Effects of disordered eating behaviors and sedentary lifestyle prevention program in male and female Mexican adolescents / Efectos de un programa de prevención de conductas alimentarias de riesgo y sedentarismo en adolescentes mexicanos, hombres y mujeres

Abstract Introduction Adolescents are the group with the highest risk of developing disordered eating behaviors (DEB). Preventing this problem is of the utmost importance due to the physical and psychological consequences. Objective To evaluate the effects of a universal prevention program for disordered eating behaviors (DEB), thin ideal internalization (TII), drive for muscularity (DM), and sedentary lifestyle among Mexican adolescents. Method A quasi-experimental study with repeated measures (pre-test, post-test, six-month, and one-year follow-up) was carried out in a non-probabilistic sample of 523 adolescents (46.7% of females) aged 15-19 years (Mage = 16.07). We worked in two private high schools, one of them was designed as control group (CG), and the other as intervention group (IG). For both, female and male adolescents', data were collected using the Brief Questionnaire for Disordered Eating Behaviors (BQDEB) and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). To evaluate TII the Attitudes toward Body Figure Questionnaire was applied in females, while in males Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) was used. Results After one-year, repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed a significant reduction of the mean DEBs scores both in female (p = .01) and male (p = .03) adolescents of the IG with respect to CG. In IG, females decreased significantly the mean TII score as well as the mean DM score in males. Physical Activity increased in IG females from pre-test to posttest; however, the effect was not maintained over time. Discussion and conclusion These findings have important implications for future interventions with Mexican adolescents. We must take sex differences into account to choose activities and strategies that will enhance the effects of the program.

Resumen Introducción Los adolescentes constituyen el grupo con mayor riesgo de desarrollar conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR). Prevenirlas es de suma importancia debido a las consecuencias físicas y psicosociales. Objetivo Evaluar los efectos de un programa de prevención universal en conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), interiorización del ideal de delgadez (IID), obsesión por la musculatura (OM) y sedentarismo en adolescentes mexicanos. Método Estudio cuasi-experimental con medidas repetidas (pre-test, post-test, seguimiento a seis meses y un año) en una muestra no probabilística de 523 adolescentes (46.7% mujeres) de 15-19 años de edad (Medad = 16.07). Se trabajó en dos escuelas preparatorias privadas, una como grupo control (GC) y otra como grupo intervenido (GI). Para mujeres y hombres, los datos se recolectaron usando el Cuestionario Breve para Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo (CBCAR) y la versión corta del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). Para evaluar el IID en mujeres, se utilizó el Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Figura Corporal (CAFC) y en hombres la Escala para Obsesión por la Musculatura (DMS). Resultados Después de un año, el ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostró una reducción significativa en la media de CAR, tanto en mujeres (p = .01) como en hombres (p = .03) del GI respecto al GC. En el GI, la media de IID en mujeres disminuyó significativamente, así como la media de OM en hombres. La actividad física aumentó en las mujeres del GI desde el pre-test hasta el post-test; sin embargo, el efecto no se mantuvo en el tiempo. Discusión y conclusión Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones para futuras intervenciones con adolescentes mexicanos. Se deben tomar en cuenta las diferencias por sexo para elegir las actividades y las estrategias que potenciarían los efectos del programa.

Obsesión por la delgadez y la musculatura en mujeres, un estudio transcultural: Comparación entre Chile y España

RESUMEN Es cada vez más frecuente la exposición de los adultos emergentes a prácticas socioculturales que afectan su salud mental, cumpliendo un papel importante en la manifestación de la obsesión por la delgadez y la musculatura. Por ello, el propósito del estudio fue comparar la obsesión por la delgadez y la musculatura entre mujeres adultas emergentes universitarias de Chile y España respecto a factores socio-culturales, satisfacción corporal y variables psicológicas vinculadas a la imagen corporal. De esta forma, la presente investigación se realizó desde un enfoque cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental transversal, de alcance correlacional, con una muestra compuesta por 230 participantes (n chilenas= 155; n españolas= 75). Los resultados evidenciaron una diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos en la obsesión por la musculatura, siendo mayor en España. El modelo predictivo de obsesión por la delgadez estuvo compuesto por las variables de perfeccionismo, satisfacción corporal en forma negativa, presión social de la familia, de los medios de comunicación y nacionalidad española, explicando así el 45% de la varianza, mientras que el modelo explicativo para obsesión por la musculatura permite predecir un 16% de su varianza a partir de la nacionalidad española, la obsesión por la delgadez, la presión social de la familia y la actividad física regular. Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de fomentar indagaciones futuras y profundizar más en las temáticas que permitan prevenir en las jóvenes mujeres con mayor riesgo de padecer alguna de estas problemáticas.

