The predatory behavior of Hydrotaea albuquerquei (Lopes) larvae on the larvae of Musca domestica Linnaeus under laboratory conditions

ABSTRACT Larvae of Hydrotaea species are facultative predators of larvae of other fly species on poultry farms, chicken feces, pig, and decaying carcasses. The Neotropical species H. albuquerquei occurs together with M. domestica in these environments and might be useful in the biological control of the latter. To verify the predatory capacity of H. albuquerquei larvae on the larvae of M. domestica, we varied the size of the larvae and the densities of the predators and prey under controlled laboratory conditions. Adults were collected from a poultry farm for the experiment, and the larvae they produced were reared in the laboratory. The second and third instar larvae of H. albuquerquei, when at higher densities, suppressed populations of house fly larvae when the latter were smaller than the former. This means that the functional response increases gradually with an increase in prey population density and predator size. In these conditions, one H. albuquerquei larva consumes up to 29 M. domestica larvae at high prey densities and could reduce 100% of the house fly population under a 50% prey density. This study confirmed a pattern previously observed in other predatory larvae and our results have implications for the biological control and integrated pest management programs of M. domestica in poultry and swine farms.

A case of imported furuncular cutaneous myiasis and cytochrome oxidase Ⅰ gene sequence analysis of the pathogenic Cordylobia anthropophaga / 中华皮肤科杂志

To report a case of imported furuncular cutaneous myiasis,and to analyze the sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ (CO Ⅰ) gene of the pathogenic Cordylobia anthropophaga.A 33-year-old female patient had a travel history to Ghana and Cameroon in Africa 1 month prior to the presentation.No anti-mosquito measures were taken during her stay,and she hung up the laundries outside to dry for several times.Skin examination showed furuncular protuberances with diameters of 1-2 cm on the inner side of the left upper arm as well as on the outer side of the left chest,which were bright red and hard on palpation with irregular borders and a small hole on their central surface.Morphological identification revealed that the larva squeezed from the lesion was suspected as myiasis.After PCR amplification of the CO Ⅰ gene of the larva,an about 650-bp PCR product was acquired.Sequencing and BLAST analysis showed that this product was most closely related to the CO Ⅰ gene (GenBank accession number:FR719158.1) of Cordylobia anthropophaga isolated in Cameroon in 2010 with the sequence similarity being 99.84％,and they were grouped together on the phylogenetic tree.According to the clinical features and travel history of the patient and the sequencing results of the pathogenic Cordylobia anthropophaga,this case was confirmed as imported furuncular cutaneous myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga.

Houseflies speaking for the conservation of natural areas: a broad sampling of Muscidae (Diptera) on coastal plains of the Pampa biome, Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Coastal Plain of the Pampa Biome (CPPB), has suffered fragmentation caused by resource extraction and cattle raising. In turn, conservation proposals are needed to prevent the anthropisation of Pampa natural areas. The first step towards conservation proposals by using insects is fauna inventories, providing data support for legislators. Thus, we undertook a regional and broad-scale sampling survey to investigate the diversity of Muscidae flies in protected and non-protected areas of CPPB. In addition, we carried out an ecological guild diversity analysis as a metric approach of bioindication. The Muscidae sampling resulted in 6314 specimens, 98 species taxa in 31 genera. Based on diversity estimators, our sampling represents 70-86% of all muscids of CPPB. The highest diversity occurs in Pelotas streams (non-protected) and Taim Ecological Station (a huge protected area). Despite the fact these areas are more diversified and present more predatory muscid species than others, invasive species associated with livestock were observed at a higher level, providing evidence of the impact of livestock proximity to protected areas. Based on biological characters of Muscidae species and ecological guild analysis, we were able to identify: (i) high diversity of carnivorous species associated with forested and more preserved areas and (ii) a high level of a few saprophagous species as indicator of anthropisation process. In general, our results represent a significant step towards understanding Muscidae in Southern Brazil, and we demonstrate how the population ecology of muscid flies supports data to conservation proposals.

