Association between levels of sports participation and oral injuries among combat athletes / Associação entre níveis de participação no esporte e lesões orais em atletas de combate / Asociación entre niveles de participación en el deporte y lesiones orales en atletas de combate

ABSTRACT Introduction Oral injuries are common traumas in combat sports due to the aggressive nature of both offense and defense. Sports mouth guards are made to reduce the risk of traumatic face and jaw injuries and concussions during sports activities. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral injuries in combat sports and to examine the association between participation levels and percentage of injury occurrence. Methods One hundred and eight participants (mean age: 22.42 ± 2.162 years) who were involved in sparring events were recruited. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 22 questions about the demographic profile of the athletes, their injury experience and type of injuries sustained, awareness and use of mouth guards in sports activities. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied for data analysis. Results Almost 77% of participants had experienced oral injuries during sports activities and nearly 90% were aware that oral injuries can be reduced by using mouth guards. In addition, 52.7% of participants complained that the mouth guard is not comfortable to use during sports activities. Findings revealed a significant moderate association between levels of participation and number of oral injuries ( p = 0.013). One-way ANOVA showed a significant mean difference in the rate of oral injury for the four levels of participation groups F (3, 104) = 6.21, p = 0.011. Post-hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni test indicated a significant mean difference between university-state levels ( p = 0.033) and university-national levels ( p = 0.028). Conclusion This study revealed that higher levels of participation in sports have a higher risk of injury. It was also found that the discomfort of using a mouth guard can be reduced if the coaches make the athletes wear proper mouth guards that follow the recommended specifications. Level of evidence IIIb; Case control study.

RESUMO Introdução As lesões orais são traumas comuns nos esportes de combate, devido à natureza agressiva tanto do ataque quanto da defesa. Os protetores bucais esportivos são feitos para diminuir o risco de lesões traumáticas na face e na mandíbula; e também de concussão durante as atividades esportivas. Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de lesões orais em esportes de combate e examinar a associação entre níveis de participação e a porcentagem de ocorrência de lesões. Métodos Foram recrutados cento e oito participantes (média de idade: 22,42 ± 2,162 anos) envolvidos em eventos de combate. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário composto por 22 perguntas sobre o perfil demográfico dos atletas, sua experiência com lesões e tipo de lesões sofridas, conhecimento e uso de protetores bucais em atividades esportivas. A análise descritiva, o teste do qui-quadrado e a análise de variância (ANOVA) foram aplicados para análise dos dados. Resultados Quase 77% dos participantes sofreram lesões orais durante atividades esportivas e quase 90% estavam cientes de que as lesões orais podem ser reduzidas com o uso de protetores bucais. Além disso, 52,7% dos participantes reclamaram que o protetor bucal não é confortável para uso durante as atividades esportivas. Os achados revelaram associação moderada significativa entre níveis de participação e número de lesões orais (p = 0,013). A ANOVA unilateral mostrou uma diferença média significativa na taxa de lesão oral nos quatro níveis dos grupos de participação F (3, 104) = 6,21, p = 0,011. As comparações post-hoc usando o teste de Bonferroni indicaram diferença média significativa entre os níveis universitário-estadual (p = 0,033) e os níveis universitário-nacional (p = 0,028). Conclusão Este estudo revelou que níveis mais altos de participação no esporte representam maior risco de lesões. Verificou-se também que a sensação de desconforto ao usar protetor bucal pode ser reduzida se os treinadores fizerem com que os atletas usem protetores bucais adequados, que sigam as especificações recomendadas. Nível de evidência IIIb; Estudo Caso-Controle .