ABSTRACT Exposure of emerging adults to sociocultural practices that affect their mental health is more and more frequent, playing an important role in the manifestation of a drive for thinness and muscularity. The purpose of the study was to compare the drive for thinness and drive for muscularity, among emerging adult university women from Chile and Spain. We evaluated socio-cultural factors, body satisfaction and psychological variables linked to body image using a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design. We used a correlational-causal scope, with a sample of 230 participants (n Chileans= 155; n Spanish= 75). The results evidenced a significant difference between the two groups in drive for muscularity, being higher in Spain. The predictive model of drive for thinness was made up of the variables of perfectionism, negative body satisfaction, social pressure from the family, the media and Spanish nationality, explaining 45% of the variance. The model for drive for muscularity predicted 16% of the variance based on Spanish nationality, drive for thinness, social pressure from the family and regular physical activity. Finally, there is a need to encourage future inquiries and delve deeper into the issues that allow young women at higher risk of suffering from any of these problems to be prevented.

Drive for thinness and pursuit of muscularity: the role of gender ideologies / Impulso a la delgadez y búsqueda de la muscularidad: el rol de las ideologías de género

The female sociocultural beauty ideal is ultra-thin, while the male beauty ideal is related with a muscular body. In this paper it is argued that these differences may be explained by the gender ideology that men and women have. Data obtained from 615 female students (with a Body Mass Index between 18 and 30) revealed that participants high in a gender ideology scale reported greater drive for thinness and less pursuit of muscularity. In addition, women with low scores in a gender ideology scale showed the opposite pattern: high scores on pursuit of muscularity and low in drive for thinness. Finally, it is discussed why men and women adopt different strategies to deal with these beauty ideals.

El ideal sociocultural femenino es ultra delgado, mientras que el ideal masculino tiene que ver con tener un cuerpo musculado. En este articulo se argumenta que estas diferencias pueden ser explicadas por las ideologías de genero que tienen hombres y mujeres. Los datos obtenidos de 615 mujeres estudiantes (con un Indice de Masa Corporal entre 18 y 30) mostraron que las participantes altas en una escala de ideología de género informaban de un mayor impulso a la delgadez y menos búsqueda de la muscularidad. Además, las mujeres con marcadores bajos en una escala de ideología de genero mostraban el patrón opuesto: puntuaciones altas de búsqueda de la muscularidad y bajas en impulso a la delgadez. Finalmente, se discute porqué hombres y mujeres adoptan diferentes estrategias para lidiar con estos ideales de belleza.

Características de carcaça de cordeiras Pantaneiras abatidas com diferentes espessuras de gordura subcutânea / Carcass characteristics of Pantaneiro lambs slaughtered with different subcutaneous fat thickness

Foram utilizadas 24 cordeiras do grupo genético Pantaneiro, abatidas com 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 mm de espessura de gordura, avaliadas por ultrassonografia no Longissimus dorsi. Avaliaram-se características quantitativas de carcaça, do lombo e índice de musculosidade da perna. As cordeiras receberam ração completa misturada calculada para ganho de peso diário de 0,300 kg. Foram realizadas avaliações por ultrassonografia (entre a 12ª e a 13ª costela) e pesagens a cada 14 dias, sendo que os abates ocorriam à medida que as cordeiras atingiam a espessura de gordura pré-determinada: 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0mm. Não houve efeito para rendimento verdadeiro da carcaça, rendimento comercial da carcaça e índice de compacidade da perna. Foi observado maior rendimento do lombo para cordeiras abatidas com 4,0mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea. As espessuras de gordura subcutânea não influenciaram a área de olho de lombo, porém animais com 4,0 mm apresentaram maiores medidas. Foram observadas diferenças nas proporções de músculo, osso e gordura da perna entre as espessuras de gordura subcutânea avaliadas. A musculosidade da perna não foi influenciada com o aumento da espessura da gordura subcutânea. Com base neste estudo e também com as exigências do mercado consumidor, recomenda-se o abate de animais com aproximadamente 3,00 mm de gordura.

