus Streptomyces. Nevertheless, new bacterial consortia based on non-streptomycetes actinobacteria are needed to be explored in order to avoid rediscoveries and minimize the development of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti. In accordance with the use of eco-friendly bioagents, in this study biofilm-forming actinobacteria were characterized on the basis of assessment their growth dynamics, larvicidal mortality and sublethal effects. Actinobacteria identification, biofilm growth and larvicidal bioactivities were performed by employing bacterial cultures, photomicrograph-based image analysis and bioassays. Bacterial morphotypes belong to Pseudonocardiaceae (PsA1TA) and Corynebacteriaceae (CoA2CA), which showed a distinctly substrate-dependent growth. PsA1TA microcolonies were randomly distributed on abdominal and thoracic membranous epicuticle. Afterwards, the thickness of mono-and bi-layered biofilms were increased fourfold the larval thoracoabdominal width (infectious breadth, 1010 μm - 1036 μm). In contrast, cephalic and anal sclerotized structures were radially encased by CoA2CA biofilms and increased threefold the size of both structures (infectious breadth, 1820 - 2030 μm y 1650 - 1860 μm, respectively). Although biofilms caused dissimilar mortality rates on the four larval instars, PsA1TA exerted highest larvicidal activity and virulence on second instar larvae (58 %-96 hours, LT50: 3.4 days) y CoA2CA on fourth instar larvae (85 %-96 hours, LT5G: 2.5 days). CoA2CA also induced incomplete release of pharate individuals as well as buckled protruding tarsi in newly emergent adults, whilst larval cadavers were overwhelmingly encased within massive biofilm aggregates. Biofilm-forming actinobacteria performed biolarvicidal activity and sublethal responses in A. aegypti.

Detección de Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) en ovitrampas en Mérida, México / Detection of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) in ovitraps of Mérida city, México

Resumen | Introducción. El programa de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en México tiene una red establecida de ovitrampas para la vigilancia entomológica de Aedes spp. Los servicios de salud del estado de Yucatán, en respuesta a reportes de Aedes albopictus en la periferia de Mérida, capital del estado, incrementaron la especificidad de dicha vigilancia. Objetivo. Describir la presencia y distribución de Ae. albopictus en Mérida y su abundancia relativa comparada con Aedes aegypti, en ovitrampas del programa de control de vectores. Materiales y métodos. Durante octubre de 2019, se seleccionaron al azar 91 ovitrampas en 31 barrios de Mérida. Los mosquitos adultos se obtuvieron del insectario de la Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán a partir de huevos recolectados en campo. Se determinó la abundancia relativa de individuos adultos de cada especie identificada y por barrios evaluados. Resultados. En el 32 % de los barrios muestreados, se detectó Ae. albopictus y, en todos ellos, Ae. aegypti. Se recolectaron 28 adultos de Ae. albopictus (10 hembras y 18 machos) en las ovitrampas. No se observó correlación entre la abundancia de adultos ni de hembras Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus por barrio (p>0,05). Conclusiones. Los resultados confirmaron que Ae. albopictus estaba coexistiendo con Ae.aegypti en Mérida en el momento del estudio. La baja abundancia relativa sugiere que Ae.albopictus se encontraba en la fase inicial de invasión.

Abstract | Introduction:The vector-borne diseases program in México has an established network of ovitraps for entomological surveillance of Aedes spp. In response to reports of Aedes albopictus in the periphery of Mérida, the state capital of Yucatán, the Ministry of Health increased the specificity of this surveillance. Objective: To describe the presence and distribution of Ae. albopictus in Mérida and its relative abundance compared to Aedesaegypti in ovitraps of the vector control program. Materials and methods: During October, 2019, 91 ovitraps were randomly selected from 31 neighborhoods of Mérida. Mosquitoes were reared at the insectary of the Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays of the Autonomous University of Yucatán from eggs collected in the field. Relative abundance was determined for adult individuals of each identified species and neighborhood. Results: 32 % of the neighborhoods were positive for Ae. albopictus and 100 % for Ae. aegypti. A total of 28 adults of Ae. albopictus (10 females and 18 males) were obtained from ovitraps. No correlation was observed between the abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus for both adults and females (p>0.05) at the neighborhood level. Conclusions: The results confirm that Ae. albopictus coexisted with Ae. aegypti in Mérida at the time of the study. The low relative abundance suggests that Ae. albopictus was in the initial phase of invasion.

Isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis from Maranhão biomes with potential insecticidal action against Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera, Culicidae) / Isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis de biomas maranhenses com potencial ação inseticida contra larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae)

Abstract Entomopathogenic agents are viable and effective options due to their selective action against insects but benign effects on humans and the environment. The most promising entomopathogens include subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which are widely used for the biological control of insects, including mosquito vectors of human pathogens. The efficacy of B. thuringiensis toxicity has led to the search for new potentially toxic isolates in different regions of the world. Therefore, soil samples from the Amazon, Cerrado and Caatinga biomes of the state of Maranhão were evaluated for their potential larvicidal action against Aedes aegypti. The isolates with high toxicity to mosquito larvae, as detected by bioassays, were subjected to histological evaluation under a light microscope to identify the genes potentially responsible for the toxicity. Additionally, the toxic effects of these isolates on the intestinal epithelium were assessed. In the new B. thuringiensis isolates toxic to A. aegypti larvae, cry and cyt genes were amplified at different frequencies, with cry4, cyt1, cry32, cry10 and cry11 being the most frequent (33-55%) among those investigated. These genes encode specific proteins toxic to dipterans and may explain the severe morphological changes in the intestine of A. aegypti larvae caused by the toxins of the isolates.

Resumo Os agentes entomopatógenos são alternativas viáveis e eficazes, devido à sua ação seletiva para insetos sendo inofensivos ao homem e ao meio ambiente. Dentre os entomopatógenos mais promissores, destacam-se as subespécies de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) amplamente utilizadas no controle biológico de insetos incluindo espécies de mosquitos vetores de agentes patogênicos ao homem. A eficiência da toxicidade de Bt incentiva a prospecção de novos isolados em diversas regiões do mundo. Desta forma, em busca de novos isolados de B. thuringiensis potencialmente tóxicos, amostras de solo provenientes dos biomas Amazônia, Cerrado e Caatinga do estado do Maranhão foram avaliadas em relação ao seu potencial larvicida para Aedes aegypti. Os isolados que provocaram elevada toxicidade para larvas do mosquito, detectada por bioensaios, foram avaliados em relação aos potenciais genes responsáveis pela atividade tóxica, além da avaliação de efeitos tóxicos no epitélio intestinal através de análises histológicas em microscopia de luz. Os novos isolados de Bt tóxicos para larva de A. aegypti amplificaram frequências diferentes de genes cry e cyt sendo os mais frequentes (55-33%) os cry4, cyt1, cry32, cry10 e cry11 dentre os investigados. Esses genes codificam para proteínas tóxicas específicas para ordem Diptera, e podem explicar as severas alterações morfológicas provocadas pelas toxinas dos isolados observadas no intestino das larvas de A. aegypti.