Wing shape is influenced by environmental variability in Polietina orbitalis (Stein) (Diptera: Muscidae)

ABSTRACT We measured variation and covariation in wing morphology in six populations of the fly Polietina orbitalis (Stein) (Diptera: Muscidae) to test for geographic morphological structure. Additionally, we examined the role of environmental variables in determining geographic variation in wing shape. We sampled five populations in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil (Colombo, Fênix, Guarapuava, Jundiaí do Sul and Ponta Grossa), and one in Paraguay (Mbaracayú). We choose 15 landmarks to describe the wing shape and size and 19 environmental variables to describe the local environmental conditions. Our results showed that P. orbitalis wing shape, but not size, varies geographically. A canonical variate analysis showed the existence of two clusters of populations based on wing shape. These groups compare populations in which the wing is slender with groups in which the wings are broad. These shape differences were correlated with variation in elevation, precipitation and temperature but were not allometric. Taken together, these results suggest that wing shape differences in P. orbitalis populations are due to a plastic response to local environmental conditions.

Cyrtoneurina pararescita (Diptera: Muscidae) (Couri, 1995) como novo hospedeiro de Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) / Cyrtoneurina pararescita (Diptera: Muscidae) (Couri, 1995) as new host of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

This study reports the occurrence of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) as parasitoid of Cyrtoneurina pararescita (Diptera: Muscidae) (Couri, 1995) in bovine feces obtained in Goiânia, Goiás state, Brazil. Bovine manure samples, collected at two weeks intervals, were taken to the laboratory and the pupae were extracted by water flotation. Each pupa was placed in capsules of gelatin until the emergence of dipterous or their parasitoids. The parasitism percentage was of 2.4%. This paper reports the first occurrence of N. vitripennis as parasitoid of C. pararescita worldwide.

New records of Muscidae (Diptera) in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil / Novos registros de dípteros muscóides em Campo Grande, MS, Brasil

Synanthropic flies outstanding beside other flies due their relative abundance close to domestic animals and human population, to which they are able to cause myiasis or transmit pathogenic agents. As they're necrophagous they act as corpse decomposers and are useful in the forensic entomology in the post mortem interval determination. This study aimed to know flies diversity and abundance in Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Captures were made weekly, utilizing three traps baited with decaying fish meat, from June of 2008 to May of 2009 in a remainder ciliary forest of the Embrapa's Cattle Beef Experimental Farm. The dipterans families that were considered and respectively number of collected specimens were: Calliphoridae (105,334); Muscidae (27,999); Sarcophagidae (21,083); Fanniidae (17,759) and Mesembrinellidae (305), totalizing 172,480 dipterous. To the local known species some Muscidae were increased as follows: Neomuscina atincticosta, Pseudoptilolepis elbida, Polietina orbitalis, Polietina flavithorax, Scutellomusca scutellaris, Graphomya analis and Morellia couriae.(AU)

As moscas sinantrópicas se destacam pelo fato de serem relativamente abundantes junto à população humana e animais domésticos, podendo causar a estes miíases ou transmitir agentes patogênicos. Por serem necrófagas, atuam na decomposição de cadáveres e são úteis para a entomologia forense como indicadores na determinação do intervalo post mortem - IPM. Este trabalho visou conhecer a diversidade e a abundância das espécies em Campo Grande, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. As capturas foram realizadas semanalmente, com três armadilhas, utilizando isca de peixe deteriorado, durante o período de junho de 2008 a maio de 2009 em mata ciliar remanescente na fazenda experimental da Embrapa Gado de Corte. Foram consideradas as seguintes famílias de dípteros, seguidas pelo número de exemplares obtidos: Calliphoridae (105.334); Muscidae (27.999); Sarcophagidae (21.083); Fanniidae (17.759) e Mesembrinellidae (305), totalizando 172.480 dípteros. Foram acrescentadas às espécies de Muscidae já notificadas para o local deste estudo: Neomuscina atincticosta, Pseudoptilolepis elbida, Polietina orbitalis, Polietina flavithorax, Scutellomusca scutellaris, Graphomya analis e Morellia couriae.(AU)

