Giant Cell: Cells Unite to Fight

Rokitansky and Langhans first reported multinucleated giantcells in tuberculous granulomas around a century ago. Inprocess of tissue remodeling and repair the multinucleatedgiant cells (MGCs) acts as inextricable mediators. They alsoaid in removal of various pathogens and foreign materials(Vignery, 2005). Thus, for host survival they have a rolein elimination of foreign substances, damaged tissue, andpathogens. Giant cells are supposed to arise from the monocyteprecursors which forms subsequently to various mechanisms.These cells assume distinctly variable phenotypes dependingupon the mechanism of their formation. This review focuseson the role of the giant cell in oral pathoses such as microbiallesions, cystic lesions, metabolic lesions and cancer.

Giant-Cell Fibroma of Oral Cavity- A Case Report

Giant-cell fibroma is a benign fibrotic soft tissue lesion with several unique features, separating it from other oral fibrous hyperplasias. Giant cell fibromas are most commonly seen in younger adults. It is often mistaken with fibroma because of due to its clinical resemblance. Its peculiar histopathological features help to distinguish giant-cell fibroma from them. The presence of stellate fibroblasts and multi-nucleated giant cells makes this lesion a different pathological entity. This article presents a case report of giant-cell fibroma in a 65-year-old female patient, this late manifestation of the lesion makes the case unusual.

Peripheral giant cell granuloma manifestation in pregnancy

The peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a benign oral lesion occurring on the gingiva and alveolar ridge. It is the most common oral lesion and occurs at an average age of 30 years. The upsurge in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in pregnancy leads to a plethora of changes in various parts of human body, including the oral cavity. In the oral cavity, changes are commonly seen on the gingiva. These include pyogenic granuloma, PGCG and also peripheral ossifying fibroma, etc., The etiology of PGCG in our case might be related to hormonal alterations during the gestation period.

Research progress in the function of monocyte/macrophage-lineage origin cells in the peri-implant osseointegration interface / 中华口腔医学杂志

Although many studies have focused on how material surface modifications can promote stem cell differentiation toward osteogenic osteoblasts, little is known about the reaction between material surface and other cells, including osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells. Dental implant osseointegration results from the functional coupling and equilibrium not only between osteoblasts and osteoclasts but also between bone tissue and immune system. Osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells share the same origin, monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, which have initially got concerns in the field of implant osseointegration with regard to their peri-implant distribution and biological functions. Up-to-date data has shown that cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage origin manifest key roles in the establishment of peri-implant osseointegration and the long-term maintenance of marginal bone level and the prevalence of peri-implantitis. However, preliminary progress has been made in the subtypes, phenotypes vs. genotypes, and functions of monocyte/macrophage-lineage-originated cells on the osseointegration interface, quite a lot of facts still remain unclear, especially the potential and the rapeutic targets which could coordinate the cellular peri-implant microenvironment and the implant osseointegrated interface in the short and long term. This review will focus on the current progress in the function of monocyte/macrophage-lineage origin cells on the peri-implant osseointegration interface.

Evaluation in vivo of biocompatibility of differents resin-modified cements for bonding orthodontic bands

ABSTRACT The focus of this study was to test the hypothesis that there would be no difference between the biocompatibility of resin-modified glass ionomer cements. Sixty male Wistar rats were selected and divided into four groups: Control Group; Crosslink Group; RMO Group and Transbond Group. The materials were inserted into rat subcutaneous tissue. After time intervals of 7, 15 and 30 days morphological analyses were performed. The histological parameters assessed were: inflammatory infiltrate intensity; reaction of multinucleated giant cells; edema; necrosis; granulation reaction; young fibroblasts and collagenization. The results obtained were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test (P<0.05). After 7 days, Groups RMO and Transbond showed intense inflammatory infiltrate (P=0.004), only Group RMO presented greater expression of multinucleated giant cell reaction (P=0.003) compared with the control group. After the time intervals of 15 and 30 days, there was evidence of light/moderate inflammatory infiltrate, lower level of multinucleated giant cell reaction and thicker areas of young fibroblasts in all the groups. The hypothesis was rejected. The Crosslink cement provided good tissue response, since it demonstrated a lower level of inflammatory infiltrate and higher degree of collagenization, while RMO demonstrated the lowest level of biocompatibility.