Vector competence of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Zika virus transmission: an integrative review / Competencia de los mosquitos Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) como vectores en la transmisión del virus del Zika: una revisión integradora / Competência vetorial de mosquitos Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) na transmissão do vírus Zika: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify studies on the competence of Culex mosquitoes as vectors for the transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) around the globe. Methods. We performed an integrative review to identify relevant articles on specific experiments to determine whether Culex mosquitoes are vectors for ZIKV. The sources we used for our research were the Brazilian Periódicos CAPES electronic portal (MEDLINE/PubMed, ScienceDirect Journals, Nature Publishing Group, SciELO, Springer Link, and 250 other databases) and gray literature. Results. We identified 344 studies, of which 36 were considered for this review. In 8 studies, infection in salivary glands of Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex restuans, Culex tarsalis, and Culex coronator was detected. Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most studied among those confirmed as potential ZIKV vectors, and only strains of Asian lineages (THA/2014/SV0127-14; SZ01 (2016)) and American lineages (BRPE243 (2015); PRVABC59 (2015)) can infect the salivary glands of Culex mosquitoes. The tested African strains (MR766 and DAK AR 41525) were unable to infect salivary glands. Conclusions. There is still a lack of compelling evidence that indicates Culex spp. are a competent ZIKV vector, but they should remain a target for further monitoring studies, especially regarding ZIKV transmission to other species. Furthermore, studies should not be limited to studying whether their salivary glands are infected.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar estudios sobre la competencia de los mosquitos Culex como vectores de la transmisión del virus del Zika en todo el mundo. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión integradora para identificar artículos relevantes sobre experimentos específicos dirigidos a determinar si los mosquitos Culex son vectores del virus del Zika. Se emplearon fuentes obtenidas a partir del portal electrónico de revistas CAPES (MEDLINE/PubMed, ScienceDirect Journals, Nature Publishing Group, SciELO, Springer Link, y otras 250 bases de datos) y la literatura gris. Resultados. Se identificaron 344 estudios, 36 de los cuales fueron considerados para esta revisión. En 8 estudios se detectó infección en las glándulas salivales de Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex restuans, Culex tarsalis y Culex coronator. Cx. quinquefasciatus fue la especie más estudiada entre las confirmadas como potenciales vectores del virus del Zika, y solo las cepas de linajes asiáticos (THA/2014/SV0127-14; SZ01 [2016]) y americanos (BRPE243 [2015]; PRVABC59 [2015]) pueden infectar las glándulas salivales de los mosquitos Culex. Las cepas africanas analizadas (MR766 y DAK AR 41525) no fueron capaces de infectar las glándulas salivales. Conclusiones. Aunque faltan pruebas convincentes que indiquen que las especies de Culex spp. son un vector competente del virus del Zika, estas deben seguir monitoreándose mediante estudios adicionales, especialmente respecto de su capacidad para transmitir el virus del Zika a otras especies. Esta vigilancia no debería limitarse solamente a determinar la infección en las glándulas salivales.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar estudos sobre a competência dos mosquitos Culex como vetores da transmissão do vírus Zika em todo o mundo. Métodos. Uma revisão integrativa foi realizada para identificar artigos relevantes sobre experimentos específicos para determinar se os mosquitos Culex são vetores do vírus Zika. As fontes utilizadas na pesquisa foram o portal eletrônico CAPES (MEDLINE/PubMed, ScienceDirect Journals, Nature Publishing Group, Sci-ELO, Springer Link, e outras 250 bases de dados) e a literatura cinza. Resultados. Foram identificados 344 artigos, dos quais 36 foram considerados para esta revisão. Oito artigos relataram infecção nas glândulas salivares de Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex restuans, Culex tarsalis e Culex coronator. Culex quinquefasciatus foi a espécie mais estudada entre as confirmadas como vetores potenciais do vírus Zika. Apenas as linhagens asiáticas (THA / 2014 / SV0127-14; SZ01 [2016]) e americanas (BRPE243 [2015]; PRVABC59 [2015]) podem infectar as glândulas salivares dos mosquitos Culex. As cepas africanas analisadas (MR766 e DAK AR 41525) não foram capazes de infectar as glândulas salivares. Conclusões. Ainda não há evidências convincentes para indicar que os mosquitos Culex são um vetor competente do vírus Zika. Contudo, estudos adicionais de monitoramento devem ser realizados, especialmente no que diz respeito à transmissão do vírus Zika para outras espécies de mosquitos. Além disso, os estudos não devem se limitar a estudar a infecção nas glândulas salivares.(AU)

Primer reporte de Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) en la Orinoquia colombiana / First report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) in Orinoquia region of Colombia

Introducción. Aedes albopictus es vector de arbovirus, como Flavivirus, Alphavirus, Bunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Orbivirus y Picornavirus. Muchos son agentes etiológicos de enfermedades en humanos. Actualmente, A. albopictus se encuentra en expansión geográfica por su adaptación a diversos ambientes y tipos de criaderos. En Colombia, este mosquito fue reportado por primera vez en 1998 y, hasta el momento, se ha registrado en 10 departamentos. Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de A. albopictus en Yopal, Casanare. Materiales y métodos. En una búsqueda activa de larvas de A. aegypti en la zona industrial de Yopal, se observaron por primera vez mosquitos adultos de A. albopictus. Por lo anterior, se realizó la inspección en el intradomicilio y el peridomicilio de las viviendas en ocho localidades del municipio, en la cual se recolectaron larvas y pupas al inspeccionar hábitats larvarios, y hembras adultas, mediante capturas sobre atrayente humano protegido. Resultados. Se identificaron 755 larvas de mosquitos, 71,5 % de A. aegypti, 24,8 % de A.albopictus, 3,2 % de Culex quinquefasciatus y 0,8 % de C. coronator y C. nigripalpus. Se capturaron 37 mosquitos adultos de A. albopictus. Los depósitos con mayor abundancia de este vector fueron las llantas. Conclusión. Ante la presencia de A. albopictus se sugiere intensificar el sistema de vigilancia entomológica para detectar nuevas poblaciones dentro del departamento y en las áreas cercanas. Se debe poner atención a los criaderos artificiales de las zonas cercanas a los parqueaderos de vehículos de transporte de alimentos, insumos y maquinaria, procedentes de áreas con presencia del vector.