Sarcopromusca pruna (Diptera: Muscidae): phoretic for Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae) eggs in Colombia / Sarcopromusca pruna (Diptera: Muscidae): forético para los huevos de Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae) en Colombia / Sarcopromusca pruna (Diptera: Muscidae): forético para os ovos de Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae) na Colômbia

Objective: the finding of Sarcopromusca pruna as a phoretic for Dermatobia hominis eggs is described here. The later is a frequent cattle ectoparasite (human botfly) known as "nuche" in Colombia. Methods: the phoretic flies were captured in a village at San Rafael municipality (Antioquia) using Malaise-typetraps installed during the months of June to August, 2004. Each Sarcopromusca specimen carried a minimum of 19 and, in some cases, up to 23 eggs of D. hominis on the right or left side of the abdominal region. Results and conclusion:This is a new report of Sarcopromusca pruna behaving as a phoretic fly for Dermatobia hominis eggs observed in Colombia.

Objetivo: Se describe el hallazgo de Sarcopromusca pruna (S. pruna) como forético de huevos Dermatobia hominis (D. hominis) ectoparásito comúnmente conocido en Colombia como "nuche". Metódo: las moscas foréticas fueron capturadas en una vereda del municipio de San Rafael (Antioquia) usando trampas de intercepción tipo Malaise instaladas durante los meses de junio a agosto de 2004. Cada espécimen de Sarcopromusca transportaba un número mínimo de 19 y en algunos casos hasta 23 huevos de D. hominis en el lado derecho o en el izquierdo de la región abdominal. Resultados y conclusión: este es un nuevo reporte de S. pruna como forético de huevos de Dermatobia hominis en Colombia.

Objetivo: relatamos a descoberta de Sarcopromusca pruna (S. pruna) como forético dos ovos de Dermatobia hominis (D. hominis), ectoparasita comumente conhecido na Colômbia como "nuche" e no Brasil como "mosca-varejeira". Métodos: as moscas foréticas foram capturadas no município de San Rafael (Antioquia), utilizando armadilhas de intercepção tipo Malaise instaladas durante os meses de junho a agosto de 2004. Cada espécime Sarcopromusca carregava entre 19 e 23 ovos de D. hominis no lado direito ou esquerdo da região abdominal. Resultados y conclusões: este é um novo reporte da S. pruna como forético de ovos de Dermatobia hominis na Colômbia.

Influence of diets on the rearing of predatory flies of housefly larvae / Influência de dietas na criação de moscas predadoras da mosca doméstica

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival, development time and morphological measures of immature Ophyra aenescens and Ophyra albuquerquei on different diets. Different proportions of protein and carbohydrates were offered for each species in 10 vials containing 30 eggs each. The vials were placed in a germination chamber at 30°C, relative humidity above 75 percent and photoperiod of 12 hours. Every day a vial was removed and mortality was evaluated and on the tenth day the length of the cephalic-pharyngeal skeleton (EC) and body size (G) of larvae that survived were evaluated. Survival was higher in diets with more protein (P<0.001). Between the species, mortality was more pronounced in O. albuquerquei in all diets (P<0.001). The EC (P<0.01) and G (P<0.01) showed the same sizes in the diets with higher protein content. For the production of pupae of these species, the diet with more protein and fewer components is more appropriate, and the production is higher in O. aenescens than in O. albuquerquei.