Twenty-four female lambs, all from the Pantaneiro genetic group, slaughtered with 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness measured by ultrasound in Longissimus dorsi, were used. We evaluated quantitative carcass traits, loin and leg muscularity. The lambs were fed with total ration calculated for daily weight gain of 0.3 kg. Ultrasound evaluations (between the 12th and the 13th ribs) and weightings were carried out each 14 days; the slaughter occurred as the lambs reached the predetermined fat thickness: 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mm regardless of body weight. There was no effect for real income carcass, commercial carcass yield and index of leg compactness. Higher yield of loin for lambs slaughtered at 4.0 mm fat thickness was observed. The thickness of subcutaneous fat did not affect loin eye area, but animals with 4.0 mm had higher measures. There were differences in the proportions of muscle, bone and fat leg between subcutaneous fat thicknesses measured. The leg musculature was not influenced by increasing the thickness of subcutaneous fat. Based on this study and also with the requirements of the consumer market, it is recommended that the slaughter of animals occur with approximately 3.00 mm fat.

Interiorización de ideales estéticos y preocupación corporal en hombres y mujeres usuarios de gimnasio / Internalization of aesthetic ideals and body concern in males and females gym users

Este estudio exploró la interiorización del modelo estético corporal de delgadez y la preocupación por la musculatura y por la delgadez entre cuatro grupos: dos de hombres y dos de mujeres (usuarios y no usuarios de gimnasio). Particularmente, se examinó la presencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular en los cuatro grupos; se comparó la preocupación por la delgadez, por la musculatura y la interiorización del ideal de delgadez entre los grupos; y se analizó la relación entre las variables para cada grupo. Participaron 467 hombres y mujeres (169 usuarios de gimnasio y 298 no usuarios de gimnasio) de 13 a 53 años de edad, quienes completaron tres medidas: Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal, Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura. La presencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular en varones usuarios de gimnasio fue de 15%, y menor de 3% en mujeres usuarias de gimnasio y participantes no usuarios de gimnasio de ambos sexos. Las usuarias de gimnasio puntuaron más alto en el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal en comparación con los hombres y se observó una asociación positiva y significativa entre la interiorización de ideales corporales y la preocupación por la delgadez y por la musculatura. La relación entre el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y la Escala de Motivación por la Musculatura puede interpretarse como el deseo que existe en los dos grupos de hombres y en el grupo de mujeres usuarias de gimnasio, de tener ambas, musculatura y poca grasa en el cuerpo; las dos vías conducen a la práctica de conductas alimentarias no saludables.

This study explored the internalization of thinness aesthetic body model, and the muscularity and thinness concern, in four groups: two of men and two of women (gym and non-gym users). Specifically, it was explored the presence of symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in four groups, the muscularity -and body shape concern and internalization of thin ideals in the four groups were compared, and the relationship between variables for each group was analyzed. The sample included 467 men and women (169 gym users and 299 non-gym users) from 13 to 53 years-old, who completed three measures: The Influence of the Body Shape Model Questionnaire, the Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Drive for Muscularity Scale. The presence of symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in males gym users was 15% and lower than 3% in women gym users, as well as in -males and females non-gym users. The women gym users scored higher in the Body Shape Questionnaire compared to the men, and a positive and significant association was observed between the internalization of the body ideals, the thinness concern, and drive for muscularity. The relationship between Body Shape Questionnaire and Drive for Muscularity Scale can be interpreted as the desire in both groups of men and in the gym-users women to have both, muscularity and leanness in body; both ways lead to the practice of unhealthy eating behaviors.

Farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu (Orbygnia sp.) na terminação de bovinos: composição física da carcaça e qualidade da carne / Babassu mesocarp bran for finishing cattle: carcass physical composition and meat quality

Foram avaliadas a composição tecidual da carcaça e as características qualitativas da carne de 30 tourinhos mestiços (18,9 meses e 346,8kg iniciais) alimentados com dietas formuladas com diferentes proporções de farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu (Orbygnia sp.) em substituição ao milho: 0; 25; 50; 75 e 100% de substituição. Os animais foram abatidos com peso médio de 476,7kg. A porcentagem de músculo na carcaça aumentou de forma linear: 0,022% para cada ponto percentual de inclusão de farelo de mesocarpo de babaçu (FMB). Por sua vez, os percentuais de gordura e osso da carcaça variaram de forma quadrática, sendo a maior proporção de gordura observada quando a substituição de milho por FMB na dieta foi de 25% e a menor proporção de osso obtida com 50% de substituição. A relação porção comestível:osso foi maior com 42,5% de substituição do milho por FMB. À medida que se elevou a proporção de FMB nas dietas, houve decréscimo na espessura do coxão, escore muscular e compacidade da carcaça. A força de cisalhamento da carne teve acréscimos de 44kgf para cada ponto percentual de substituição do milho por FMB. Quanto à composição química da carne, verificou-se aumento no teor de matéria mineral. O uso de FMB em dietas de terminação de bovinos reduziu a maciez da carne, não alterando as demais características qualitativas.