RESUMEN Introducción Las lesiones orales son traumas comunes en los deportes de combate, debido a la naturaleza agresiva tanto del ataque como de la defensa. Los protectores bucales deportivos son hechos para disminuir el riesgo de lesiones traumáticas en el rostro y en la mandíbula; y también de concusión en las actividades deportivas. Objetivo Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de lesiones orales en deportes de combate y examinar la asociación entre los niveles de participación y el porcentaje de ocurrencia de lesiones. Métodos Fueron reclutados ciento ocho participantes (promedio de edad: 22,42 ± 2,162 años) involucrados en eventos de combate. Los datos fueron colectados a través de un cuestionario compuesto por 22 preguntas sobre el perfil demográfico de los atletas, su experiencia con lesiones y tipo de lesiones sufridas, conocimiento y uso de protectores bucales en actividades deportivas. El análisis descriptivo, el test de chi-cuadrado y el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) fueron aplicados para el análisis de los datos. Resultados Casi 77% de los participantes sufrió lesiones orales durante las actividades deportivas y casi 90% tenía conocimiento de que las lesiones orales pueden ser reducidas con el uso de protectores bucales. Además, 51,7% de los participantes reclamaron que el protector bucal no es confortable para uso durante las actividades deportivas. Los hallazgos revelaron asociación moderada significativa entre niveles de participación y número de lesiones orales (p = 0,013). El ANOVA unidireccional mostró una diferencia promedio significativa en la tasa de lesión oral en los cuatro niveles de grupos de participación F (3,104) = 6,21, p = 0,011. Las comparaciones post hoc usando el test de Bonferroni indicaron una diferencia promedio significativa entre los niveles universitario-estatal (p = 0,033) y los niveles universitario-nacional (p = 0,028). Conclusión Este estudio reveló que niveles más altos de participación en el deporte representan mayor riesgo de lesiones. Se verificó también que la sensación de incomodidad al usar protectores bucales adecuados puede reducirse si los entrenadores hacen con que los atletas usen protectores bucales adecuados, que sigan las especificaciones recomendadas. Nivel de evidencia IIIb; Estudio Caso-Control.

Effect of orthodontic bracket type and mouthguard presence on the stress and strain during a frontal impact

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of orthodontic bracket type (metallic or ceramic) and mouthguard on biomechanical response during impact. Two-dimensional plane-strain models of a patient with increased positive overjet of the maxillary central incisor was created based on a CT scan, simulating the periodontal ligament, bone support, gingival tissue, orthodontic brackets (metallic or ceramic) and mouthguard. A nonlinear dynamic impact finite element analysis was performed in which a steel object hit the model at 1 m/s. Stress distributions (Von Mises and Modified Von Mises) and strain were evaluated. Stress distributions were affected by the bracket presence and type. Models with metallic and ceramic bracket had higher stresses over a larger buccal enamel impact area. Models with ceramic brackets generated higher stresses than the metallic brackets. Mouthguards reduced the stress and strain values regardless of bracket type. Mouthguard shock absorption were 88.37% and 89.27% for the metallic and ceramic bracket, respectively. Orthodontic bracket presence and type influenced the stress and strain generated during an impact. Ceramic brackets generated higher stresses than metallic brackets. Mouthguards substantially reduced impact stress and strain peaks, regardless of bracket type.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da presença e tipo de bráquete ortodôntico (metálico ou cerâmico), e a presença de protetor bucal na resposta biomecânica durante impacto. Modelos bidimensionais em estado plano de deformação de paciente com incisivo central superior com overjet positivo acentuado foram criados baseados em tomografia computadorizada, simulando ligamento periodontal, suporte ósseo, tecido gengival, bráquetes ortodônticos (metálico e cerâmico) e o protetor bucal. Análise de elementos finitos não-linear de impacto foi realizada na qual uma esfera de aço atingiu o modelo a 1m/s. A distribuição de tensões (Von Mises e Von Mises modificado) e a deformação foram avaliadas. As distribuições de tensões foram afetadas pela presença e tipo de bráquete. Modelos com bráquete metálico e cerâmico produziram maiores valores de tensões sobre maior área do esmalte vestibular. Modelos com bráquetes cerâmicos geraram maiores tensões do que metálicos. O protetor bucal reduziu as tensões e deformações geradas independentemente do tipo de bráquete. A capacidade de absorção de choques foi de 88.37 e 89.27% para os bráquetes metálicos e cerâmicos, respectivamente. A presença e o tipo de bráquete influenciou a distribuição de tensões e deformações durante o impacto. Bráquetes cerâmicos geraram maiores valores de tensão do que metálicos. Protetor bucal reduziu significativamente os picos de tensão e deformação.