Avaliaram-se a sobrevivência, tempo de desenvolvimento e medidas morfológicas de imaturos de Ophyra aenescens e Ophyra albuquerquei em dietas compostas com diferentes proporções de proteínas e carboidratos. Estas dietas foram oferecidas para cada espécie em 10 frascos contendo 30 ovos cada que foram acondicionados em câmara de germinação a 30ºC, UR entre 75 por cento e 90 por cento, fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Para avaliação do padrão de sobrevivência, um frasco foi retirado da câmara diariamente e foi realizada contagem dos indivíduos vivos. No décimo dia foi avaliado o comprimento do esqueleto céfalo-faríngeo (EC) e o tamanho do corpo (G) das larvas que sobreviveram. O esqueleto céfalo-faríngeo (P<0,01) e o tamanho do corpo (P<0,01) apresentaram os mesmos tamanhos nas dietas com maior teor de proteínas, diferenciando-se nas outras dietas. O padrão de sobrevivência foi mais acentuado em O. albuquerquei do que em O. aenescens (P<0,001), enquanto nas dietas com mais proteínas a mortalidade foi menor que nas dietas com menos (P<0,001).

Assembly rules in Muscid Fly assemblages in the grasslands Biome of Southern Brazil

The distribution of muscid species (Diptera) in grasslands fragments of southern Brazil was assessed using null models according to three assembly rules: (a) negatively-associated distributions; (b) guild proportionality; and (c) constant body-size ratios. We built presence/absence matrices and calculated the C-score index to test negatively-associated distributions and guild proportionality based on the following algorithms: total number of fixed lines (F L), total number of fi xed columns (F C), and the effect of the average size of the populations along lines (W) for 5000 randomizations. We used null models to generate random communities that were not structured by competition and evaluated the patterns generated using three models: general, trophic guilds, and taxonomic guilds. All three assembly rules were tested in each model. The null hypothesis was corroborated in all F L X F C co-occurrence analyses. In addition, 11 analyses of the models using the W algorithm showed the same pattern observed previously. Three analyses using the W algorithm indicated that species co-occurred more frequently than expected by chance. According to analyses of co-occurrence and guild proportionality, the coexistence of muscid species is not regulated by constant body size ratios. In fl ies of the grasslands, no rule was identified. Yet, a consensus did emerge from our analyses: species co-occur more frequently than expected by chance, indicating that aggregation is a recurring phenomenon among flies with saprophagous adults and predatory larvae. Therefore, competition does not seem to play an important role in the determination of muscid assemblages in the grasslands in Southern Brazil.

Rate of development of forensically-important Dipterain southern Brazil / Taxa de desenvolvimento de Diptera de importância forense no sul do Brasil

Dipteran larvae were collected from rabbit (Oryctolagus cunniculus L.) carcasses during the four seasons in 2005 in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The larvae were fed ground beef at ambient temperatures following collection from carcasses. The development of each species under these conditions was estimated. The most abundant species in the carcasses were Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae), and they were found in all seasons. The data were fitted to a linear model that describes the relationship between temperature and linear developmental rating. These two species are primary forensic indicators in southern Brazil. Other species such as Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani) (Calliphoridae), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp), Muscina stabulans (Fallen) (Muscidae), and Fannia pusio (Wiedemann) (Fanniidae) were forensically less important because they only occurred in high frequency in certain seasons and during the first days of carcass decomposition.

Larvas de dipterous foram coletadas em carcaças de coelho-doméstico (Oryctolagus cunniculus L.) ao longo das quatro estações de 2005 no extremo-sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As larvas foram alimentadas com carne bovina moída e acondicionadas em temperatura ambiente. O desenvolvimento de cada espécie foi acompanhado nestas condições. As espécies mais abundantes na carcaça foram Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) e Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) em todas as estações. Os dados foram ajustados a um modelo linear da relação entre a taxa de desenvolvimento destas espécies e a temperatura média diária do ambiente. Estas duas espécies são as principais indicadoras forense no sul do Brasil. Outras espécies como Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani) (Calliphoridae), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp), Muscina stabulans (Fallen) (Muscidae) e Fannia pusio (Wiedemann) (Fanniidae) foram menos importantes porque ocorreram em alta abundância em determinadas estações do ano no decorrer dos primeiros dias de decomposição.