Introduction: Aedes albopictus is an arbovirus vector, such as Flavivirus, Alphavirus, Bunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Orbivirus and Picornavirus. Many are etiological agents of diseases in humans. Currently, A. albopictus is in geographical expansion due to its adaptation to different environments and breeding sites. In Colombia this mosquito was first reported in 1998 and currently it has been registered in 10 departments. Objective: To determine the presence of A. albopictus in Yopal, Casanare. Materials and methods: In a search of larvae of A. aegypti in the industrial zone of Yopal adult mosquitoes of A. albopictus were observed for the first time. Then, the inspection was carried out in the indoor and outdoor of houses in eight localities of the municipality, in which larvae and pupae were collected by inspection of breeding sites and adult females were captured by human landing catches. Results: Seven hundred and seventy-five larvae were identified, 71.5 % larvae of A.aegypti, 24.8 % of A. albopictus, 3.2 % of Culex quinquefasciatus and 0.8 % of C. coronator and C. nigripalpus. Thirty-seven adult mosquitoes of A. albopictus were collected. The most abundant breeding sites of this vector were tires. Conclusion: Given the presence of A. albopictus we suggest to intensify the entomological surveillance system to detect new populations within the department and nearby areas. Attention should be given to artificial breeding sites located in areas close to the parking of vehicles of transport of foods, supplies, and machinery from areas with the presence of the vector.

Leptolegnia chapmanii como alternativa biológica para el control de Aedes aegypti / Leptolegnia chapmanii as a biological alternative to control Aedes aegypti

Leptolegnia chapmanii es un microorganismo patógeno facultativo de diversas especies de mosquito, entre las que se destacan, por su importancia médica y sanitaria, especies de los géneros Aedes, Culex y Anopheles. El potencial de L. chapmanii como alternativa de control radica en la virulencia, capacidad patógena y grado de especificidad que presenta hacia los estadios larvales de las diferentes especies de mosquito, y por su inocuidad frente a organismos acuáticos no blanco como, por ejemplo, peces y anfibios. Su presencia natural ha sido reportada en Argentina, Brasil, y Estados Unidos, pensándose como posible en otros países dentro del continente americano. La eficacia de L. chapmanii como controlador se ve influenciada por factores externos, como la temperatura, la radiación y el pH, entre otros. Uno de los objetivos de trabajo del Grupo de Hongos Entomopatógenos del Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, corresponde al desarrollo de protocolos para la producción, formulación, almacenamiento y aplicación de productos basados en este microorganismo. Con este referente, estamos desarrollando un proyecto con L. chapmanii que se encuentra en la fase inicial, en la que se está trabajando la prueba de concepto a escala de laboratorio. Se espera continuar en el futuro con estudios de eficacia, eficiencia, estabilidad y seguridad ecotoxicológica, a diferentes escalas.

Leptolegnia chapmanii is a facultative pathogen of many species of mosquitoes, among which species of the genus Aedes, Culex and Anopheles stand out for their medical and sanitary importance. The potential of L. chapmanii as an alternative to control lies in its virulence, pathogenicity and specificity against the larval stages of mosquitoes, and because of its harmlessness to non-target species such as fish and amphibians, among others. The natural presence of L. chapmanii had been reported in Argentina, Brazil and the United States. Its presence is possible in other countries throughout the American continent. The development of protocols to produce, formulate, store and apply products based on this microorganism is one of the objectives proposed for the group of Entomopathogenic Fungi at the Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. The efficacy of L. chapmanii as controller is affected by external factors such as temperature, pH, salinity and radiation among others. The process of transfer from the research centers to industry implies many phases. In this way, our project with L. chapmanii is in an initial phase, where we are working on a laboratory scale in proof of concept. We hope to begin soon with the efficacy, efficiency, stability and ecotoxicological safety tests, at the laboratory, semi-field and field scale.