FEM Analysis of the Effects of Mouth guard material properties on the Head and Brain under Mandibular Impact / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM & PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a mouth guard material properties on the skull and brain when they were under impact loads on mandible. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two customized mouth protectors having different material propeerst ieach other were made for a female Korean who had no history of brain trauma, no cerebral diseases, nomal occlusion and natural dentition. The 3D finite element model of human skull and brain scanned by means of computed tomography was constructed. The FEM model of head was composed of 407,825 elements and 82,138 nodes, including skull, brain, maxilla, mandible, articular disc, teeth and mouth guard. The stress concentrations on maxillary teeth, maxilla and skull with two mouth guards were evaluated under oblique impact load of 800N onto mandibular 3 loading points for 0.1sec. And the brain relative displacement was compared in two different mouth guard materials under same condition. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The results were as follows; 1. In comparison of von Mises stress on maxillary teeth, a soft mouth guard material had significantly lower stress values on measuring point than a hard mouth protector materials (P < .05). 2. In comparison of von Mises stress on maxilla and skull, A soft mouth protector material had significantly lower stress values on measuring point than a hard mouth protector materials (P < .05). 3. For impact loads on mandible, there were more stress concentrated area on maxilla and skull with hard mouth guard than soft with mouth protector. 4. For impact loads on mandible, brain relative displacement had little relation with mouth guard material properties. In results of this study, soft mouth guard materials were superior to hard mouth guard materials for mandible impact loads for prevention of sports injuries. Although the results of this study were not enough to figure out the roles of needed mouth guard material properties for a human head, we got some knowledge of the pattern about stress concentration and distribution on maxilla and skull for impact loads with soft or hard mouth protector. More studies are needed to substantiate the relationship between the mouth guard materials and sports injuries.

The Charactaristic of H-shape sport's mouth guard on athlete's physical capacity. Part II Effect on the leg power and golf perfomance / 体力科学

We have developed a mouth guard which has revolutionized the shape and material of the conventional mouth piece. The H shape mouth guard has the unique shape like that of an H. Even with the new shape of the mouth piece it does not hinder the performance of the wearer. The following are the fundamental data collected by our group. In this study we examined its influences on leg power, the carry (the distance a golf ball is hit) and the motion of the club head during a tee off.<BR>The results are as follows:<BR>1) By wearing or setting the mouth guard, the variation of leg power, measured with a Sybex II, showed an increase at selected angular verocity. The rate of increase averaged aproximately 15%.<BR>2) The amount of work in anaerodush, an intensive, but short exercise, increased significantly by 1.25 seconds.<BR>3) As for golf, all four of the test subjects joint performance increased their carries by 5.2 to 11.6 yards, using a 1st wood.<BR>4) Also the fluctuation of the head of the club decreased from 7.3 cm to 3.6 cm on average.<BR>Our group have found that the new H shaped mouth guard can absorb shock as well as not hinder the performance of the individual who is wearing it. Thus, the H shape mouth guard can be worn during sports to enhance the participant's performance.

The characteristic of H-shape sport's mouth guard on athlete's physical capacity. Effects on shock absorbability and respiratory function / 体力科学

Generally, sport players of boxing or football who contact roughly with other players use mouth guard during match or game to prevent the breaking of jow boneor bursting of soft oral cavity. Moreover, mouth-guard are used for the purpose to lighter the load to root of teeth and to improve the skill and power of sport's player.<BR>The purpose of this study was to examine the charactaristic of unfitted by H shape-mouth guard compared to U shape mouth guard.<BR>The following results were obtained.<BR>1. The H shape-mouth guard of this study could reduce the impact to 1/7 level.<BR>2. A relative decrease in ventilation level was shown when H shape mouth guard fitted.<BR>3. With reference to respiratory function, reduction of the amount of oxygen up-take was not observed at heart rate lower than 170 beats/min, and in this case a player feells subjective symptom of stiffing.