Diptera hosts of Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera, Conopidae) from Madagascar and South Africa / Dípteros hospedeiros de Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera, Conopidae) de Madagascar e África do Sul

The genus Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera, Conopidae) is represented by 14 species in the Afrotropical region, five of them endemic to Madagascar and two recorded from South Africa, one of them endemic. Fifteen specimens of Muscidae, 14 from Madagascar and one from South Africa, belonging to 10 species, impaled with Stylogaster eggs were examined. Among them, three new muscid host species were found. The dissected eggs were all similar, suggesting the presence of the same species in both localities, what is not recorded until now. The available data on the dipteran Stylogaster eggs hosts in Africa is summarized. Color photos of the material examined are presented.

O gênero Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera, Conopidae) é representado por 14 espécies na região Afrotropical, cinco delas endêmicas para Madagascar e duas assinaladas na África do Sul, uma delas endêmica. Quinze exemplares de Muscidae, 14 de Madagascar e um da África do Sul, pertencentes a 10 espécies, empalados com ovos de Stylogaster foram examinados. Entre eles, três novas espécies hospedeiras de muscidae foram encontradas. Os ovos dissecados eram todos similares, sugerindo a presença da mesma espécie nas duas localidades, o que ainda não está registrado. As informações disponíveis sobre hospedeiros dípteros de ovos de Stylogaster na África são resumidas. Fotos coloridas do material examinado são apresentadas.

Validação da armadilha adultrap® para capturade dípteros muscoides / Validation of the adultrap® trap for capture of muscoids dipterans

O potencial da armadilha adultrap® para captura de dípteros muscoides foi avaliado por comparação com a armadilha descrita por Ferreira (1978) e adaptada por Fraga e d' Almeida (2005). Iscas de sardinha foram utilizadas em ambas as armadilhas. O teste de Wilcoxon para duas amostras não pareadas foi empregado para comparação das armadilhas. Capturou-se um total de 8.909 dípteros muscoides, sendo 57,51 por cento desses pela adultrap®, mas sem diferença significativa (p = 0,147) entre as armadilhas. Do total de sarcofagídeos, califorídeos, muscídeos e de outras famílias de dípteros muscoides 79, 68, 29 e 31 por cento, respectivamente, foram capturados pela adultrap® com diferença estatística (p = 0,002) entre as armadilhas apenas para a família Sarcophagidae. Os resultados da adultrap® foram similares ao modelo modificado por Fraga e d' Almeida (2005). Entretanto, adultrap® foi mais eficiente na captura de dípteros da família Sarcophagidae.

The potential of adultrap® for capture of muscoid dipterans was evaluated by comparison with the trap described by Ferreira (1978) and adapted by Fraga and d' Almeida (2005). Sardine baits were used in both traps. The Wilcoxon two-sample test was used for trap comparison. A total of 8,909 muscoid dipterans was caught, 57.51 percent of them by the adultrap®. However, there was no significant difference (p = 0.147) between trap efficiency. From the total of sarcophagids, calliphorids, muscids and other families of muscoid flies, 79, 68, 29 and 31 percent were caught by adultrap®, respectively. Statistical difference (p = 0.002) between traps was found only for Sarcophagidae. The results of adultrap® were similar to the model used by Fraga and d'Almeida (2005), thus validating its use for seasonal fluctuation studies of muscoid dipterans. However, adultrap® has the highest efficiency in capturing Sarcophagidae flies.

