ABSTRACT
Wound swab culture is the most frequently employed method of confirming wound infection. A regular bacteriological review of infected wounds is necessary to provide qualitative health care particularly when blind treatment is a necessity as in underdeveloped and developing nations. Materials and Methods: A total of 614 Wound swabs sample were received in the department during the study period. Direct Gram staining of the specimens were done after which they were inoculated in Blood agar and MacConkey agar plates and antibiotic sensitivity was done according to CLSI guideline. Result: A total of 496 strains were isolated out of which 232 (46.77%) were Gramnegative bacilli and 264(53.23%) were Gram-positive cocci. Out of the 466 culture positive samples, 29 samples showed polymicrobial growth. E coli was the most common pathogen isolated. Of the 156 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus 68 was from ward and 88 from Out Patient Department (OPD) of which 31(45.58%) and 30(34.09%) were determined to be methicillin resistant (MRSA) respectively. Out of 95 isolates of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus(CoNS ), 56 was from ward and 39 from OPD. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus (MRCoNS) prevalence rate was 46 (82.14%) and 28(71.79%) for ward and OPD respectively. The gram negative isolates were most sensitive to imipenem and it was least sensitive to cephalosporin groups of antibiotics. Conclusion: The most commonly isolated pathogen from wound swab specimens was Gram positive bacteria but 46.77% of the isolates were Gram negative bacteria so antimicrobial coverage for Gram negative bacteria should be included in treatment of wound infection.
Subject(s)
Agar , Bacteria, Aerobic/isolation & purification , Bacteria, Aerobic/physiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria/physiology , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Microbiological Techniques , Specimen Handling/microbiology , Wound Infection/microbiologyABSTRACT
Background &Objective: Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a common feature associated with HIV infection. Over the past decade, reports have documented a shift away from C. albicans as a major cause of infection to non albicans Candida (NAC) species. Several NAC spp are inherently resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs. The objective of the present study was to investigate the distribution pattern of Candida spp. from HIV infected patients with OPC and evaluate its antifungal susceptibility pattern. Methods: A total of 192 HIV infected patients with oropharyngeal lesions (OPL) suggestive of candidiasis and 60 non HIV infected healthy individuals presenting without any OPL were included in the study.Swabs collected from the site of lesions were used for the demonstration and isolation of Candida. Speciation of Candida isolates was done and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 192 HIV-infected patients with OPL, 179(93.2%) showed growth of Candida. Isolation of NAC species was higher than C. albicans. Azole resistance was more in NAC species as compared to C. albicans.Conclusions: NAC species has emerged as an important cause of OPC in HIV infected patients. The increased isolation rates of NAC species and a gradual shift in the antifungal susceptibility profile underlines the need of early and accurate diagnosis of infecting Candida spp along with antifungal susceptibility testing for selecting the most appropriate antifungal agent for therapy.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: la mayor disponibilidad de caseína seca en polvo en el mercado y la escasa oferta de caseína húmeda, ocasionaron la factibilidad de modificar el proceso tecnológico de obtención del hidrolizado ácido de caseína. OBJETIVO: caracterización del hidrolizado ácido de caseína obtenido a escala industrial por una nueva tecnología en el Centro Nacional de Biopreparados (Cuba) y su desempeño en los medios de cultivo. MÉTODOS: se evaluaron 10 lotes del producto, a los cuales se les realizó el análisis químico, así como la evaluación del desempeño mediante la determinación de la densidad microbiana en el tiempo y la realización de las pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. RESULTADOS: se demostró que el hidrolizado posee valores de los principales componentes químicos característicos de los productos que se comercializan en el mercado internacional: nitrógeno amínico 6,59 ± 0,71 por ciento, nitrógeno total 8,12 ± 0,41 por ciento y composición aminoacídica. Como características distintivas el producto muestra un contenido reducido de cloruro de sodio (32,63 ± 2,46 por ciento), calcio (334 mg/L), magnesio (133 mg/L) y pérdida por desecación (3,34 ± 0,66 por ciento). La capacidad de promoción de crecimiento de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 y Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 no mostraron diferencia significativa con respecto a hidrolizados proteicos de otros proveedores: Biotécnica International, Merck y Oxoid Ltd. (p< 0,05). Se alcanzó un crecimiento bacteriano en el caldo Mueller Hinton a altas diluciones (10-6). Los valores de susceptibilidad de diferentes microorganismos a los antibióticos en el medio agar Mueller Hinton concordaron en relación con los establecidos en las normas del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). CONCLUSIÓN: el producto obtenido puede ser empleado como componente de medios de cultivo con diferentes requerimientos y con adecuada estabilidad.
INTRODUCTION: the great availability of dry powdered casein in the market and low accessibility of wet casein induced the viability of modifying the technological process for obtaining casein acid hydrolysate. OBJECTIVES: to characterize the casein acid hydrolysate obtained at industrial scale by a new technology in the National Center of Biological Products of Cuba and to test its performance in culture media. METHODS: ten product batches were tested by chemical composition analysis, and their performance was evaluated through measuring the microbial density vs time and conducting susceptibility antimicrobial tests. RESULTS: it was demonstrated that the hydrolysate had values of the main chemical components inherent to the products in the international market such as amino nitrogen 6,59 ± 0,71 percent, total nitrogen 8,12 ± 0,41 percent and aminoacid composition. As distinctive characteristics, the product shows reduced contents of some components like: sodium chloride (32,63 ± 2,46 percent), calcium (334 mg/L), magnesium (133 mg/L) and loss on drying (3,34 ± 0,66 percent). The growth encouraging capacity for Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 did not show significant differences with protein hydrolysates from other commercial sources, namely Biotecnica International, Merck and Oxoid Ltd. (p<0,05). It appeared bacterial growth in Mueller Hinton´s broth at high dilutions (10-6). The antimicrobial susceptibility values in the Mueller Hinton Agar agreed with those established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). CONCLUSIONS: the product may be used as a component of culture media with different requirements and adequate stability.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recently, the disk diffusion testing of fluconazole against Candida spp. has been attempted in order to provide a simple inexpensive method in the routine laboratory. We investigated the possibility and reliability of a fluconazole disk diffusion method using a Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with glucose and methylene blue (GM-MH). METHODS: One hundred and seven isolates of Candida spp. (54 C. albicans, 21 C. glabrata, 20 C. tropicalis, 6 C. parapsilosis, 4 C. krusei, and 2 C. lusitaniae) were tested with the broth microdilution method of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) document M27-A2 and a disk diffusion test using GM-MH agar. RESULTS: The overall categorical agreement between the NCCLS method and the disk diffusion method was 89.8% for fluconazole, with 0.9% very major errors and 9.3% minor errors; no major errors were detected. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the fluconazole disk diffusion test on GM-MH agar can be used as a routine screening procedure for susceptibility of Candida spp. in the clinical laboratory.