Embarcaciones fluviales como medio de dispersión de Aedes aegypti hacia zonas fronterizas de la amazonia peruana / River boats as a means of expansion of Aedes aegypti towards border zones of the peruvian amazon

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar el riesgo entomológico de Aedes aegypti durante el recorrido fluvial en embarcaciones con rutas fronterizas de Loreto. Materiales y métodos . La población de estudio fueron los mosquitos presentes en tres embarcaciones con rutas fronterizas en Loreto. El riesgo entomológico de Aedes se determinó mediante ovitrampas, revisión de criaderos, colecta e identificación taxonómica de mosquitos adultos. Resultados . El riesgo entomológico varió según trayecto y época. Se identificó un riesgo entomológico medio a muy alto en época de creciente y en la ruta de ida hacia las zonas fronterizas. La población vectorial predominante en época de vaciante fue Mansonia sp. (74,8%), Culex sp. (12,8%) y Aedes aegypti (0,4%); en creciente predominó Culex sp. (45,1%), Mansonia sp. (26,8%) y Aedes aegypti (19,7%). En ningún caso se evidenció Aedes albopictus. Conclusiones. Existe riesgo entomológico de moderado a alto durante la etapa de creciente en las embarcaciones fluviales que viajan desde Iquitos hacia las zonas fronterizas de Loreto. Nuestros resultados evidencian que las embarcaciones fluviales son un medio de dispersión de Aedes aegypti.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the entomological risk of Aedes aegypti in boats traversing border river routes in Loreto. Materials and Methods. The study population consisted of mosquitoes present in three boats covering border routes in Loreto. The entomological risk of Aedes was determined through ovitraps, the inspection of breeding sites, and the collection and taxonomic identification of adult mosquitoes. Results. The entomological risk varied according to the route and the season. A medium to very high entomological risk was identified in the high-water season and on the outward route to the border areas. The predominant vector population in the low-water season was Mansonia sp. (74.8%), Culex sp. (12.8%), and Aedes aegypti (0.4%); in the high-water season, Culex sp. (45.1%), Mansonia sp. (26.8%), and Aedes aegypti (19.7%). In no case did we find Aedes albopictus. Conclusions. There is moderate to high entomological risk during the high-water season in riverboats traveling from Iquitos to the border areas of Loreto. Our results show that river boats are a means of expansion of Aedes aegypti.

Influencia de la temperatura ambiental en el mosquito Aedes spp y la transmisión del virus del dengue / Influence of environmental temperature in the mosquito Aedes spp and the transmission of the dengue virus

Resumen En esta revisión se aborda a Aedes, el género de insectos más relevante en relación a la transmisión de agentes patógenos virales entre los que se cuentan dengue, zika, chikungunya, fiebre amarilla, entre otros. Este vector posee una rápida tasa de desarrollo y alta supervivencia, las cuales puede variar en respuesta a muchos factores bióticos y abióticos del ambiente. Entre estos últimos está la temperatura, la cual puede ejercer una considerable influencia en la capacidad vectorial, ya que impacta en la dinámica de la población del mosquito, la cinética del ciclo biológico, la respuesta inmunológica frente al virus del dengue, entre otros aspectos. Este conocimiento puede resultar útil en la realización de mejores proyecciones de los efectos del cambio climático sobre la incidencia del dengue, así como lograr una detección temprana de posibles brotes epidémicos que permitan la planeación oportuna de una respuesta rápida y eficaz para lograr la reducción y el control de la enfermedad.

Abstract This review presents Aedes, the most relevant insect genus in relation to the transmission of viral pathogens: dengue, zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, among others. This vector has a rapid rate of development and high survival, which might vary in response to many biotic and abiotic factors of environment. Among the latter is the temperature, which can exert a considerable influence on vectorial capacity, since it affects the dynamics of the mosquito population, the kinetics of the biological cycle, the immune response against the dengue virus, among other aspects. This knowledge can be useful in achieving better projections of the effects of climate change on the incidence of dengue, as well as achieving early detection of possible epidemic outbreaks that allow the timely planning of a rapid and effective response to achieve the reduction and control of the disease.

Combination of surveillance tools reveals that Yellow Fever virus can remain in the same Atlantic Forest area at least for three transmission seasons

