Efficacy of ultrasound-guided infiltration with levobupivacaine and triamcinolone for myofascial pain syndrome of the quadratus lumborum: a retrospective observational study

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) of the Quadratus Lumborum muscle (QL) is a frequent cause of chronic low back pain. With this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-guided infiltration with 0.25% levobupivacaine and 40 mg triamcinolone for MPS of the QL. Methods: Observational and retrospective study of participants submitted to ultrasound-guided infiltration of the QL muscle from January 1, 2015 to June 31, 2019. Pain intensity was assessed using the five-point pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS): pre-intervention, at 72 hours, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-intervention. Additional data collected were demographic characteristics, opioid consumption, and adverse effects. Results: We assessed 90 participants with mean age of 55.2 years. Sixty-eight percent of participants were female. Compared to the pre-intervention assessment, there was an improvement in pain at 72 hours (Mean Difference [MD = 3.085]; 95% CI: 2.200-3.970, p < 0.05), at the 1st month (MD = 2.644; 95% CI: 1.667-3.621, p < 0.05), at the 3rdmonth (MD = 2.017; 95% CI: 0.202-2.729, p < 0.05) and at the 6th month (MD = 1.339; 95% CI 0.378-2.300, p < 0.05), post-intervention. No statistically significant differences in opioid consumption were observed. No adverse effects associated with the technique were reported. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided infiltration of the QL muscle is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of pain in the QL MPS within 6 months post-intervention.

Treating myofascial pain with dry needling: a systematic review for the best evidence-based practices in low back pain / Tratamento da dor miofascial com agulhamento a seco: uma revisão sistemática para as melhores práticas baseadas em evidências em lombalgia

Abstract Background Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common source of pain in primary care or pain clinics. There are many different ways to manage and treat MPS, such as physical exercise, trigger points massage, and dry needling. Objective The objective of this overview is to highlight and discuss the evidence-based treatment of myofascial pain by dry needling in patients with low back pain. Methods A systematic review was made based on meta-analysis (MA) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to dry needling treatment for myofascial pain in patients with lumbar pain, published from 2000 to 2023. Results A total of 509 records were identified at first. Seventy were published before 2000, so they were excluded. From the remaining 439 studies, ninety-two were RCTs or MA, of which 86 additional studies were excluded for the following reasons: not related to dry needling treatment (n = 79), not published in English (n = 4), duplicated (n = 1), project protocol (n = 1), and not related to myofascial pain (n = 1). So, this review was based on 4 RCTs and two MA. These studies compared dry needling efficacy to other treatments, such as acupuncture, sham dry needling, laser therapy, physical therapy, local anesthetic injection, ischemic compression, and neuroscience education. Despite outcomes and follow-up period varied between them, they showed that dry needling can decrease post-intervention pain intensity and pain disability. Conclusion Dry needling is an effective procedure for the treatment of myofascial pain in patients with acute and chronic low back pain. Further high-quality studies are needed to clarify the long-term outcomes.

Resumo Antecedentes A síndrome dolorosa miofascial (SDM) é uma fonte comum de dor em centros primários de atenção à saúde ou nas clínicas de dor. Existem muitas formas diferentes de manejar e tratar a SDM, como o exercício físico, a massagem dos pontos de gatilho e o agulhamento a seco. Objetivo O objetivo desta revisão é destacar e discutir o tratamento baseado em evidências da dor miofascial por agulhamento a seco em doentes com dor lombar. Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática baseada em metanálises (MA) e ensaios clínicos randomizados (RCTs) relacionados ao tratamento da dor miofascial com agulhamento a seco em pacientes com dor lombar, publicados de 2000 a 2023. Resultados Foram identificados, inicialmente, um total de 509 registos. Setenta deles, publicados antes de 2000, foram excluídos. Dos 439 estudos restantes, 92 eram RCTs ou MA, dos quais 86 foram excluídos pelas seguintes razões: não relacionados a tratamento com agulhamento a seco (n = 79), não publicados em inglês (n = 4), duplicados (n = 1), protocolo de projeto (n = 1) e não relacionados com dor miofascial (n = 1). Assim, esta revisão baseou-se em quatro RCTs e duas MA. Esses estudos compararam a eficácia do agulhamento seco com outros tratamentos, tais como acupuntura, agulhamento a seco "sham", terapia com laser, fisioterapia, injeção de anestésico local, compressão isquêmica e educação em neurociências. Apesar de os resultados e o período de seguimento variarem entre os estudos, os estudos demonstram que o agulhamento a seco pode diminuir a intensidade da dor pós-intervenção e a incapacidade relacionada à dor. Conclusão O agulhamento a seco é um procedimento eficaz para o tratamento da dor miofascial em pacientes com dor lombar aguda e crônica. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer sua eficácia a longo prazo.

Dry needling in the treatment of myofascial trigger points and painful shoulder dysfunctions: narrative review of the literature / Agulhamento a seco no tratamento de pontos-gatilho miofasciais e disfunções dolorosas do ombro: revisão narrativa da literatura