Comparative cytogenetic study in Muscidae flies

The chromosome modal number in Muscoidea Diptera is 2n = 12, including five pairs of autosomes and one sex chromosome pair. Nevertheless, some species with 2n = 10 chromosomes have been described, all of them from the Muscidae family. We analyzed the karyotype of some Muscidae species from different subfamilies and compared the obtained data with the karyotypes of some species of the families Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae. Comparisons of these species with other Muscidae species revealed a considerable variation among their sex chromosomes. This variation in the length of the sex chromosomes suggests that parts of these chromosomes were lost or fused with autosomes. The constitutive heterochromatic regions and the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were also analyzed and some aspects about the relationship between these regions and the sex chromosomes are discussed.

O número modal de cromossomos dos Dípteros Muscóideos é 2n = 12, incluindo cinco pares de autossomos e um par de cromossomos sexuais. No entanto, algumas espécies com 2n = 10 cromossomos já foram descritas, sendo todas pertencentes à família Muscidae. No presente trabalho, foram analisados os cariótipos de algumas espécies de Muscidae de diferentes subfamílias e os dados obtidos foram comparados com os cariótipos de algumas espécies das famílias Calliphoridae e Sarcophagidae. Comparações destas espécies com outras da família Muscidae revelaram uma considerável variação entre seus cromossomos sexuais. Esta variação no tamanho dos cromossomos sexuais sugere que parte destes cromossomos foram perdidos ou sofreram fusão com autossomos. As regiões de heterocromatina constitutiva e as regiões organizadoras de nucléolos (RONs) foram também analisadas e alguns aspectos sobre a relação destas com os cromossomos sexuais são discutidos.

Comparative cytogenetic study in Muscidae flies

The chromosome modal number in Muscoidea Diptera is 2n = 12, including five pairs of autosomes and one sex chromosome pair. Nevertheless, some species with 2n = 10 chromosomes have been described, all of them from the Muscidae family. We analyzed the karyotype of some Muscidae species from different subfamilies and compared the obtained data with the karyotypes of some species of the families Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae. Comparisons of these species with other Muscidae species revealed a considerable variation among their sex chromosomes. This variation in the length of the sex chromosomes suggests that parts of these chromosomes were lost or fused with autosomes. The constitutive heterochromatic regions and the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were also analyzed and some aspects about the relationship between these regions and the sex chromosomes are discussed.

O número modal de cromossomos dos Dípteros Muscóideos é 2n = 12, incluindo cinco pares de autossomos e um par de cromossomos sexuais. No entanto, algumas espécies com 2n = 10 cromossomos já foram descritas, sendo todas pertencentes à família Muscidae. No presente trabalho, foram analisados os cariótipos de algumas espécies de Muscidae de diferentes subfamílias e os dados obtidos foram comparados com os cariótipos de algumas espécies das famílias Calliphoridae e Sarcophagidae. Comparações destas espécies com outras da família Muscidae revelaram uma considerável variação entre seus cromossomos sexuais. Esta variação no tamanho dos cromossomos sexuais sugere que parte destes cromossomos foram perdidos ou sofreram fusão com autossomos. As regiões de heterocromatina constitutiva e as regiões organizadoras de nucléolos (RONs) foram também analisadas e alguns aspectos sobre a relação destas com os cromossomos sexuais são discutidos.

Occurrence of Sarcopromusca pruna (Diptera) in Southern Brazil as a vector of Dermatobia hominis (Diptera) eggs

Relata-se a ocorrência de Sarcopromusca pruna como vetor biológico de Dermatobia hominis no sul do Brasil. O díptero foi capturado em Janeiro de 2003 em armadilha Malaise, permanentemente instalada desde Julho de 2002, como parte de um estudo de diversidade de Muscoidea no bioma Campos Sulinos, extremo sul do Rio Grande do Sul. O espécime estava carreando 18 ovos de D. hominis na porção látero-ventral direita do abdome

Foraging by Polybia (Trichothorax) ignobilis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) on flies at animal carcasses

Proteins for brood nutrition of social wasps are obtained from many prey, including insects (even bees and other wasps), spiders and bits of decaying meat. After being captured and killed, prey are reduced to a shapeless mass and distributed to the brood. Little is known about the foraging activity, especially on this group. Herein we describe the sequence of foraging behaviours of the social wasp Polybia (Trichothorax) ignobilis for hunting flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae and Muscidae) over pig carcasses. To our knowledge, there are few scientific descriptions of prey foraging behaviour on this species.

