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Objective To investigate the infection rates of mycoplasma penetrans (Mpe),mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) and mycoplasma ferments (Mf) in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN),chronic kideny disease (CKD),and heathy people,to compare the difference of infection rate,and to analyze the association of mycoplasma infection and clinicopathological features in IgAN.Methods Blood samples were collected from 118 patients in IgAN group,90 patients in CKD group,and 89 cases in health control group.DNA of Mpe,Mp and Mf was detected in plasma by PCR.Positive cases were confirmed by Southern blot.According to mycoplasma infection,IgAN patients were divided into two groups,then analyzed the clinicopatholgical features.Results (1)Genus,Mpe,Mp,and Mf positive rates were 33.05％,16.1％,25.45 ％,and 8.47％ in IgAN group,respectively; 5.56％,2.22％,5.56％,and 2.22％ in CKD group,respectively; and 3.33 ％,1.11％,2.22％,and 0 in health group,respectively.Compared with CKD and health group,patients in IgAN group had a higher infection rate in Genus,Mpe,and Mp (P ＜ 0.05).In IgAN group,10 patients had three kinds of mycoplasmas infection at the same time,and positive rate was 8.47％ much higher than CKD group (positive rate was 2.22％) (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Based on mycoplasm detection results,IgAN patients were divided into two groups,overlapping infection group and mycoplasma negative group.In overlapping infection group,the mean age of onset was much younger than negative group.Compared with negative group,overlapping infection group had higher tonsillitis and urinary tract infection rate,more severe microscopic hematuria and tubulointerstitium lesion (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Patients with IgAN had higher infection rate of Genus,Mpe and Mp,compared with CKD patients and health people.Compared with mycoplasma negative group in IgAN patients,more severe microscopic hematuria and tubulointerstitium lesion in overlapping infection group,which suggested that infection of Mpe might have some possible connection with IgAN.
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ObjectiveTo make a new IgA nephropathy (IgAN) animal model by infecting mice with Mycoplasma penetrans (Mpe).MethodsMice were infected through urinary tract with Mpe,Sp-4 medium or PBS,and combined with tail vein challenge to make experimental IgAN animal model.Pathologic changes were compared between new IgAN model and classical IgAN model.ResultsA new IgAN animal model was established successfully and the successful rate was 100％.There was no significant difference in IgA deposition rate or fluorescence intensity between our new IgAN animal model and the classical IgAN animal model.There was also IgG deposition found in 66.67％ Mpe-infected mice.Light microscopy examination revealed compared with PBS or SP-4 medium control group,the proliferation of mesangial cells and the deposition of matrix were more serious in Mpe-infection group(all P＜0.05),which was not signifcantly different with classical IgAN group.Besides,there was mononuclear cell infiltration in tubular interstitium and parietal cellproliferation in Bowman's capsule in Mpe-infection group.ConclusionBy infecting mice with Mpe through urinary tract,IgAN animal model can be successfully made which may offer a new direction for IgAN pathogen research.
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Objective To study the association between Mycoplasma penetrans (Mpe) infection and clinicopathology of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods Blood samples of 118 IgAN patients, 90 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 89 healthy people were collected. Mpe DNA in serum was detected by PCR and positive samples were confirmed by Southern blotting. According to Mpe infection, IgAN patients were divided into positive and negative groups. Association between clinicopatholgical features of IgAN and Mpe infection was examined.Results Significantly higher Mpe positive rate was found in IgAN group as compared to CKD and healthy groups (16.0% vs 2.2% and 1.1%, P＜0.01). In Mpe positive group, 42.1% patients presented macroscopic hematuria, which was significantly higher than that in Mpe negative group (P＜0.01). While Mpe negative group had greater proteinuria, higher serum creatinine level, higher Lee grading of pathology compared to Mpe positive group. There were no differences of tubulointerstitial lesions and arteriole hypertrophy between two groups. Conclusions IgAN patients have higher Mpe infection rate than CKD patients and healthy people. Mpe positive IgAN patients have more macroscopic hematuria. Mpe infection may be associated with the pathogenesis of IgAN.