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shoulder painful dysfunctions comprises one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders that requires specialized assistance. Dry Needling (DN) became an adjuvant approach with increased use in clinical practice to treat this type of condition. The present study discusses the literature related to DN in the treatment of myofascial trigger points (MTPs), shoulder dysfunctions and associated pain. METHODS: A narrative review through search of articles from 2010 to 2022 written in Portuguese, English or Spanish was performed in Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), Health Information from the National Library of Medicine (Medline), Web of Science and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) databases using the keywords: <"Dry Needling">; <"Agulhamento a Seco">; <"Myofascial Trigger Points">; <"Pontos-Gatilhos Miofasciais">; <"Shoulder Dysfunctions">; <"Disfunções do ombro">. The qualitative analysis was performed determining the level of evidence for DN treatment of MTPs, shoulder dysfunctions and pain. RESULTS: A total of 45 citations were found, 22 citations were excluded because they did not meet the selection criteria. The 23 remaining citations were examined for titles and abstracts and duplicate studies were removed. Finally, 10 articles met the selection criteria and were included in the present review. No articles were excluded after full-text screening. The analysis showed poor advances and knowledge regarding the application of DN for the treatment of pain, painful and general shoulder dysfunctions and MTPs, with few evidence regarding treatment effectiveness, patient's pain scores data, mechanisms of action and statistical analysis. CONCLUSION: There is still a lack of concrete scientific evidence to assess DN effectiveness in modulating pain in patients with MTPs shoulder. More systematic reviews and meta-analyses together with experimental and clinical searches must be conducted to provide stronger evidence of this modality to relief painful symptoms in the shoulder, as well as a treatment of MTPs and general shoulder disorders.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As disfunções dolorosas de ombro constituem uma das disfunções musculoesqueléticas mais comuns que requerem assistência especializada. O agulhamento a seco (AS) tornou-se uma abordagem adjuvante com uso crescente na prática clínica para tratar esse tipo de condição. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever na literatura aspectos relacionados ao AS no tratamento de pontos-gatilho miofasciais (PGMs), disfunções do ombro e dores associadas. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa através da busca de artigos de 2010 a 2022 escritos em português, inglês ou espanhol, na Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe nos bancos de dado Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Informações em Saúde da Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (Medline), Web of Science e Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) utilizando as palavras-chave <"Dry Needling">; <"Agulhamento a Seco">; <"Myofascial Trigger Points">; <"Pontos-Gatilhos Miofasciais">; <" Disfunções do ombro">. A análise qualitativa foi realizada determinando o nível de evidência para tratamento de AS para o tratamento de PGMs, disfunções do ombro e dor. RESULTADOS: Um total de 45 citações foram encontradas, 22 citações foram excluídas porque não atenderam aos critérios de seleção. As 23 citações restantes foram examinadas para títulos e resumos e estudos duplicados foram removidos. Finalmente, 10 artigos atenderam aos critérios de seleção e foram incluídos na presente revisão. Nenhum artigo foi excluído após a triagem de texto completo. A análise mostrou poucos avanço e conhecimento sobre a aplicação de AS para o tratamento da dor, disfunções dolorosas e gerais do ombro e PGMs, com poucas evidências sobre a eficácia do tratamento, dados dos escores de dor do paciente, mecanismos de ação e análise estatística. CONCLUSÃO: Ainda faltam evidências científicas concretas para avaliar a eficácia do AS na modulação da dor em pacientes com PGMs no ombro. Mais revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises associadas a pesquisas experimentais e clínicas devem ser realizadas para fornecer evidências dessa modalidade promissora para alívio de sintomas dolorosos no ombro, bem como tratamento de PGMs e distúrbios gerais do ombro.

Effects of thunder-fire moxibustion combined with external application of Chinese herbal ointment at the trigger point on lumbodorsal myofascial pain syndrome of cold-damp stagnation type / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of thunder-fire moxibustion combined with external application of Chinese herbal ointment at the trigger point on lumbodorsal myofascial pain syndrome of cold-damp stagnation type.Methods:A total of 90 patients with lumbodorsal myofascial pain syndrome of cold-damp stagnation type admitted to Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine from September 2021 to April 2022 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups ( n = 30/group) using the random number table method. Patients in the Chinese herbal ointment group were treated by external application of Chinese herbal ointment at the trigger point. Patients in the thunder-fire moxibustion group were treated with thunder-fire moxibustion. Patients in the combined therapy group were treated with thunder-fire moxibustion combined with external application of Chinese herbal ointment at the trigger point. All patients were treated for 28 consecutive days. Clinical efficacy was compared among the three groups. Before and after treatment, the Visual Analogue Scale score, local tenderness score, Oswestry Disability Index score and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score were compared among the three groups. Results:Total response rate (96.67%) in the combined therapy group was significantly higher than 73.33% in the thunder-fire moxibustion group and 66.67% in the Chinese herbal ointment group ( χ2 = 9.01, 4.70, both P < 0.05). Visual Analogue Scale score and local tenderness score in the combined therapy group were (1.96 ± 0.93) points and (1.00 ± 0.69) points, respectively, which were significantly lower than (2.43 ± 0.87) points and (1.37 ± 0.56) points in the thunder-fire moxibustion group and (2.77 ± 0.86) points and (1.50 ± 0.57) points in the Chinese herbal ointment group ( F = 6.22, 5.38, both P < 0.05). The Oswestry Disability Index score in the combined therapy group was (19.80 ± 3.80) points, which was significantly lower than (22.30 ± 2.82) points in the thunder-fire moxibustion group and (23.60 ± 3.71) points in the Chinese herbal ointment group ( F = 9.07, both P < 0.05). After treatment, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score in the combined therapy group was (5.30 ± 1.12) points, which was significantly lower than (6.50 ± 1.33) points in the thunder-fire moxibustion group and (6.73 ± 1.41) points in the Chinese herbal ointment group ( F = 10.59, both P < 0.05). Conclusion:Thunder-fire moxibustion combined with external application of Chinese herbal ointment at the trigger point is highly effective on lumbodorsal myofascial pain syndrome of cold-damp stagnation type than monotherapy. The combined therapy can markedly reduce pain and greatly improve lumbodorsal function and sleep quality.

Primary headache and myofascial pain: a data based study / Cefaleia primária e dor miofascial: um estudo baseado em dados

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship be-tween the presence of primary headaches and myofascial pain in orofacial patients. Materials and methods: Six hundred and ninety-nine records of patients seeking treatment in a specialized orofacial pain clinic were assessed. The primary diagnostic categories of heada-che and myofascial pain were recorded. Data analyses were carried out by Pearson Chi-square and Logistic Regression, with a p-value of 0.05. Results: Average age of patients was 34.6 years. Females constituted 82.8% of the sample. A relationship between the presence of tension-type headache and myofascial pain was found (p=0.00); however, this relationship was not found for the presence of migraine and myofascial pain (p>0.05). Discussion: Tension-type headaches may be triggered or perpetuated by trigger points in orofacial structures. Conclusion: It can be concluded that trigger points in myofascial pain patients can play an important role in the genesis of tension-type headache.

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a relação entre a presença de cefaleia primária e dor miofascial em pacientes orofaciais. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados 699 prontuários de pacientes que buscavam atendimento em clínica especiali-zada em dor orofacial. As categorias diagnósticas primárias de cefaleia e dor miofascial foram registradas. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Regressão Logística, com valor de p=0,05. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 34,6 anos. O sexo feminino constituiu 82,8% da amostra. Foi encontrada relação entre a presença de cefaleia do tipo tensional e dor miofascial (p = 0,00); en-tretanto, essa relação não foi encontrada para a presença de enxaqueca e dor miofascial (p> 0,05). Discussão: As cefaleias primárias do tipo tensionais podem ser desencadeadas ou perpetuadas por pontos-gatilhos nas estruturas orofaciais. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que os pontos-gatilhos em pacientes com dor miofascial podem desempenhar um papel importante na gênese da cefaleia do tipo tensional.