We evaluated the carcass composition and meat qualitative characteristics, of 30 young crossbred bulls (18.9 months and 346.8kg) fed with diets with different proportion of babassu mesocarp bran (BMB) (Orbygnia sp.); replacing corn: 0, 25, 50, 70 and 100% substitution. The percentage of muscle in the carcass increased linearly, 0.022% for each percentage point of including BMB and the percentages of fat and bone had a quadratic response in which adipose tissue has increased until the replacement of 25% and bone tissue decreased to 50% substitution. The ratio of edible portion: bone increased up to 42.5%. As the levels of BMB increased, a decrease in cushion thickness, muscle score and carcass compactness occurred. The shear force of meat was increased by 44kgf for each percentage point of corn replacement. For the physical-chemical composition we observed an increase in the meat mineral matter. The use of BMB in finishing diets for beef cattle reduced the tenderness of the meat, not altering the other qualitative characteristics.

Correlatos antropométricos de la obsesión por la musculatura / Anthropometric correlates of muscle obsession

A la fecha, pocos estudios han evaluado la relación entre las medidas antropométricas y la obsesión por la musculatura (OM). Por lo anterior, el propósito de este estudio fue examinar los correlatos antropométricos de la OM. 76 varones universitarios contestaron la Escala de Obsesión por la Musculatura e individualmente se midió su peso, su talla y cuatro panículos adiposos (biceps, triceps, supraescapular y suprailiaco). No se observaron correlaciones significativas entre la puntuación total de la OM y los indicadores antropométricos (índice de masa corporal, densidad corporal, porcentaje de grasa, índice de masa libre de grasa e índice cintura cadera). Los índices antropométricos no se relacionaron con la OM, lo cual sugiere que la composición corporal actual de los participantes no se relaciona con la OM. El hecho de que el índice de masa libre de grasa no se relacionó con la OM es notable porque se esperaría mayor OM en los hombres con musculatura media. Una posible explicación es que la OM podría asociarse con la figura corporal, más que con la masa muscular corporal. Los hallazgos del presente estudio incrementan nuestro conocimiento de la OM en varones y pueden contribuir en el diseño de intervenciones enfocadas a disminuir la OM.

To date, few studies have assessed the relationship between anthropometric measures and drive for muscularity (DM). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine anthropometric correlates of DM. 76 college men answered the Drive for Muscularity Scale, and individually their weight, height and four skinfolds (biceps, triceps, suprascapular, and suprailiac) were measured. There were no significant correlations between DMS total score and anthropometric indicators (body mass index, body density, body-fat percentage, fat-free mass index, and waist to hip ratio). Anthropometric indices were not related to the DM, suggesting that the current body composition of participants was not related to the DM. The fact that the fat-free mass index was not associated with DM is significant because we expect more DM in men with average muscularity. One possible explanation is that the DM could be associated with body shape, rather than lean body mass. The findings of this study increase our understanding of the DM in men and may help in designing interventions to decrease the DM.

Componentes corporais de caprinos jovens ¾ Boer submetidos a dietas com óleo de licuri (Syagrus coronata) / Body components of young crossbred Boer goats fed licury oil (Syagrus coronata) in the diet

Determinou-se o melhor teor de óleo de licuri na dieta por intermédio das características dos componentes corporais de caprinos jovens ¾ Boer. Foram utilizados 19 caprinos inteiros, com média de idade inicial de três meses e média de peso de 10,8kg. Os animais foram alimentados com feno de Tifton-85 e mistura concentrada com 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5 por cento de óleo de licuri. O experimento durou 60 dias; no último dia, os animais foram abatidos para avaliação das características dos componentes do peso corporal. O peso corporal ao abate, o peso de carcaça fria, o rendimento comercial, o rendimento de frigorificação, a área de olho de lombo, a proporção músculo:osso, os índices de compacidade de medidas biométricas, o peso dos cortes comerciais e o rendimento das vísceras comestíveis não carcaça não foram influenciados pela adição do óleo de licuri à dieta. O peso das vísceras comestíveis não carcaça e o índice de musculosidade do pernil sofreram influência negativa da adição do óleo na dieta. O óleo de licuri pode ser adicionado na dieta de caprinos jovens ¾ Boer até 4,5 por cento, sem causar alterações significativas na carcaça.