BACKGROUND In Brazil, the Yellow Fever virus (YFV) is endemic in the Amazon, from where it eventually expands into epidemic waves. Coastal south-eastern (SE) Brazil, which has been a YFV-free region for eight decades, has reported a severe sylvatic outbreak since 2016. The virus spread from the north toward the south of the Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state, causing 307 human cases with 105 deaths during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 transmission seasons. It is unclear, however, whether the YFV would persist in the coastal Atlantic Forest of RJ during subsequent transmission seasons. OBJECTIVES To conduct a real-time surveillance and assess the potential persistence of YFV in the coastal Atlantic Forest of RJ during the 2018-2019 transmission season. METHODS We combined epizootic surveillance with fast diagnostic and molecular, phylogenetic, and evolutionary analyses. FINDINGS Using this integrative strategy, we detected the first evidence of YFV re-emergence in the third transmission season (2018-2019) in a dying howler monkey from the central region of the RJ state. The YFV detected in 2019 has the molecular signature associated with the current SE YFV outbreak and exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship with the YFV lineage that circulated in the same Atlantic Forest fragment during the past seasons. This lineage circulated along the coastal side of the Serra do Mar mountain chain, and its evolution seems to be mainly driven by genetic drift. The potential bridge vector Aedes albopictus was found probing on the recently dead howler monkey in the forest edge, very close to urban areas. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data revealed that YFV transmission persisted at the same Atlantic Forest area for at least three consecutive transmission seasons without the need of new introductions. Our real-time surveillance strategy permitted health authorities to take preventive actions within 48 h after the detection of the sick non-human primate. The local virus persistence and the proximity of the epizootic forest to urban areas reinforces the concern with regards to the risk of re-urbanisation and seasonal re-emergence of YFV, stressing the need for continuous effective surveillance and high vaccination coverage in the SE region, particularly in RJ, an important tourist location.

First evidence of Zika virus venereal transmission in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is considered the main Zika virus (ZIKV) vector, and is thought to be responsible for the 2015-2016 outbreak in Brazil. Zika positive Ae. aegypti males collected in the field suggest that vertical and/or venereal transmission of ZIKV may occur. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to demonstrate that venereal transmission of ZIKV by Ae. aegypti can occur under laboratory conditions. METHODS Ae. aegypti collected in the city of Manaus, confirmed as negative for Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya virus by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) (AaM3V- strain), were reared under laboratory conditions and used for the experiments. The ZIKV used in this study was isolated from a patient presenting with symptoms; ZIKV was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Experiment 1: virgin male mosquitoes of AaM3V- strain were intrathoracically inoculated with a ZIKV suspension; four days after injection, they were transferred to a cage containing virgin females of AaM3V- strain and left to copulate for five days. Experiment 2: virgin female mosquitoes of AaM3V- strain were orally infected with a ZIKV suspension by blood feeding membrane assay; nine days after blood feeding, they were placed in cages with Ae. aegypti AaM3V- virgin males and left to copulate for four days. After copulation, all mosquitoes were individually evaluated for viral infection by RT-qPCR. FINDINGS The mean infection rate in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 was 45% and 35%, respectively. In both experiments, cycle threshold values ranged from 13 to 35, indicating the presence of viral genomes. MAIN CONCLUSION Ae. aegypti males intrathoracically inoculated with a ZIKV suspension are infected and can transmit the virus to uninfected females by mating. Moreover, Ae. aegypti females orally infected with a ZIKV suspension can transmit the virus to uninfected males by copulation. This study shows that ZIKV infection of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes occurs not only during blood feeding, but also during copulation.

Environmental factors can influence dengue reported cases / Fatores climáticos podem influenciar nos casos de notificação de dengue

Summary Introduction: Global climate changes directly affect the natural environment and contribute to an increase in the transmission of diseases by vectors. Among these diseases, dengue is at the top of the list. The aim of our study was to understand the consequences of temporal variability of air temperature in the occurrence of dengue in an area comprising seven municipalities of the Greater São Paulo. Method: Characterization of a temporal trend of the disease in the region between 2010 and 2013 was performed through analysis of the notified number of dengue cases over this period. Our analysis was complemented with meteorological (temperature) and pollutant concentration data (PM10). Results: We observed that the months of January, February, March, April and May (from 2010 to 2013) were the ones with the highest number of notified cases. We also found that there is a statistical association of moisture and PM10 with the reported cases of dengue. Conclusion: Although the temperature does not statistically display an association with recorded cases of dengue, we were able to verify that temperature peaks coincide with dengue outbreak peaks. Future studies on environmental pollution and its influence on the development of Aedes aegypti mosquito during all stages of its life cycle, and the definition of strategies for better monitoring, including campaigns and surveillance, would be compelling.