Comorbidities associated with temporomandibular joint disorders and the role of central sensitization: literature review / Comorbidades associadas aos transtornos da articulação temporomandibular e o papel da sensibilização central: revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder is a musculoskeletal disorder that causes the exacerbation of painful sensation during function and the presence of sensitivity/pain to palpation of the masticatory muscles and/or TMJ. People with pain complaints in the head, neck, shoulder or lower back may present signs and symptoms of TMJ disorders, sharing sleep disturbances, forgetfulness or difficulty concentrating, abdominal pain and differences in fecal consistency. Studies have also shown that TMJ disorders can be associated with emotional distress and multiple comorbidities related to central sensitization (CS). This, in turn, is responsible for producing hypersensitivity to pain, altering the sensory response. The pathophysiology of CS in TMJ disorders is not yet well understood. Thus, it is the scope of this review to synthesize knowledge about the relationship between CS and Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) and describe the comorbidities most frequently found in this profile of patients. CONTENTS: TMJ disorders do not seem to occur in isolation. Comorbidities such as migraine, tension headache, fatigue, dizziness, tinnitus and allergies have been reported. Hyperexcitability in central nociceptive processing is part of the pathophysiology of TMJ disorder, which could explain the greater sensitivity to pain in other areas of the body in these individuals, characterizing a CS process. CONCLUSION: The most frequently reported comorbid conditions are headache, psychological factors, allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, and sleep disturbances. It is admitted that CS is a neurophysiological phenomenon present in some chronic pain disorders, including TMD.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O transtorno da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) apresenta-se como uma desordem musculoesquelética que causa a exacerbação da sensação dolorosa durante a função e a presença de hipersensibilidade/dor à palpação da musculatura mastigatória e/ou da ATM. Pessoas com queixas álgicas na cabeça, pescoço, ombro ou lombar podem apresentar sinais e sintomas de transtornos da ATM, compartilhando de distúrbios do sono, dificuldade de concentração ou esquecimento, dor abdominal e diferenças na consistência fecal. Estudos também têm mostrado que os transtornos da ATM podem estar associados a sofrimento emocional e múltiplas comorbidades relacionadas à sensibilização central (SC). Esta, por sua vez, é responsável por produzir hipersensibilidade à dor, alterando a resposta sensorial. A fisiopatologia da SC nos transtornos da ATM ainda não está bem esclarecida. Desse modo, torna-se escopo dessa revisão sintetizar o conhecimento sobre a relação entre SC e disfunção temporomandibular e descrever as comorbidades mais frequentemente encontradas nesse perfil de pacientes. CONTEÚDO: Os transtornos da ATM parecem não ocorrer isoladamente. Comorbidades como enxaqueca, cefaleia tensional, fadiga, tontura, zumbido e alergias têm sido relatadas. Uma hiperexcitabilidade no processamento nociceptivo central faz parte da fisiopatologia da desordem da ATM, o que poderia explicar a maior sensibilidade à dor em outras áreas do corpo nesses indivíduos, caracterizando um processo de SC. CONCLUSÃO: As condições de comorbidades mais frequentemente relatadas são cefaleias, fatores psicológicos, alergias, síndrome do intestino irritável e distúrbios do sono. Admite-se que a SC é um fenômeno neurofisiológico presente em alguns distúrbios de dor crônica, incluindo as disfunções temporomandibulares.

Reliability of quantitative sensory testing on myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle of individuals with chronic neck pain

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to measure the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the quantitative sensory testing for measuring the thermal pain threshold on myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle of individuals with chronic neck pain. METHODS: Thirty female participants were included, aged between 18 and 45 years and with bilateral myofascial trigger points, active and centrally located in the upper trapezius muscle. Two measurements with quantitative sensory testing were performed by each examiner at an interval of 1 week between them. RESULTS: We observed substantial reliability for the intra-rater analysis (intraclass correlation coefficient ranging between 0.876 and 0.896) and excellent reliability for the inter-rater analysis (intraclass correlation coefficient ranging between 0.917 and 0.954). CONCLUSION: The measurement of the thermal pain threshold on myofascial trigger points in individuals with chronic neck pain has acceptable reliability values, supporting the use of the quantitative sensory testing in the research setting and the clinical environment.

Myofascial pain syndrome as a diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain. Case report / Síndrome dolorosa miofascial como diagnóstico diferencial de dor abdominal crônica. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic abdominal pain may originate in visceral, somatic or nervous structures. Diagnosis is challenging and, in prolonged cases with atypical development, the possibility of a myofascial pain syndrome should be considered. The objective was to report a case of post-surgical chronic abdominal pain perpetuated by the presence of trigger points in the musculature of the abdominal wall. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 15 years old, underwent appendectomy without complications. Due to the persistence of pain after surgery, gabapentin and analgesics were prescribed. After 45 days, the patient still had disabling pain, preventing him from performing usual activities. The patient underwent surgical revision, which was not conclusive, and other attempts at pain control, such as anesthetic block of the abdominal transverse plane and transdermal lidocaine, without success. He was then referred to the acupuncture clinic, presenting antalgic gait, voluntary guarding to palpation of the hypochondrium and right iliac fossa, presence of trigger points in the rectus abdominis and right quadratus lumborum muscles, with pain referred at right iliac fossa, with no signs or symptoms of neuropathic pain. The needling of trigger points, electrostimulation at the motor points of referred muscles and stretching guidance were performed. During the follow-up period, the patient presented a gradual improvement in symptoms, suspension of the drugs in use and return to activities. CONCLUSION: Myofascial painful syndrome is one of the most common causes of pain and disability, is still underdiagnosed and should be considered among the differential diagnosis.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor abdominal crônica pode ter origem em estruturas viscerais, somáticas ou nervosas. O diagnóstico é desafiador e, em casos prolongados e com evolução atípica, deve-se considerar a síndrome dolorosa miofascial. O objetivo foi relatar um caso de dor crônica abdominal após cirurgia perpetuada pela presença de pontos-gatilho na musculatura da parede abdominal. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 15 anos, submetido a apendicectomia sem intercorrências. Devido à persistência da dor pós-operatória, foi prescrita gabapentina e analgésicos. Após 45 dias, continuava com dor incapacitante, impedindo-o de realizar suas atividades habituais. Foi submetido à revisão cirúrgica, não elucidativa, e outras tentativas de controle álgico, como bloqueio anestésico do plano transverso abdominal e lidocaína por via transdérmica, sem sucesso. Encaminhado ao ambulatório de acupuntura, apresentando marcha antálgica, defesa voluntária à palpação de hipocôndrio e fossa ilíaca direita, presença de pontos-gatilho em músculo reto abdominal e quadrado lombar direito, com dor referida em fossa ilíaca direita, sem sinais ou sintomas de dor neuropática. Foi realizado o agulhamento dos pontos-gatilho, eletroestimulação nos pontos motores dos referidos músculos e orientação de alongamentos. Na fase de monitoramento, o paciente apresentou melhora gradual dos sintomas, suspensão dos fármacos e retorno às suas atividades. CONCLUSÃO: A síndrome dolorosa miofascial é uma das causas mais comuns de dor e incapacidade, é pouco diagnosticada e deve ser considerada entre os diagnósticos diferenciais.

