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1.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1401749

ABSTRACT

Aims: there is increasing awareness that for effective patient care we need more than only randomized controlled trials with groups of participants and that carefully collected single case (N = 1) data have several important advantages over traditional group-level studies. With the advance of technology, collecting relevant data from a single case is becoming easier by the day, and this offers tremendous opportunities for understanding how behaviors displayed by an individual can be influenced by one or several key variables. For example, how pain experienced influences the amount of time spent on physical exercise. Method: using publicly available observational single case data, five models are compared: a classical ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression model; a dynamic regression model (DRM); a two-level random-intercepts model (2LRI); a continuous covariate first-order autoregressive correlation model (CAR1); and an ordinary least squares model with time trend (OLST). These models are compared in terms of overall model fit statistics, estimates of the relation between physical activity (response variable of interest) and pain (covariate of interest), and residual statistics. Results: 2LRI outperforms all other models on both overall model fit and residual statistics, and provides covariate estimates that are in between the relative extremes provided by other models. CAR1 and OLST demonstrate an almost identical performance and one that is substantially better than OLS ­ which performs worst ­ and DRM. Conclusion: for observational single case data, DRM, CAR1, OLST, and 2LRI account for the serial correlation that is typically present in single case data in somewhat different ways under somewhat different assumptions, and all perform better than OLS. Implications of these findings for observational, quasi-experimental, and experimental single case studies are discussed.


Objetivos: há uma crescente conscientização de que, para um atendimento eficaz ao paciente, precisamos de mais do que apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados com grupos de participantes e que os dados de caso único cuidadosamente coletados (N = 1) têm várias vantagens importantes sobre os estudos tradicionais em nível de grupo. Com o avanço da tecnologia, coletar dados relevantes de um único caso está se tornando mais fácil a cada dia, e isso oferece enormes oportunidades para entender como os comportamentos exibidos por um indivíduo podem ser influenciados por uma ou várias variáveis-chave. Por exemplo, como a dor experimentada influencia a quantidade de tempo gasto no exercício físico. Método: usando dados de caso único observacionais disponíveis publicamente, cinco modelos são comparados: um modelo clássico de regressão linear de mínimos quadrados ordinários (OLS); um modelo de regressão dinâmica (DRM); um modelo de interceptações aleatórias de dois níveis (2LRI); um modelo de correlação autorregressiva de primeira ordem covariável contínua (CAR1); e um modelo ordinário de mínimos quadrados com tendência temporal (OLST). Esses modelos são comparados em termos de estatísticas gerais de ajuste do modelo, estimativas da relação entre atividade física (variável de resposta de interesse) e dor (covariável de interesse) e estatísticas residuais. Resultados: o 2LRI supera todos os outros modelos tanto no ajuste geral do modelo quanto nas estatísticas residuais e fornece estimativas de covariáveis que estão entre os extremos relativos fornecidos por outros modelos. CAR1 e OLST demonstram um desempenho quase idêntico e substancialmente melhor que o OLS, que apresenta o pior desempenho, e o DRM. Conclusão: para dados observacionais de caso único, DRM, CAR1, OLST e 2LRI são responsáveis pela correlação seriada que normalmente está presente em dados de caso único de maneira um pouco diferentes sob suposições um pouco diversas, e todos têm um desempenho melhor que o OLS. Implicações dessas descobertas para estudos de caso único observacionais, quase-experimentais e experimentais são discutidas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Pain , Exercise , Methods , Technology , Least-Squares Analysis , Linear Models , Patient Care
2.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 96(2): 225-232, Mar.-Apr. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, ColecionaSUS, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1135023