Proteínas para nutrição da prole de vespas sociais são obtidas de várias presas, incluindo insetos (mesmo abelhas e outras vespas), aranhas e pedaços de carne em decomposição. Após serem capturadas e mortas, as presas são reduzidas a massas amorfas e distribuídas para a prole. Pouco é sabido sobre a atividade de forrageamento, especialmente nesse grupo. Assim nós descrevemos a seqüência de comportamento de forrageamento da vespa social Polybia (Trichothorax) ignobilis capturando moscas (Díptera: Calliphoridae e Muscidae) em carcaças de porcos. Para nosso conhecimento, há poucas descrições científicas do comportamento de forrageamento nessa espécie.

Artrópodes associados ao excremento de aves poedeiras / Associated arthropodes in the laying hen excrement

Realizou-se um estudo sobre a fauna de artrópodes associados a fezes de aves poedeiras em granja do estado de São Paulo, de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2002. O objetivo foi verificar a freqüência de dípteros e coleópteros coletados por meio do funil de Berlese e pelo método de flutuação, além de correlacionar os métodos de coletas e a possível sazonalidade dos mesmos ao longo das estações. Das setenta e cinco coletas realizadas, capturaram-se 29.499 artrópodes, sendo 16.702 Diptera (seis famílias) e 12.797 Coleoptera (quatro famílias). Algumas espécies de artrópodes apresentaram relação direta entre o método de coleta, as estações do ano e a precipitação pluvial, com aumento significativo do número de insetos coletados em determinadas épocas do ano.

A research about arthropode fauna in laying hen excrement was carried out in a poultry house in the State of São Paulo, from January 2001 to December 2002. The objective was to verify the frequency of Diptera and Coleoptera collected by Berlese funil and flutuation methods, and to show correlation between the collect methods and sazonality possible in the currents seasons. A total of 29,499 insects were collected from seventy five collects, being 16,702 Diptera (six families) and 12,797 Coleoptera (four families). Some arthropodes presented direct relation with the collect method, the seasons of the years and the rainfall precipitation, with significant increase in the number of insects collected in certain periods of the year.

Molecular Identification of Four Muscidae Species Collected in Korea using the DNA Barcode Region of Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I / 대한법의학회지

DNA barcoding was recently introduced to molecular identification of forensically important fly species. So, we have analysed the barcode region (687 nucleotides) of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for four species of Muscidae flies collected from Korea. The sequences were aligned and analysed to construct a phylogenetic tree using DNA Star 5.01(DNAStar Inc) and MEGA 3.1 program(Kumar, Tamura, Nei 2004). Intraspecific variation was not noted between M.stabulans individual to each other. Intraspecific variation ranges of other species were 0.1%, 0.1~0.3% and 0.1~0.6% for O.leucostoma, M.angustifrons and M.domestica, respectively. Interspecific percent distance was minimal(9.7~10.0%) between M.stabulans and M.angustifrons. Other species showed above 10% distance from each other. The result showed that four species of Muscidae fly species (Muscina angustifrons, Muscina stabulans, Ophyra leucostoma and Musca domestica) were identifiable from each other with analysis of barcode region of COI gene. Therefore, we conclude that species identification of forensically important Muscidae flies used in this study is possible with percent distance of sequences of COI barcode region, but more species and individuals should be examined to be confident about the conclusion.