Microacupotomy combined with Du pulse acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar and dorsal myofascial pain syndrome / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of microacupotomy combined with Du pulse acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar and dorsal myofascial pain syndrome. Methods:110 patients with lumbar and dorsal myofascial pain syndrome who received treatment between February 2019 and August 2020 in Haining People's Hospital were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive either electroacupuncture (control group, n = 55) or microacupotomy combined with Du pulse acupuncture (observation group, n = 55). Therapeutic effects were compared between the control and observation groups. Results:Before treatment, there were no significant differences in tenderness and Visual Analogue Scale scores between the control and observation groups (both P > 0.05). After treatment, tenderness and VAS scores in the observation group were (0.81 ± 0.11) points and (2.36 ± 0.25) points, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(1.31 ± 0.10) points, (3.34 ± 0.19) points, t = 24.943 and 23.146, both P < 0.001]. Effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [98.18% (54/55) vs. 81.82% (45/55), χ2 = 8.182, P < 0.05]. After treatment, tenderness scores of the gluteus medius, psoas quadratus and multifidus muscles in each group were increased, and these scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( t = 3.937, 2.963 and 3.633, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Microacupotomy combined with Du pulse acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar and dorsal myofascial pain syndrome can effectively decrease the degree of pain and strengthen clinical therapeutic effects.

O modelo de dor inflamatória induzida pela carragenina como estratégia para avaliar a ação de drogas sobre a dor miofascial / The carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain model as a tool to assess the action of drugs on myofascial pain

A dor miofascial orofacial vem sendo tratada com analgésicos, anti-inflamatórios, relaxantes musculares, fisioterapia, laserterapia e placas oclusais. Contudo, muitas vezes, tais condutas falham em amenizar o quadro doloroso, havendo a necessidade de testar outras estratégias de tratamento. Metodologia: Uma opção para avaliação experimental dessas terapias seria o teste de dor induzido pela carragenina, associado ao teste de avaliação do limiar nociceptivo, originalmente desenvolvido para avaliar a ação de drogas nas patas de roedores. Sendo assim, o presente estudo analisou a nocicepção causada pela carragenina em masseteres de ratos, através do teste de Von Frey, correlacionando-a com alterações teciduais produzidas por esta droga. A carragenina foi injetada no músculo masseter de ratos, enquanto o grupo controle recebeu soro fisiológico. O limiar nociceptivo foi mensurado com um analgesímetro digital antes da administração da carragenina e 5 horas, 1, 3 e 7 dias após o seu uso. Decorridos 8 dias da intervenção, os animais foram eutanasiados, sendo seus masseteres encaminhados para processamento histológico e coloração H&E. Resultados: Observou-se uma diminuição do limiar da resposta nociceptiva em todos os períodos no grupo com carragenina, quando comparado com o grupo controle, havendo diferença estatisticamente significante nas 5 horas. A análise histológica do grupo experimental mostrou a presença de espaços perimisial e endomisial alargados e preenchidos por uma matriz com alguns linfócitos, muitos macrófagos e raros mastócitos. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram que a associação de uma droga inflamatória com o método Von Frey pode ser uma opção para o estudo do efeito de terapias de dor miofascial.

Myofascial orofacial pain has been treated with analgesics, anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants, physiotherapy, laser therapy and occlusal plaques. However, many times, such behaviors fail to alleviate the painful condition, with the need to test other treatment strategies. Methodology: An option for experimental evaluation of these therapies would be the pain test induced by carrageenan associated with the nociceptive threshold assessment test, originally developed to assess the action of drugs on the rodents' feet. Thus, the present study analyzed the nociception caused by carrageenan in rat masseter using the Von Frey test, correlating it with tissue changes produced by this drug. Carrageenan was injected into the masseter muscle of rats, while the control group received saline. The nociceptive threshold was measured with a digital analgesometer before administration of carrageenan and 5 hours, 1, 3 and 7 days after its use. After 8 days of the intervention, the animals were euthanized, and their masseters were sent for histological processing and H&E staining. Results: There was a decrease in the nociceptive response threshold in all periods in the group treated with carrageenan when compared to the control group, with a statistically significant difference at 5 hours. Histological analysis of the experimental group showed the presence of enlarged perimisial and endomisial spaces, filled by a matrix with some lymphocytes, many macrophages and rare mast cells. Conclusion: Results indicated that the association of an inflammatory drug with the Von Frey method may be an option for studying the effect of therapies on myofascial pain.