The best level of licury oil in the diet was evaluated by meat compounds of male young ¾ Boer goats. Nineteen goats were used, with initial weight of 10.8kg/LW. The animals were fed Tifton-85 hay and concentrated mix with 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 percent of licury oil. The experiment lasted 60 days and, on the last day, the animals were submitted to feed fasting and slaughtered, in order to evaluate the characteristics of the live weight components. The body weight at slaughter, carcass weight, commercial yield, freezing yield, loin eye area, muscle-bone ratio, compactness carcass index, biometric measurements, commercial cuts weights, and edible viscera yield were not influenced by the licury oil added to the diet. The edible viscera weight and ham muscularity index were negatively influenced by the oil. Then, it could be added to diet of young ¾ Boer goats up to 4.5 percent without causing significant changes in the carcass.

Prevalence and magnitude of body weight and image dissatisfaction among women in dietetics majors / Prevalencia y magnitud de la insatisfacción con el peso e imagen corporal en mujeres estudiantes de Dietética

Some authors have suggested that body weight dissatisfaction may be high in students majoring in dietetics. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the extent of body weight and image dissatisfaction in a sample of women in dietetics major. Additionally, predictors of magnitude of body weight dissatisfaction were analyzed. Participants were 62 volunteers with normalweight whose mean age was 21.87±1.89 years old (non-random sample). The assessment instruments included anthropometric measurements, a somatomorphic matrix test and an eating disorders inventory (EDI-2). Data were analyzed using SPSS vs. 15.0. A larger proportion of students chose an ideal body weight lower than actual weight (67.7%) and body image with less body fat and more muscle mass than actual values (56.4%). The magnitude of body weight dissatisfaction was associated with muscle mass and body fat dissatisfaction, and with the subscale of EDI-2 “body dissatisfaction”. So, from a public health standpoint, we consider important to continue working in this line of research with the aim of better understanding the extent of body weight dissatisfaction in women dietitians, and how this dissatisfaction could interfere with their professional practice.

Algunos autores han sugerido que los estudiantes de Dietética pueden presentar una elevada insatisfacción con el peso corporal. Por este motivo, se llevó a cabo el presente trabajo con el objetivo de analizar la insatisfacción con el peso y la imagen corporal en una muestra de mujeres estudiantes de Dietética. Además, se analizaron predictores de la magnitud de la insatisfacción con el peso corporal. Las participantes fueron 62 voluntarias con normopeso que tenían una media de edad de 21,87±1,89 años (muestra no aleatoria). La evaluación incluyó medidas antropométricas, el test somatomórfico matrix y el eating disorders inventory (EDI-2). Los resultados se analizaron con el programa estadístico SPSS vs. 15.0. Un elevado porcentaje de estudiantes eligieron un peso ideal menor que su peso actual (67,7%) e imágenes corporales con menos grasa corporal y más masa muscular que la que tienen actualmente (56,4%). La magnitud de la insatisfacción con el peso corporal se asoció con la insatisfacción con la grasa corporal y la masa muscular, y con la subescala “insatisfacción corporal” del EDI-2. Por lo que, desde el punto de vista de salud pública, consideramos de interés seguir trabajando en esta línea de investigación con el objetivo de comprender mejor el grado de insatisfacción con el peso corporal en mujeres dietistas, y cómo esa insatisfacción podría afectar a su práctica profesional.

CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF PSOAS MAJOR MUSCLE IN HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES / 体力科学

The aim of the study was to measure the cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle (P-ACSA) in high school athletes and to produce a P-ACSA index independent of body size using an allometric modeling approach to examine the differences in gender and sport specialization. The subjects were 254 female (16.8±0.8 yrs) and 540 male (16.9±0.8 yrs) high-level high school athletes from 17 different sports. Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured by the Bod Pod system (LMI) and P-ACSA was determined by magnetic resonance imaging at the center of the L4-L5 transverse level. Since the power function model fit the data better than a simple linear model in the correlation between FFM and P-ACSA, and the power exponent parameter was almost equal to the theoretically anticipated 2/3 in both genders, the P-ACSA per FFM^2/3 as well as the absolute P-ACSA was calculated. Both of the absolute P-ACSA and P-ACSA per FFM^2/3 were significantly different according to gender and the sport specialization. While volleyball and badminton players and canoeists showed smaller P-ACSA, in accordance with the previous studies on senior sprinters, high school sprinters also showed predominant development of P-ACSA regardless of gender. These results suggested that regular involvement in sprinting activity could affect the size of the psoas major muscle in high school athletes.