Molecular Identification of Six Necrophagous Fly Species (Family: Muscidae) by Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I / 대한법의학회지

Estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) in a putrefied corpse has been a long theme in the forensic medicine. Insects, especially necrophagous fly species are now utilized as indicators of PMI because the first visitors to a dead body are usually known to be blow fly species (Family Calliphoridae). House flies (Family Muscidae) are later visitors but they are very significant in forensic entomology because of their worldwide distribution. Entomologic evidences recovered from the scene are often immature individuals such as eggs, maggots and pupae. Because growth rates and ecological characteristics are different among fly species, accurate species identification is essential. As species identification in immature stages is very difficult or even impossible to an expert entomologist, many researchers are trying to identify fly species by molecular techniques. Authors analyzed 400bp of mitochondrial COI gene sequences of six Muscidae fly species (Fannia prisca, Muscina angustifrons, Muscina stabulans, Musca domestica, Hydrotaea dentipes and Ophyra leucostoma). In spite of limited number of flies analyzed in this study, all six fly species have different haplotype of COI gene and shows minimal intraspecific variation. This result shows that six fly species analyzed in this study can be discriminated each other by COI gene sequence analysis. But, more individuals from various geographic region should be analyzed to apply this result to a forensic entomology practice.

Cuantificación de formas larvales de Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) como un criterio en el análisis del intervalo post mortem / Larval quantification of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) as a criterion in analisis of the post-mortem interval in an experimental model

El número de larvas de Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) encontradas in cadáveres fue evaluada como un criterio para la estimación del intervalo post-mortem (IPM) en un modelo con carcasas de conejo. Conejos (New Zaeland) fueron sometidos a eutanasia por dislocación cervical en los meses de abril, julio, octubre de 2002 y enero de 2003, tres animales por ciclo de observación. Los cadáveres fueron expuestos en un ambiente selvático y a partir de cada uno de ellos fueron colectadas muestras de larvas de muscoideos tres veces a la semana durante 80 días. Las larvas de S. nudiseta, presentes en la muestra, fueron identificadas y contadas a lo largo del período de observación. La presencia de larvas fue evidente en todos los ciclos. Aunque la observación de las carcasas comenzó en el segundo día post exposición (DPE), en la mayoría de los ciclos, la colecta de larvas de S. nudiseta tuvo su inicio entre el 7º y 11º DPE y finalizó aproximadamente en el 30º DPE. El Ciclo I (Abril-Junio) constituyó una excepción ya que la colecta se inició tardíamente (18º DPE) y terminó al final del período de observación. Las observaciones sugieren que S. nudiseta es una especie importante en la colonización de cadáveres en La Región Neotropical. Aunque la gran variabilidad en el número de larvas colectadas hace la interpretación cuantitativa poco práctica, los hallazgos relativos a esta especie en en el contexto de una investigación forense podrían apoyar la estimación del IPM determinado por algún otro criterio.

The number of larvae of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) found in corpses was evaluated as a criterion for the estimation of the post-mortem interval (PMI) in a model with rabbit carcasses. New Zaeland rabbits (3,8 kg) were euthanasied during April, July and October of 2002, and January of 2003, three animals per cycle of observation. The corpses were exposed in a forested environment and samples of muscoid larvae were collected three times a week from each corpse during 80 days. Larvae of S. nudiseta were identified and counted during the observation period. The presence of S. nudiseta maggots was evident in all the observation cycles. Although the number of collected larvae was greater during the first days of their appearance on the body, there was great variability between each carcass. Although observation of the carcasses began on the second day post-exposition (DPE), in most of cycles, the collection of S. nudiseta larvae began between the 7th and 11th DPE and ended at aproximately the 30th DPE. Cycle I (April-June) was an exception, where the recollection of S. nudiseta started later (18th DPE) and lasted until the end of the period. These observations suggest that S. nudiseta is an important species in the colonization of corpses in the Neotropical Region. Although the great variability in number of larvae collected makes the quantitative interpretation unpractical, the finding of this species at a certain time in forensic investigations may support the estimation of the IPM determined by other criteria.