Evaluation of short-term effectiveness of orthopedic manual therapy in signs and symptoms of myofascial pain: a controlled clinical trial / Evaluación de la eficacia a corto plazo de la terapia manual ortopédica en signos y síntomas de dolor miofascial: un ensayo clínico controlado

To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of orthopedic manual therapy (OMT) in signs and symptoms of myofascial pain (MFP) in young adults. Materials and Methods: An experimental controlled clinical study was performed in young adults between 19 and 24 years old. Thirty-one patients with MFP according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) were divided into two groups. Group A: Orthopedic Manual Therapy (n=16; 10 females, 6 males; 21.6 ± 1.70 years old), and Group B: Control group (n=15; 10 females, 5 males; 20.9 ± 2.00 years old). The participants of group A were treated for a period of 6 weeks; Six therapeutic interventions were performed. Degree of dysfunction (Helkimo index), pain level (VAS scale), and range of mandibular movements (opening and lateral movements) were taken at baseline (T0) and immediately at post-treatment (T1). The data were analyzed with chi-square test and t-test; p<0.05 was considered significant. Result: After the OMT, there were no significant changes in diagnosis of MFP according to RDC/TMD (p=0.41); however, there was a statistically significant improvement in the Helkimo index (p=0.0083) and the level of pain according to the VAS scale (p=0.0004). Mandibular movements did not show significant differences (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study suggested that a 6-week period of OMT treatment has a clinically significant effect in pain level and degree of dysfunction in patients with MFP. A longer follow-up study is required to better assess the effects of manual therapy.

Evaluar la efectividad a corto plazo de la terapia manual ortopédica (TMO) en los signos y síntomas del dolor miofascial (DMF) en adultos jóvenes. Materiales and Métodos: Se realizó un estudio clínico controlado en adultos jóvenes entre 19 y 24 años. Treinta y un pacientes fueron diagnosticados con DMF según los criterios de diagnóstico para trastornos tempo-romandibulares (CDI/TTM) y se dividieron en dos grupos. Grupo A: Terapia manual ortopédica (n = 16; 10 mujeres, 6 hombres; 21,6 ± 1,70 años), y Grupo B: grupo de control (n = 15; 10 mujeres, 5 hombres; 20,9 ± 2,00 años). Los participantes del grupo A fueron tratados por un período de 6 semanas. Se realizaron seis intervenciones terapéuticas. El grado de disfunción (índice Helkimo), el nivel de dolor (escala EVA) y el rango de movimientos mandibulares (movimientos de apertura y laterales) se evaluaron al inicio del estudio (T0) e inmediatamente después del tratamiento (T1). Los datos se analizaron con la prueba de chi-cuadrado y la prueba t de student; se consideró significativo cuando p fue menor a 0.05. Resultados: Después de la TMO, no hubo cambios significativos en el diagnóstico de DMF según CDI /TTM (p=0,41); sin embargo, hubo una mejora estadísticamente significativa en el índice Helkimo (p=0.0083) y el nivel de dolor según la escala EVA (p= 0.0004). Los movimientos mandibulares no mostraron diferencias significativas (p>0.05). Conclusión: Este estudio sugirió que un período de 6 semanas de tratamiento con TMO tiene un efecto clínicamente significativo en el nivel de dolor y el grado de disfunción en pacientes con DMF. Se requiere un estudio de largo plazo para evaluar de mejor forma el efecto de la terapia manual ortopédica.

Evaluation of pain intensity of the masticatory muscles after occlusal appliance and combined therapy: a 6-months follow-up pilot study

Masticatory muscle pain (MMP) is a common type of orofacial pain.Occlusal appliance (OA) is contemplated as a first-line conservative approach for chronic MMP, however, integrated biopsychosocial approaches such as counseling and self-care therapies (CSG) are also considered essential. Aim: This pilot study aimed to compare the use of a combined therapy (GSG + OA) and solely OA treatment on pain intensity related to chronic MMP over a 6-month follow-up. Methods:For this, 20 patients diagnosed with chronic MMP using the Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) were divided into 2 groups (n=10) and treated with OA or combined therapy (CoT; OA + CSG). Electromyographic muscle activity (EMG), visual analogue scale (VAS) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were recorded at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. Data was collected and statistical analysis were applied at a significance level of 5%. Results:Results showed no significant differences at baseline among groups for any assessment. VAS showed that both treatments decreased subjective pain in volunteers over time, but no significant differences among both groups were observed at any evaluation time. For electromyography, CoT and OA presented no significant differences throughout the experiment neither on relaxed muscle position or maximum volunteer contraction. Finally, a significantly higher PPT for CoT was found for all muscles at the last assessment point (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that both treatments are effective for the reduction of pain perception (VAS) in patients with chronic MMP. However, the addition of CSG to an OA therapy may be more beneficial for the improvement of tenderness on the same patients, at least in a long-term basis (> 3 months). Notwithstanding, a larger study should be performed to substantiate these findings

Evaluation of the efficacy of ropivacaine injection in the anterior and middle scalene muscles guided by ultrasonography in the treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

SUMMARY A clinical, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial with two parallel groups. OBJECTIVE to evaluate the efficacy of ropivacaine injection in each belly of the anterior and middle scalene muscles, guided by ultrasonography, in the treatment of Nonspecific Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) compared to cutaneous pressure. METHODS 38 patients, 19 in the control group (skin pressure in each belly of the anterior and middle scalene muscles) and 19 in the intervention group (ropivacaine). Subjects with a diagnosis of Nonspecific Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, pain in upper limbs and/or neck, with no radiculopathy or neurological involvement of the limb affected due to compressive or encephalic root causes were included. The primary endpoint was functionality, evaluated by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand - DASH scale validated for use in Brasil. The time of the evaluations were T0 = before the intervention; T1 = immediately after; T2 = 1 week; T3 = 4 weeks; T4 = 12 weeks; for T1, the DASH scale was not applied. RESULTS Concerning the DASH scale, it is possible to affirm with statistical significance (p> 0.05) that the intervention group presented an improvement of functionality at four weeks, which was maintained by the 12th week. CONCLUSION In practical terms, we concluded that a 0.375% injection of ropivacaine at doses of 2.5 ml in each belly of the anterior and middle scalene muscles, guided by ultrasonography, in the treatment of Nonspecific Thoracic Outlet Syndrome helps to improve function.