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El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la formación de biopelículas por micoplasmas de interés médico.Métodos. La formación de las biopelículas se realizó en microplacas, fueron enjuagadas con solución PBS para remover las células que no se adhirieron y se tiñeron con soluciónde cristal violeta al 0,5% durante 30 minutos. La formación de biopelículas por parte de Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma fermentans y Mycoplasma penetrans se analizó por medio de microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica de barrido. Resultados. Los micoplasmas evaluados mostraron la capacidad para formar biopelículas,lo cual se evidenció por medio de la tinción de cristal violeta. Las biopelículas formadas en las microplacas y analizadas por microscopía mostraron agregados de microcolonias. La formación de biopelículas por parte de M. fermentans, M. pneumoniae y M. penetrans se presentó a las 72 horas de incubación. Se comparó la formación de biopelícula y la cuantificación de plancton, y se encontró correlación. Conclusión. Se debe considerar que este estudio se hizo bajo condiciones de laboratorioy que, para trabajos futuros, se recomienda utilizar modelos animales para definir cómo contribuyen estos agregados en la persistencia en los huéspedes. Estos resultados sugierenque la capacidad de M. fermentans, M. pneumoniae y M. penetrans para formar biopelículas puede considerarse un factor de virulencia, y un evento importante en la patogénesis yevolución en infecciones asociadas con el uso de dispositivos médicos.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of biofilms by mycoplasmas of medical importance.Methods: Biofilms grown in microtiter plates were rinsed briefly in PBS to remove non-adherent cells and stained with 0,5% crystal violet solution for 30 minutes. The biofilm formation bymycoplasma species were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Three mycoplasma species were assessed for their ability to form biofilms. Crystal violet staining of biofilms in microtiter plates revealed the ability of mycoplasma to form a biofilm. Microscopic analysis of crystalviolet stained biofilms on microtiters indicated aggregation to form microcolonies. Biofilm growth by Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasmapneumoniae and Mycoplasmapenetrans was followed over a time course of 72 hours. Mycoplasma were also analyzed quantitatively for biofilm formation and cell counts compared for both biofilm and plankton cells. Cell counts for biofilms showed a goodcorrelation with results obtained using crystal violet staining. Conclusion: This study has examined biofilm formation under in vitro laboratory conditions.Further studies on animal models will be crucial to determine if biofilms form in vivo and whether they contribute to mycoplasma persistence in thehost. These results suggest that the ability of M. fermentans, M. pneumoniae and M. penetrans to form a biofilm may be a virulence factor, and an important event in the pathogenesis and evolutionin infections associated with the use of medical devices.
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Biofilms , MycoplasmaABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlations of Mycoplasma penetrans(MPe)infection with the differentiation.invasiveness and metastasis of stomach and colorectal calFcinomas.Methods Sixty five patients with stomach carcinoma,57 patients with colorectal carcinoma and 80 healthy individuals as controls were enrolled in this study.MPe was isolated and then confirmed by PCR.χ2 test was performed to analyze the correlations of MPe infection with the differentiation,invasiveness and metastasis of carcinoma.Results The rate of MPe isolated from stomach carcinoma group(41/65,63.1%)was significantly higher than that from stomach ulcer group(χ2=38.2,P＜0.01).The rate of MPe isolated from eolorectal carcinoma group (1/20,5%)was also significantly higher than that from colorectal polyps group(χ2=21.2,P＜0.01).The proportion of poor differentiation and the invasiveness in MPe positive stomach carcinoma group were significantly higher than those in MPe negative group(χ2:33.4 and 25.0.P＜0.01).The proportion of poorly differentiation and lymphatic metastasis(N3)in MPe positive colorectal carcinoma group were significantly higher than those in MPe negative group(χ2=34.4,P＜0.01).Conclusion Differentiation,invasiveness and metastasis are highly correlated with MPe infection in stomach and colorectal carcinomas.
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Genital mycoplasmas are sexually transmitted. There are considerable public concern that causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases might be transmitted nonsexually through public restrooms. In the present study, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and M. penetrans among genital mycoplasmas were identified in 100 public restroom toilet bowls (50 men's and 50 women's public restrooms, each). Mycoplasmas were genotypically identified by two methods; (1) PCR of primary selective culture and (2) direct PCR of original specimens before primary selective culture. From 50 men's public restrooms, M. hominis, U. urealyticum and M. penetrans were identified from PCR of primary selective cultures in 6%, 4% and 0% of the specimens, respectively and M. hominis and U. urealyticum was codetected in 2% of those. And M. hominis, U. urealyticum and M. penetrans were identified by direct PCR in 20%, 16% and 0% of the original specimens, respectively and co-detection rate of M. hominis and U. urealyticum was 4% in those. From 50 women's public restrooms, 38% was positive for M. hominis, 14% for U. urealyticum, 0% for M. penetrans and 10% for both U. urealyticum and M. penetrans by PCR of primary selective culture. And 50% was positive for M. hominis, 46% for U. urealyticum and 0% for M. penetrans and 34% for both M. hominis and U. urealyticum by direct PCR of the original specimens. These results indicate that the genital mycoplasmas can survive for considerable duration in toilet bowels, and might be transmitted by through public restrooms.