Encefalitis por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, reporte de un caso y revisión de tema / Encephalitis human immunodeficiency virus, a case report and review

En este artículo se presenta el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico histológico de encefalitis por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana - (VIH), con múltiples coinfecciones incluyendo oportunistas. Es un caso llamativo, pues claramente la incidencia de dicha enfermedad ha decrecido ostensiblemente en la era post terapia antiretroviral de gran efectividad (TARGA). Es un paciente masculino heterosexual de 63 años con conductas sexuales de riesgo, que ingresó a un hospital de cuarto nivel con síntomas respiratorios y durante su hospitalización se le diagnosticó VIH / SIDA estadio C3, múltiples infecciones tales como: hepatitis B, neurosífilis, criptococosis sistémica, toxoplasmosis cerebral, histoplasmosis cutánea, candidiasis y herpes oral; recibió tratamiento y falleció 27 días después por criptococosis diseminada. Se le practicó autopsia y se observó en sustancia blanca del sistema nervioso central numerosos nódulos microgliales, linfocitos perivascular y células gigantes multinucleadas sin formación de granulomas, característicos de la encefalitis por VIH. Este paciente es un ejemplo de la historia natural por VIH en estadío avanzado con compromiso del sistema nervioso central.

In this paper we describe the case of a patient with histological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis, which also had multiple co-infections. It is a striking case, because of the incidence of this disease has markedly decreased in the post Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy HAART era. The patient was a heterosexual male of 63 years old engaged in risky sexual behavior, who was admitted to a reference hospital with respiratory symptoms. During hospitalization He was diagnosed with stage C3 HIV/AIDS, multiple infections such as Hepatitis B, Neurosyphilis, systemic cryptococcosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, cutaneous histoplasmosis, oral herpes and candida infections; He received appropriate treatments for all of the above, however He died 27 days later by disseminated cryptococcosis. He underwent autopsy and in central nervous system in the white matter were observed numerous microglial nodules, perivascular lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells without granuloma formation. These giant cells are characteristics of HIV encephalitis. This patient is an example of the natural history of HIV infection that progressed to an advanced stage of AIDS.

Atypical (Symplastic) Leiomyoma A case report.

Atypical, bizarre, symplasmic (symplastic), or pleomorphic leiomyoma contains bizarre tumor cells with variation in size and shape, hyperchromatic nuclei, giant cells and occasional multinucleated giant cells but no coagulative necrosis or increased mitotic activity. Mitotic counts higher than 10/10hpf in such a tumor indicates a high malignant potential smooth muscle tumor (leiomyosarcoma). Bizarre leiomyoma closely mimics leiomyosarcoma. We report a case of 31 years old, nulliparous woman who presented with a history of infertility. On examination she was found to have uterine fibroid of 28 weeks size over a period of 5 years. She was diagnosed to have fibrobid clinically and on ultrasonographic examination. Hence, a myomectomy was performed. Histomorphological features are of atypical (Symplastic) leiomyoma which closely mimics leiomyosarcoma and immunohistochemical markers are certainly of help to exclude malignancy in case of dilemma.

Recurrent Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma: A Case Report.

Abstract: Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma is a non-neoplastic, tumor-like, reactive lesion occurring exclusively on gingiva/alveolar crest. It is thought to arise from the periodontal ligament or periosteum. Clinically, it bears resemblance to pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma and many other peripheral soft tissue lesions seen in the oral cavity, thereby making histopathology mandatory for the diagnosis of this lesion. The lesion although being relatively common still carries a lot of ambiguity. The ambiguity is in terms of its etiology, growth potential, biological behavior (recurrence), histogenesis of its cells as well as its treatment. The entity further holds significance because of its notorious behavior and its high tendency to recur. The present paper describes a case report on recurrent peripheral giant cell granuloma with a comprehensive insight of the literature on its clinical and histological aspects. Special attention has been given on the histogenesis of its cells and treatment of this lesion.

Osteoblastoma: presentación de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Maxillary osteoblastoma: report of a case and review of literature

El Osteoblastoma (OB) es un tumor benigno formador de tejido óseo de aparición muy rara en los maxilares. Su diagnóstico puede ser un gran reto para el patólogo bucal, ya que las características histopatológicas se asemejan a otros tumores más frecuentes en el macizo maxilofacial; por lo que es importante conocer a profundidad sus características clínicas, radiográficas e histopatológicas que nos conduzcan al diagnóstico asertivo de OB. Hasta los actuales momentos la última recopilación de casos de OB maxilares publicados en la literatura fue hecha por Morelos et al hasta el año 2011, quien obtuvo 88 casos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva de casos documentados hasta la fecha en revisiones sistemáticas previas, obteniéndose 119 casos de OB maxilares. Adicionalmente, se aporta un caso más de OB de maxilar superior a la literatura académica...