RESUMO Ensaio clínico, controlado por placebo, aleatorizado, duplo-cego, com dois braços paralelos. OBJETIVO Avaliar a eficácia da injeção de ropivacaína em cada ventre dos músculos escalenos anterior e médio, guiada por ultrassonografia, no tratamento da Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico Neurogênico inespecífico comparado com o toque cutâneo. MÉTODOS Trinta e oito pacientes, sendo 19 no grupo controle (toque cutâneo em cada ventre dos músculos escalenos anterior e médio) e 19 no grupo intervenção (ropivacaína). Foram incluídos sujeitos com diagnóstico de Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico Neurogênico inespecífico com dor em membros superiores e/ou cervicalgia sem radiculopatia ou comprometimento neurológico do membro em questão por causas radiculares compressivas ou encefálicas. O desfecho primário foi a funcionalidade avaliada pela escala Disabilitie of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand - Dash, validada no Brasil. O tempo das avaliações foram T0 = antes da intervenção; T1 = imediatamente após, T2 = 1 semana, T3 = 4 semanas e T4 = 12 semanas, sendo que para o T1 não foi aplicado o Dash. RESULTADOS Com relação ao Dash, de forma estatisticamente significante (p>0,05), é possível afirmar que o grupo intervenção apresentou melhora da funcionalidade a partir de quatro semanas, e essa melhora se manteve até a 12a semana. CONCLUSÃO Em termos práticos, conclui-se que a injeção de ropivacaína 0,375% nas doses de 2,5 ml em cada ventre dos músculos escalenos anterior e médio, guiada por ultrassonografia, no tratamento da Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico Neurogênico inespecífico auxilia na melhora da função.

Analgesic effects of a capacitive-resistive monopolar radiofrequency in patients with myofascial chronic neck pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: To date, there is a lack of prior studies on the use of capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency (RF) to treat neck pain. The objective of this study was to investigate the immediate effect of capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency (RF=448 kHz), in comparison with a placebo, on (1) reducing neck pain intensity at myofascial trigger points (MTrP), (2) decreasing neck disability and (3) improving cervical range of motion (CROM). METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT02353195) was carried out. Patients with myofascial chronic neck pain (N=24) with active MTrP in one upper trapezius muscle were randomly divided into two groups: a radio-frequency group, which received eight sessions of a monopolar capacitive resistive radio-frequency application over the upper trapezius muscle, and a placebo group (PG), which received eight sessions of placebo radio-frequency over the same muscle. Visual analog scale (VAS), CROM and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were evaluated after the first session and after the eight sessions. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon test for VAS showed statistically significant differences between baseline, immediately after the first session and after eight sessions (p<.001). No significant differences for PG were found. No differences were observed between groups. NDI improved in both groups after eight sessions, but no differences were found between groups (p<.05). ANOVA for time factor showed statistically significant changes in the right cervical rotation in both groups (F=4.112; p=.026) after eight sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Even though there were no differences between both groups, the monopolar capacitive, resistive RF could have a potential effect on pain intensity.

RESUMO ANTECEDENTES: Até a data, há uma falta de estudos prévios para tratar a dor no pescoço por radiofrequência (RF) monopolar capacitiva resistiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito imediato da radiofrequência monopolar capacitiva resistiva (RF = 448 kHz) versus placebo em (1) redução da intensidade da dor no pescoço em pontos de gatilho miofascial (MTrP), (2) diminuição da incapacidade do pescoço e (3) melhorando a amplitude de movimento cervical (Crom). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um ensaio randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo (NCT02353195). Os pacientes com dor no pescoço crônica miofascial (N = 24) com MTrP ativo em um músculo trapézio superior foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: um grupo de radiofrequência, que recebeu oito sessões com uma aplicação de radiofrequência resistiva capacitiva monopolar sobre o músculo trapézio superior, e um grupo de placebo (PG), que recebeu oito sessões de radiofrequência de placebo no mesmo músculo. A escala analógica visual (VAS), Crom e Índice de incapacidade do pescoço (NDI) foram avaliadas após a primeira sessão e após as oito sessões. RESULTADOS: O teste de Wilcoxon para VAS mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre a linha de base e imediatamente após a primeira sessão e após oito sessões (p < 0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para PG. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos. O NDI melhorou em ambos os grupos após oito sessões, mas não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos (p < 0,05). A Anova para o fator de tempo mostrou mudanças estatisticamente significativas na rotação direita cervical em ambos os grupos (F = 4,12; p = 0,26) após oito sessões. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de não haver diferenças entre os dois grupos, o RF resistivo capacitivo monopolar pode ter um efeito potencial sobre a intensidade da dor.

Gray scale ultrasound combined with shear wave elastography in evaluation of myofascial trigger points in patients with myofascial pain syndrome / 中国医学影像技术

Objective: To explore the application value of gray scale ultrasound combined with shear wave elastography(SWE) in evaluation of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Methods: Totally 28 MPS patients (case group, 36 MTrPs) and 33 healthy volunteers (control group, 33 normal muscle points) were enrolled. In case group, 2 examiners measured the muscle thickness of superior trapezius, shear wave velocity (SWV) and Young's modulus (E), while only one examiner measured the above indexes in control group. One week later, the measurements were repeated in both groups. The consistency between 2 examiners was evaluated by using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of visual analogue scale(VAS) in MPS patients with the muscle thickness of superior trapezius, SWV and E. Results: The consistency of repeated measurement, consistency of time and consistency between 2 examiners were all good or excellent (ICC 0.73-0.98). The muscle thickness of superior trapezius, SWV and E in case group were higher than those in control group (all P<0.05). There was no correlation between VAS and muscle thickness, but positive correlations between VAS and SWV (r=0.709, P<0.001), E (r=0.653, P=0.002). Conclusion: Gray scale ultrasound combined with SWE can be used to assess the morphological features and biomechanical property of MTrPs in patients with MPS.