Resumo Objetivo: As alterações globais que têm ocorrido interferem no ambiente natural, influenciando diretamente no crescimento da transmissão de doenças ocasionadas por vetores, das quais se destaca a dengue. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as consequências da variabilidade temporal das condições climáticas em relação à ocorrência de dengue na população da região metropolitana de São Paulo, constituída por sete municípios. Método: A caracterização da tendência temporal da dengue foi realizada por meio da análise dos números de casos de dengue notificados nos anos de 2010 a 2013, de dados meteorológicos (umidade e temperatura) e dados de concentração de poluentes (PM10). Resultados: Observou-se que os meses de janeiro a abril (de 2010 a 2013) foram os que apresentaram maior número de casos notificados de dengue, com associação estatística entre a umidade e PM10 com os casos de dengue notificados. Conclusão: Embora a temperatura não assuma, estatisticamente, uma associação com os casos de dengue registrados, foi possível verificar que os picos de temperatura coincidem com os picos epidêmicos de dengue. Seriam interessantes futuros estudos referentes à poluição ambiental e a sua influência no desenvolvimento do mosquito Aedes aegypti em todas as suas fases do ciclo de vida e definição de estratégias para melhor monitoração, campanhas e vigilância.

Aedes aegypti breeding site in an underground rainwater reservoir: a warning / Criadouro de Aedes aegypti em reservatório subterrâneo de água da chuva: um alerta

ABSTRACT We describe the discovery of Aedes aegypti underground breeding site in the Pinheiros neighborhood of São Paulo, SP, during an entomological survey program performed in 2016. Even with intense surveillance and vector control, large numbers of mosquitoes were present in this area. A detailed investigation allowed for the detection of Ae. aegypti in an underground reservoir used for rainwater storage. After the implementation of protection screens in the accesses, the presence of the vector was no longer detected. In this study, we discuss the frequent use of this type of reservoir structure and its risk for mosquito production.

RESUMO Descreve-se o encontro de criadouro subterrâneo de Aedes aegypti no bairro de Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP, ocorrido durante um programa de levantamento entomológico, realizado em 2016. Mesmo com intensa vigilância e controle vetorial, grande quantidade de mosquitos estava presente nessa área. Investigação minuciosa permitiu a detecção de Ae. aegypti em reservatório subterrâneo para armazenamento de água pluvial. Após a implantação de telas de proteção nos acessos, não foi mais detectada a presença do vetor. O uso frequente desse tipo de estrutura e o seu risco para a produção de mosquitos é discutido.

Isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis from Maranhão biomes with potential insecticidal action against Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera, Culicidae)

Abstract Entomopathogenic agents are viable and effective options due to their selective action against insects but benign effects on humans and the environment. The most promising entomopathogens include subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which are widely used for the biological control of insects, including mosquito vectors of human pathogens. The efficacy of B. thuringiensis toxicity has led to the search for new potentially toxic isolates in different regions of the world. Therefore, soil samples from the Amazon, Cerrado and Caatinga biomes of the state of Maranhão were evaluated for their potential larvicidal action against Aedes aegypti. The isolates with high toxicity to mosquito larvae, as detected by bioassays, were subjected to histological evaluation under a light microscope to identify the genes potentially responsible for the toxicity. Additionally, the toxic effects of these isolates on the intestinal epithelium were assessed. In the new B. thuringiensis isolates toxic to A. aegypti larvae, cry and cyt genes were amplified at different frequencies, with cry4, cyt1, cry32, cry10 and cry11 being the most frequent (33-55%) among those investigated. These genes encode specific proteins toxic to dipterans and may explain the severe morphological changes in the intestine of A. aegypti larvae caused by the toxins of the isolates.

Resumo Os agentes entomopatógenos são alternativas viáveis e eficazes, devido à sua ação seletiva para insetos sendo inofensivos ao homem e ao meio ambiente. Dentre os entomopatógenos mais promissores, destacam-se as subespécies de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) amplamente utilizadas no controle biológico de insetos incluindo espécies de mosquitos vetores de agentes patogênicos ao homem. A eficiência da toxicidade de Bt incentiva a prospecção de novos isolados em diversas regiões do mundo. Desta forma, em busca de novos isolados de B. thuringiensis potencialmente tóxicos, amostras de solo provenientes dos biomas Amazônia, Cerrado e Caatinga do estado do Maranhão foram avaliadas em relação ao seu potencial larvicida para Aedes aegypti. Os isolados que provocaram elevada toxicidade para larvas do mosquito, detectada por bioensaios, foram avaliados em relação aos potenciais genes responsáveis pela atividade tóxica, além da avaliação de efeitos tóxicos no epitélio intestinal através de análises histológicas em microscopia de luz. Os novos isolados de Bt tóxicos para larva de A. aegypti amplificaram frequências diferentes de genes cry e cyt sendo os mais frequentes (55-33%) os cry4, cyt1, cry32, cry10 e cry11 dentre os investigados. Esses genes codificam para proteínas tóxicas específicas para ordem Diptera, e podem explicar as severas alterações morfológicas provocadas pelas toxinas dos isolados observadas no intestino das larvas de A. aegypti.

Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles: A newer and safer tool against mosquito-borne diseases?

Prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases is a key challenge of huge public health importance. Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has recently gained attention as a cheap, rapid and eco-friendly method to control mosquito vector populations, with special reference to young instars. Furthermore, plant-fabricated nanoparticles have been successfully employed as dengue virus growth inhibitors. In this Editorial, parasitologists, entomologists and researchers in drug nanosynthesis are encouraged to deal with a number of crucial challenges of public health importance.

Aspectos ecológicos de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) em ambientes degradados e preservados da APA Capivari-Monos no município de São Paulo / Ecological aspects of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in degraded environments and in the Environmental Protection Area Capivari-Monos in São Paulo

A Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Capivari-Monos no sul do município de São Paulo, sub-distrito de Parelheiros, é uma área de Mata Atlântica que abriga importantes mananciais. Devido à urbanização desorganizada, alterações das condições ecológicas naturais dessa área propiciam o contato entre humanos, patógenos e culicídeos. Pouco se sabe sobre a ecologia de mosquitos vetores de patógenos nessa localidade, o que instigou a pesquisa na região. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo investigou a fauna culicídeos presentes em ambiente silvestre e antrópico na APA Capivari-Monos, determinando-se indicadores de biodiversidade e relacionando-os a fatores ambientais. Para tal, por 12 meses foram capturados mensalmente culicídeos adultos e imaturos de ambiente silvestre e antrópico usando-se diferentes técnicas de captura. Foram utilizados indicadores de diversidade para avaliar a riqueza, dominância, abundância e equabilidade dos diferentes ambientes. Um total de 9.403 mosquitos adultos foram capturados de maio de 2009 a junho de 2010. As espécies prevalentes entre as coletadas no ambiente silvestre foram Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, Culex (Melanoconion) seção Melanoconion e Aedes serratus, enquanto as mais comuns no ambiente antrópico foram Coquillettidia chrysonotum / albifera, Culex (Culex) grupo coronator e An. (Kerteszia) cruzii. A riqueza de mosquitos adultos foi semelhante entre os ambientes, e a abundância variou entre as espécies. Ao comparar os padrões de diversidade entre os ambientes, a região antrópica apresentou maior riqueza e uniformidade, o que sugere que o estresse ambiental aumentou o número de nichos favoráveis para culicídeos e promoveu maior diversidade. A espécie An. cruzii apresentou correlação positiva com pluviosidade e temperatura no ambiente antrópico, mas no ambiente silvestre essa espécie não esteve associada aos fatores climáticos...

The Environmental Protection Area (APA) Capivari-Monos in the Parelheiros sub-district, in South São Paulo, is an Atlantic Forest area that comprises important springs. Owing to the disorganized urbanization, changes in the natural ecological conditions of the APA promoted human-Culicidae-pathogen contact. The lack of information on the ecology of mosquito vectors in the APA motivated the present study, which investigated the Culicidae fauna wild and anthropic zones of the Capivari-Monos APA, determining biodiversity indicators and relating them to environmental factors. To that end, adult and immature Culicidae were monthly collected from the wild and from the anthropic zones for 12 months and using different capture techniques. Diversity indicators were used to assess richness, dominance, evenness and abundance in the different environments. A number of 9,403 adult mosquitoes were collected from May 2009 to June 2010. The main species collected in the wild environment were Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, the Melanoconion section of Culex (Melanoconion) and Aedes serratus, whereas the most common species in the anthropic zone were Coquillettidia chrysonotum/albifera, Culex (Culex) Coronator group and An. (Ker.) cruzii. Mosquito richness was similar between the zones, and their abundance varied according to the species. Compared to the wild zone, the anthropic zone exhibited higher richness and evenness, suggesting that environmental stress increased the number of favorable niches for culicids, promoting diversity. An. cruzii occurrence was positively correlated with rainfall and temperature in the anthropic zone, but in the wild zone it was not associated with climatic factors. From the 2,443 immature mosquitoes collected, 1,507 (61.7 per cent ) were found int the anthropic zone and 936 (38.3 per cent ) in the wild zone...