Osteoblastoma is a rare bone-forming tumor that very rarely involves the jaws. The diagnosis should be very difficult to oral pathology expert because their histopathologic features are resembled with other bony tumors of the maxillofacial region. Therefore, is very important have depth knowledge about the clinical, radiographic and histopathologic features of OB, to make the correct diagnosis. Before this report, the last collection of maxillary OB cases was made by Morelos et al until the year 2011; they obtained 88 cases in their study. The main aim of this research was provide a systematic review of previously published cases; the result was 119 cases of maxillary OB. In addition, this paper added one more case of this rare lesion to the academic literature...

Oro-facial granulomatosis - A case report.

Oro-facial granulomatosis includes a group of disorders which present as a chronic, non-ceasating granulomatous lesion involving the perioral tissues of face and oral mucosa. This condition was first referred by Mart in 1859, Hubschmann in 1894 and Luscher in 1949; later, Wiesenfeld in 1985 introduced the term “Oro-facial Granulomatosis” (OFG) which is characterized by persistent or recurrent soft tissue enlargement and oral ulceration. Hence, it is important to establish the diagnosis accurately because this condition sometimes is a manifestation of Crohn’s disease or Sarcoidosis. A case of Orofacial granulomatosis in a 15-year-old male is reported.

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the modulatory effect of cytokines on monocyte-derived multinucleated giant cell formation and fungicidal activity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) are cells present in characteristic granulomatous inflammation induced by intracellular infectious agents or foreign materials. The present study evaluated the modulatory effect of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in association with other cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-10 or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) on the formation of MGC from human peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen (PbAg). The generation of MGC was determined by fusion index (FI) and the fungicidal activity of these cells was evaluated after 4 h of MGC co-cultured with viable yeast cells of P. brasiliensis strain 18 (Pb18). The results showed that monocytes incubated with PbAg and GM-CSF plus IFN-γ had a significantly higher FI than in all the other cultures, while the addition of IL-10 or TGF-β1 had a suppressive effect on MGC generation. Monocytes incubated with both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines had a higher induction of foreign body-type MGC rather than Langhans-type MGC. MGC stimulated with PbAg and GM-CSF in association with the other cytokines had increased fungicidal activity and the presence of GM-CSF also partially inhibited the suppressive effects of IL-10 and TGF-β1. Together, these results suggest that GM-CSF is a positive modulator of PbAg-stimulated MGC generation and on the fungicidal activity against Pb18.

A case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis / 대한내과학회지

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is a rare systemic disease, characterized by severe rapidly destructive polyarthritis and erythematous papulonodular skin lesions. This disorder involves primarily skin and joints, but it has been reported to affect nearly every organ system. Histological analyses of skin, mucosa and synovia reveal that multinucleated giant cells and proliferating histiocytes have smooth eosinophilic ground-glass cytoplasm. We report a case of a 46-year-old woman who was presented with multiple arthritis and erythematous patch on the V-neck and hard nodules on both hands, elbows, great toes, and auricles. About 25% of the reported patients with MRH have been associated with cancer, but MRH is not considered to be a paraneoplastic disorder. She has not been found any other malignant disease. She has been treated with NSAIDs, corticosteroid, alendronate, hydroxychloroquine, and low-dose methotrexate. Cyclosporin A was added to achieve complete remission later on. After 6 months, she was more improved in symptoms of multiple arthritis and skin nodules.

A Case of Lichen Striatus: Multinucleated Giant Cells / 대한피부과학회지

Lichen striatus is a self limited, papulosquamous disorder with a linear distribution. The linearity has been shown to correspond in many cases to the pattern of Blaschkos lines. Lichen striatus can usually be identified by clinical features and histology. However, the histologic features are diverse and some are nonspecific. We present the rare case of lichen striatus which shows multinucleated giant cells in upper dermis with microscopy.

A study on Evaluating Solute Excretion in the Normal Neonate

Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology (FNA) is an important diagnostic tool in the management of thyroid nodule. Especially, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid has distinct morphologic features that allow a definite cytologic diagnosis with high degree of accuracy. We examined the characteristic cytologic features of 57 cases of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, and their frequency and diagnostic significance were evaluated. The results obtained are summerized as follows : 1. In pattern of cellular arrangement, papillary structure with or without stroma is predominant feature (96%). 2. In individual cell morphology, grooved nuclei (95%), intranuclear cytoplasmic invagination (89%) and nuclear lobulation(74%) are most frequent and important cytologic findings. 3. Chromatin pattern is usually fine. Coarse chromatin is infrequent finding (37%). Nucleoli are inconspicuous. Cytoplasm is plump and distinctly eosinophilic. 4. Psammoma bodies are identified only in 4 cases (7%), but they are considered as helpful diagnostic features. 5. There are other associated findings including multinucleated giant cells (51%), macrophages (37%) and cystic degeneration(16%).