Correlation analysis between the surface electromyography and muscle fiber types of the core muscle group in the patients with myofascial pain syndromes / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To detect the core muscle group in the patients with myofascial pain syndromes(MPS) by using the surface electromyography; to detect the distribution of muscle fiber type by the analysis of the median frequency and the slope of the median frequency.@*METHODS@#From October 2017 to March 2018, there were 100 patients with the MPS, including 45 males and 55 females; the average age was 48.5 years old, ranging from 29 to 76 years old. There were 40 cases of left back pain and 60 cases of right back pain. The course of illness was more than 6 months. Another 40 healthy patients without pain in the waist were included in the control group, 20 males and 20 females; the average age was 47.3 years old, ranging from 29 to 76 years old. All the patients had different degrees of back pain and muscle stiffness, which were diagnosed as lumbar fasciitis by clinical and imaging examination. Surface electromyography was used to measure the characteristics of the lumbar core muscles (multifissions, iliocostal muscles, and longest muscle) of the three groups in the Biering-Sorensen testing, such as median frequency(MF) and absolute slope of median frequency (MFs).@*RESULTS@#The MF values of the multifidus muscle in the three groups were as follows:the left side of the non-pain group was 133.88±26.61, and the right side was 131.39±29.81; left side of lift side pain group 117.29±10.93, right side 133.70±17.81; in the right pain group, the left side was 131.36±17.37, and the right side was 118.28±13.57. The MF values of the iliocostal muscle in the three groups were:106.94±28.01 on the left side of the non-pain group, 114.68±18.96 on the right side; left side of lift side pain group 93.95±11.17, right side 107.60±27.86; in the right pain group, the left side was 105.93±15.52, and the right side was 97.27±19.27. The MF values of the longest muscle in the three groups were:109.24±26.20 on the left side of the non-pain group, 112.58±17.70 on the right side. Left side of left side pain group 95.58±10.83, right side 108.79±26.39; in the right pain group, the left side was 106.50±17.98, and the right side was 98.20±11.16. The MFs values of the multifidus muscle in the three groups were:0.221±0.109 on the left side of the non-pain group, and 0.259±0.169 on the right side; left side of left side pain group 0.318±0.184, right side 0.210±0.159; in the right pain group, the left side was 0.258±0.169, and the right side was 0.386±0.166. The MFs values of the iliocostal muscles in the three groups were:0.241±0.158 for the left side of the non-pain group, and 0.238±0.128 for the right side. Left side of left side pain group 0.330±0.208, right side 0.252±0.171; in the right side pain group, left side 0.249±0.150, right side 0.343± 0.144. The MFs values of the longest muscle of the three groups were:0.244±0.252 on the left side of the non-pain group, and 0.210±0.128 on the right side; left side of left side pain group 0.348±0.255, right side 0.241±0.224; in the right pain group, the left side was 0.239±0.155, and the right side was 0.334±0.233. There were no statistically significant differences in MF and MFs values of the left and right lumbar multifidus muscle, iliocostal muscle and longest muscle in the non-pain group(>0.05). MF values of the pain side multifidus muscle, iliocostal muscle and longest muscle in the lumbago group were lower than those in the non-pain group(<0.05). MFs values of the painful side multifidus muscle, iliocostal muscle and longest muscle in the low back pain group were higher than those in the non-pain group(<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The muscle fatigue degree of the back muscle in the pain side of patients with MPs is decreased, and the muscle fiber type is dominated by II muscle fiber.

The Effect of Trigger Point Injections on Pain in Patients with Advanced Cancer / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that in 62.5% of cases of incurable cancer pain, the complaint is due to myofascial pain syndrome. Trigger point injections using dibucaine hydrochloride help patients with such cancer pain. This study evaluated the efficacy of trigger point injections for alleviating pain in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: Twenty patients with advanced cancer who had a life expectancy of 6 months or less and had been diagnosed with myofascial pain syndrome were treated with trigger point injections. Prior to treatment, a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure the resting pain level and discomfort upon application of pressure on the site of pain. These values were compared with last treatment measurements. RESULTS: The mean pre-treatment VAS scores for pain at rest and upon application of pressure on the pain site were 7.3 and 9.0, respectively. These scores decreased significantly to 1.95 and 3.2, respectively, after the treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Trigger point injection is an alternative and effective pain control modality for advanced cancer patients with myofascial pain syndrome.

Desativação de Pontos-Gatilho no Tratamento da Dor Miofascial / Trigger Points Deactivation in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain / Desactivación de Puntos-Gatillo en el Tratamiento del Dolor Miofascial

A síndrome da dor miofascial (SDM) é causa de dor e limitações, sendo bastante prevalente na população. Seu diagnóstico se dá pela apresentação clínica e exame físico, sendo a dor no local o principal sintoma, que conta com uma irradiação característica conforme o músculo acometido. Devido a esta irradiação, a condição pode mimetizar outras situações clínicas comuns e deve ser lembrada como diagnóstico diferencial. Sua identificação e tratamento podem ser feitos de forma simples e o profissional da atenção primária está apto a realizá-los, no entanto, ainda é muito negligenciada, por ser condição pouco estudada. Seu tratamento inclui fármacos, mudanças de estilo de vida, técnicas de fisioterapia e de agulhamento, sendo que este pode ser a seco ou com injeção de substâncias. O agulhamento com infiltração anestésica parece ser técnica eficaz na desativação de pontos-gatilho musculares e aparenta ser superior às demais em alguns estudos, com a vantagem de ser menos doloroso em sua realização. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre a SDM, levando em conta o quadro clínico, o diagnóstico e o tratamento, retratando resultados com diversas técnicas de agulhamento e comparando-as entre si e com demais técnicas.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) causes pain and limitations, being quite prevalent in the population. The diagnosis is due to the clinical presentation and physical examination, being the local pain the main symptom, which counts with a characteristic irradiation according to the affected muscle. Due to this irradiation, the condition may mimic other common clinical situations and should be remembered as a differential diagnosis. Its identification and treatment can be done in a simple way and the primary care professional is able to perform them, however, it is still neglected, being a poorly studied condition. Treatment includes drugs, lifestyle changes, physiotherapy and needling techniques, which can be dry or injected. Needling with anesthetic infiltration seems to be an effective technique in the deactivation of muscle trigger points and seems to be superior to others in some studies, with the advantage of being less painful in its accomplishment. The objective of this study is to perform a literature review on MPS, taking into account the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment, portraying results with several needling techniques and comparing them with each other and with other techniques.

El síndrome del dolor miofascial (SDM) es causa de dolor y limitaciones, siendo bastante prevalente en la población. Su diagnóstico se da por la presentación clínica y examen físico, siendo el dolor en el lugar el principal síntoma, que cuenta con una irradiación característica conforme el músculo acometido. Debido a esta irradiación, la condición puede mimetizar otras situaciones clínicas comunes y se debe recordarla como diagnóstico diferencial. Su identificación y tratamiento se pueden hacer de forma sencilla y el profesional de la atención primaria es capaz de realizarlos, sin embargo, todavía es muy descuidada, por ser una condición poco estudiada. El tratamiento incluye fármacos, cambios de estilo de vida, técnicas de fisioterapia y de aguja, siendo que éste puede ser en seco o con inyección de sustancias. El punzonado con infiltración anestésica parece ser técnica eficaz en la desactivación de puntos-gatillo musculares y parece ser superior a las demás en algunos estudios, con la ventaja de ser menos doloroso en su realización. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la SDM, teniendo en cuenta el cuadro clínico, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, retratando resultados con diversas técnicas de punzonado y comparándolas entre sí y con otras técnicas.