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: Children's differences in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels are not at random. This study investigates the relevance of individual- and school-level characteristics in explaining these differences. Methods: In total, 307 children (154 girls) aged 5-10 years, from 19 Portuguese schools, were sampled. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was measured by accelerometry. Gross motor coordination was assessed with the KörperkoordinationsTest für Kinder battery and socio-economic status was obtained via the school social support system. School characteristics were obtained with an objective school audit. A multilevel analysis was used as implemented in Stata 15. Results: Schools explained 18.2% of the total variance in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, with the remainder being ascribed to children's distinct characteristics. Boys were more active (β = 29.59 ± 11.52, p < 0.05), and having higher gross motor coordination levels (β = 0.11 ± 0.04, p < 0.05) was positively associated with daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, whereas being older (β = −5.00 ± 1.57, p < 0.05) and having higher socio-economic status (β = −7.89 ± 3.12, p < 0.05) were negatively related with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. From the school-level correlates, only playground dimension was significantly associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels. Children from schools with medium (40 m2 to 69 m2) and large playground dimensions (≥70 m2) were less active than children with smaller playground dimensions (10 m2 to 39 m2). Conclusions: Variation in school children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is mostly explained by their individual characteristics; school characteristics also play a role but to a smaller degree. Future intervention programs to change this behavior should be more personalized, emphasizing mostly individual-level characteristics.


Resumo Objetivo As diferenças entre crianças na atividade física moderada a vigorosa não são aleatórias. Este estudo investiga a relevância das características em níveis individuais e escolares para explicar essas diferenças. Métodos Foram amostradas 307 crianças (154 meninas) entre 5 e 10 anos, de 19 escolas portuguesas. A estatura e o peso foram medidos e o índice de massa corporal foi calculado. O tempo gasto em atividade física moderada a vigorosa foi medido por acelerometria. A coordenação motora grossa foi avaliada com a bateria do Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder e o status socioeconômico foi obtido através do sistema de apoio social da escola. As características da escola foram obtidas através de uma auditoria escolar objetiva. Uma análise multinível foi utilizada como implantada no Stata 15. Resultados As escolas explicaram 18,2% da variância total da atividade física moderada a vigorosa, com o restante atribuído às diferentes características das crianças. Os meninos foram mais ativos (β = 29,59 ± 11,52, p < 0,05) e o fato de ter níveis mais altos de coordenação motora grossa (β = 0,11 ± 0,04, p < 0,05) foi positivamente associado com a atividade física moderada a vigorosa diária. Os mais velhos (β = -5,00 ± 1,57, p < 0,05) e com maior status socioeconômico (β = -7,89 ± 3,12, p < 0,05) foram negativamente relacionados com a atividade física moderada a vigorosa. Com base nos correlatos a nível escolar, apenas a dimensão da área recreativa foi significativamente associada aos níveis de atividade física moderada a vigorosa. As crianças das escolas com área recreativa média (40 m2 a 69 m2) e grande (≥ 70 m2) foram menos ativas do que as crianças com áreas recreativas com menores dimensões (10 m2 a 39 m2). Conclusões A variação na atividade física moderada a vigorosa de escolares é explicada principalmente por suas características individuais; as características da escola também desempenham um papel, mas em menor grau. Futuros programas de intervenção para mudar esse comportamento devem ser mais personalizados, enfatizar principalmente as características em nível individual.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Schools , Exercise , Accelerometry , Body Mass Index , Multilevel Analysis
3.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 95(6): 705-712, Nov.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056657

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: This study examined the growth status and physical development of Brazilian children with autism spectrum disorders from 4 to 15 years of age. Furthermore, it was examined whether variation in growth patterns and weight status was influenced by the use of psychotropic medications. Methods: One-hundred and twenty children aged 3.6-12.1 years at baseline (average = 7.2 years, SD = 2.3 years) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders were measured on three repeated occasions across a 4-year period. Stature, body mass, and body mass index were considered. Bayesian multilevel modeling was used to describe the individual growth patterns. Results: Growth in stature was comparable to the age-specific 50th percentile for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference data until approximately 8 years, but a substantial decrease in growth rate was observed thereafter, reaching the age-specific 5th percentile at 15 years of age. Both body mass and body mass index values were, on average, higher than both the Brazilian and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention age-specific 95th percentile reference until 8 years, but below the 50th specific-age percentile at the age of 15 years. Conclusions: Brazilian boys with autism spectrum disorders between 4 and 15 years appear to have impaired growth in stature after 8-9 years of age, likely impacting pubertal growth. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in early childhood, although a trend of substantial decrease in body mass and body mass index was apparent when children with autism spectrum disorders entered the years of pubertal development.


RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo examinou o estado de crescimento e o desenvolvimento físico de crianças brasileiras com transtornos do espectro autista entre 4 e 15 anos. Adicionalmente, examinamos se a variação nos padrões de crescimento e na massa corporal foi influenciada pelo uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos. Métodos: 120 crianças com idades entre 3,6 e 12,1 anos no início do estudo (média = 7,2 anos, DP = 2,3 anos) diagnosticadas com transtornos do espectro autista foram avaliadas em três ocasiões repetidas em um período de 4 anos. Foram considerados estatura, massa corporal e índice de massa corporal. O modelo multinível bayesiano foi utilizado para descrever os padrões de crescimento individual. Resultados: O crescimento em estatura foi comparável ao percentil 50 específico para a idade para os dados de referência do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos Estados Unidos até cerca de 8 anos. Porém, foi observada uma redução substancial na taxa de crescimento depois dos 8 anos, atingindo o percentil 5 específico para a idade aos 15 anos de idade. Tanto os valores de massa corporal quanto de índice de massa corporal foram, em média, maiores comparativamente ao percentil 95 específico para a idade até aos 8 anos da referência brasileira e do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos Estados Unidos, porém abaixo do percentil 50 específico para a idade aos 15 anos de idade. Conclusões: Os meninos brasileiros com transtornos do espectro autista entre 4 e 15 anos parecem ter retardo do crescimento na estatura após os 8-9 anos, provavelmente afeta o crescimento púbere. Foi observada uma alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade na primeira infância, apesar de uma tendência de redução substancial na massa corporal e no índice de massa corporal ter sido aparente quando as crianças com transtornos do espectro autista entraram nos anos de desenvolvimento púbere.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Body Height , Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications , Body Mass Index , Child Development , Longitudinal Studies , Bayes Theorem , Overweight/etiology , Obesity/etiology
4.
Indian J Public Health ; 2016 Apr-jun; 60(2): 99-106
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-179797

ABSTRACT

Background: Availability of user-friendly statistical software has increased the application of multivariable logistic regression (MLR) in the medical journal many fold. The reporting quality in terms of checking assumptions, model building strategies, proper coding, and report format need proper care and attention to communicate correct and reliable model results. Objective: The objective of this article is to evaluate the quality of MLR article based on 10-point well establish criteria and to study the factors that may influence the quality. Methods: Study included PubMed indexed Indian medical journals as on March 2010 and published at least ten original articles that applied MLR during 10 years was included in the study. Multilevel modeling was applied to assess the role of journal and article attributes on MLR quality. Results: Twelve out of 39 Indian PubMed indexed journals fulfilled the inclusion criterion. Of a total 5599 original articles in these journals, 262 (4.68%) applied MLR in their study. Conformity of linear gradient assumption for continuous covariate was the least fulfilled criterion. One-third of the MLR articles involved statistician or epidemiologist as co-author, and almost same number of MLR articles' first author was from outside India. The trend of 10-point criteria remained consistent although the number of MLR articles increased over the period. The average quality score was 3.78 (95% confidence interval: 2.97-4.60) out of a possible 10. Larger sample size, involvement of statistician as co-author, non-Indian as the first author, and use of SAS/STATA software increased the quality of MLR articles. Conclusions: The quality of MLR articles in Indian medical journals is lagging behind as compared to the quality of MLR articles published from the United States and Europe medical journals. Joint effort of editors, reviewers, and authors are required to improve the quality of MLR in Indian journals so that the reader gets the correct results.

5.
Chinese Journal of Health Policy ; (12): 73-78, 2015.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-463724

ABSTRACT

Objective: To examine the influencing factors of the efficiency of county-level centers for disease control and prevention ( CDCs) in China. Methods:458 county-level CDCs were selected based on a systematic sam-pling method. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the region-level and institution-level influencing factors affect-ing the efficiency of CDCs. Results: It was found that the region ( province) is associated with the efficiency of a CDC. The region-level factor of population density exhibited a significant influence, while the institution-level factors such as the proportion of health technicians, service income and CDC laboratories per capita also had an influence on overall efficiency. Conclusions: Both the region-level and institution-level determinants influence efficiency. Multi-level modeling can help researchers gain a comprehensive understanding of the influencing factors that affect the CDC efficiency.

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