Incidencia de síndrome de dolor postmastectomía en Colombia / Incidence of post-mastectomy pain syndrome in Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer in Colombia is the first cause of cancer death. Post-mastectomy pain syndrome ranges from 13% to 69%; there are no regional studies evaluating its incidence among our population. Objectives: Determining the incidence of post-mastectomy pain syndrome in patients diagnosed with breast cancer undergoing therapeutic oncology surgery at Hospital Universitario de Santander. Materials and methods: Observational, prospective study of a cohort from January, 2014 through July, 2015 during the Pain Clinic follow-up evaluating the occurrence of post-mastectomy pain syndrome. Results: In all, 76 patients were followed and a 55.3% incidence of the post-mastectomy pain syndrome was identified. Among them, 54.8% were classified as mild intensity (visual analog scale [VAS] <4), 42.9% as moderate intensity (VAS 5-7), and 2.4% severe intensity (VAS >8). The most frequent type of pain identified was myofascial pain (42.1%), followed by neuropathic pain (34.2%). Among the group of patients with this type of pain, a relationship was identified between age below 49 years, and this presentation (P = 0.018). Conclusions: The incidence of post-mastectomy pain is 55.3%, higher than various world publications. We found that younger patients were more prone to develop myofascial post-mastectomy pain syndrome.

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer de mamá en Colombia es la primera causa de muerte oncológica. El síndrome de dolor post mastectomía es de 13 a 69%; no hay estudios a nivel regional que evalúen su incidencia en nuestra población. Objetivos: Determinar la incidencia de síndrome de dolor post mastectomía en pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama sometidas a cirugía oncológica terapéutica en el Hospital Universitario de Santander. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de una cohorte en el período de enero de 2014 a julio de 2015 durante el seguimiento por Clínica de Dolor que evaluó la aparición de síndrome de dolor post mastectomía. Resultados: Se realizó seguimiento a 76 pacientes, se encontró una incidencia de síndrome de dolor post mastectomía de 55.3%, de las cuales un 54.8% fueron clasificadas como intensidad leve (Escala visual análoga - EVA < 4), 42,9% como intensidad moderada (EVA 57) y 2,4% de intensidad severa (EVA > 8). La característica de dolor el más frecuentemente encontrado fue el de tipo miofascial (42,1%) seguido por el dolor neuropático (34,2%). En el grupo de pacientes con dolor de tipo miofascial se encontró una relación entre la edad menor a 49 años y la presentación de este tipo (p = 0,018). Conclusiones: La incidencia de síndrome de dolor post mastectomía es del 55,3%, siendo mayor a diferentes publicaciones a nivel mundial. Encontramos que las pacientes de menor edad, eran mas propensas a presentar síndrome de dolor postmastectomía tipo dolor miofascial.

Comparison of the application of elastic bandage and medical tape in pain reduction in primary and secondary teachers / Comparação da aplicação de bandagem elástica e esparadrapo na redução da dor em professores de ensino fundamental e médio

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The convolutions generated on the patient's skin with the application of the elastic bandage reduce the pressure on the mechanoreceptors and thus, the nociceptive stimulus. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of the elastic bandage application with the application of the medical tape in myofascial pain in the region of the upper fibers of the trapezius muscle in teachers. METHODS: Participants were assessed using the McGill-Melzack Pain questionnaire and the numeric pain rating scale, palpation for the detection of trigger points, goniometry for shoulder abduction and lateral neck flexion, and the upper trapezius muscle strength test. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. In the first moment, the participants of group A received an application of elastic bandage, with the "Y" technique, and those belonging to group B received the application of the same technique, however, using the medical tape. Both groups were reassessed after teaching class and after 24 hours. Two weeks later, there was the inversion of the materials used. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 16 teachers. Group A had a significant statistical pain reduction, according to the numeric pain rating scale, between the initial assessment and post-application at the first moment (p=0.00) and at the second moment (p=0.02). A similar result was found in group B, according to the numeric pain rating scale, both at the first moment (p=0.01) and at the second moment (p=0.03). In both groups, there was pain attenuation with no significance on the effect of the elastic bandage or the medical tape. CONCLUSION: The application of elastic bandage has the same effect that the medical tape in reducing pain.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As circunvoluções geradas na pele do paciente com a aplicação da bandagem elástica reduzem a pressão dos mecanorreceptores e assim, o estímulo nociceptivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito da aplicação da bandagem elástica com a aplicação de esparadrapo na dor miofascial na região das fibras superiores do músculo trapézio de professores. MÉTODOS: Os participantes foram avaliados através do questionário da dor de McGill-Melzack e a escala numérica, palpação para detecção de pontos-gatilho, goniometria de abdução do ombro e láteroflexão de cervical e teste de força no músculo trapézio superior. Aleatoriamente foram divididos em dois grupos. No primeiro momento, os participantes do grupo A, receberam a aplicação de bandagem elástica, com a técnica em "Y" e, os pertencentes ao grupo B, receberam a aplicação da mesma técnica, entretanto com esparadrapo. Ambos os grupos foram reavaliados após ministrar aula e após 24 horas. Duas semanas após, ocorreu a inversão dos materiais utilizados. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi constituída por 16 professores. O grupo A apresentou redução estatisticamente significativa da dor na escala numérica entre a avaliação inicial e pós-aplicação no primeiro momento (p=0,00) e no segundo momento (p=0,02). Resultado semelhante foi encontrado no grupo B na escala numérica, tanto no primeiro momento (p=0,01) quanto no segundo momento (p=0,03). Em ambos os grupos a dor atenuou sem haver significância para o efeito da bandagem elástica ou esparadrapo. CONCLUSÃO: A aplicação de bandagem elástica apresenta o mesmo efeito da aplicação de esparadrapo para a redução do quadro álgico.