Metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de los mitos de violación / Meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the rape myths

Resumen Los mitos de violación son actitudes y creencias generalmente falsas, amplias y persistentes, acerca de la violación, la víctima y el agresor, que son utilizadas para negar o justificar la agresión sexual hacia las mujeres. En las últimas dos décadas, los instrumentos más utilizados para medir este constructo corresponden a la escala de aceptación de mitos de violación de Illinois (IRMAS), que utiliza expresiones directas y explícitas mediante un lenguaje clásico, y la escala de aceptación de mitos modernos de agresión sexual (AMMSA) que usa un lenguaje sutil, indirecto y moderno. Se realizó un metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de 69 estudios empíricos que utilizaron alguna de las dos escalas de mitos de violación. El objetivo fue estimar la fiabilidad media de las puntuaciones combinadas de las escalas IRMAS y AMMSA para obtener un valor aproximado de su fiabilidad general y evaluar el posible efecto moderador de algunas variables de interés. El promedio de la fiabilidad por consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de las escalas para las 98 muestras estudiadas fue de .85, IC95 % [.84, .86]. Se observó una alta heterogeneidad (I. = 96 %), y el número de ítems es la única variable moderadora que explica significativamente la variabilidad de la fiabilidad observada. Estos resultados muestran que ambas escalas presentan índices de consistencia interna aceptables en sus diversas aplicaciones. Por lo tanto, las medidas de aceptación de mitos de violación cumplen con los criterios de fiabilidad adecuados para ser utilizadas en investigaciones empíricas en distintos contextos.

Abstract Rape myths are widespread and persistent attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes, usually false, about rape, the victim, and the perpetrator. Their function is to deny and justify sexual assaults against women, affecting the victim's attributions of responsibility and the perpetrator's attributions of guilt in rape cases. These myths exert a bias in the processing of information, directing attention and perception toward stimuli that justify the victim's responsibility for sexual aggression. These beliefs can be grouped into several types of myths: Myths that hold the victim responsible by arguing that women should be careful and not expose themselves to avoid sexual aggression, myths that justify and reduce the responsibility of the aggressor by stating that the man could not contain his sexual desire and those myths that deny or normalize sexual aggression, which propose that rape occurs only in very specific contexts. In the last two decades, the instruments most commonly used to measure these beliefs are The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS), which uses direct and explicit expressions through classic language, and the Modern Sexual Assault Myth Acceptance Scale (AMMSA), where its expressions are modern, subtle and indirect. Considering the wide use of these instruments, it is justified to provide empirical evidence showing information on the psychometric properties of these scales. One of the procedures for synthesizing empirical results is meta-analyses (MA). This methodology can synthesize studies of specific variables and analyze the psychometric properties of the measurement instruments, providing relevant information on the quality of a given scale. Within this last type of RM are reliability generalizations (RG), those that study the reliability coefficients obtained in different applications of a scale, providing evidence on the properties of the measures used in measuring a construct. A meta-analysis of the RGs of 69 empirical studies that used any of the rape myth scales was performed. The objective was to estimate the mean reliability of the combined scores of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales to obtain an approximate value of their overall reliability and to assess the possible moderating effect of some variables of interest (e.g., research design, culture, sample type, etc.). The mean internal consistency reliability of the scale scores for the 98 samples studied was .85, 95 % C.I. [.84, .86] and the mean coefficient for each of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales was .84 and .85 respectively. All these values are above .80, a value established as satisfactory reliability of the instrument for general research. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients reported by the studies ranged from .71 to .98, with values considered moderate to excellent. These results show that both scales present acceptable internal consistency indices in various applications. There is high heterogeneity (I. = 96 %), with the number of items being the only moderating variable significantly explaining the observed reliability variability. This result was to be expected, given that the effect of test length on the estimation of reliability indices has a long tradition and is widely known in the psychometric literature.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Myths About Covid-19 Vaccination in Selected Rural Area Ratua at Bhopal (M.P.)

Background- COVID-19 is the Pandemic disease caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus. There are many myths regarding COVID-19 vaccine spread by community people at rural area. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge about myths of COVID-19, Bhopal Ratua (M.P). The World Health Organization (WHO) is working closely with global experts, governments, and partners to rapidly expand scientific knowledge on this new virus, to track the spread and virulence of the virus, and to provide advice to countries and individuals on measures to protect health and prevent the spread. The urban people have poor attitude regarding myths about Covid- 19 vaccination. Materials & Methods- A Study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding Covid Vaccination among rural community people. 30 rural community people from a selected rural community were included in the study. A questionnaire consisting of 40 questions was used. Results- Almost all had some pre-test knowledge regarding the myths surrounding Covid-19. Whereas the knowledge was increased post-test. Conclusion- We concluded that such awareness programs may have a positive impact on increasing the knowledge of rural people. After that the vaccine needs to go through a review by the National Regulatory Authority, who will decide if the vaccine is safe and effective.

El Amor romántico y sus mitos en Colombia: una revisión sistemática / The Romantic Love and Related Myths in Colombia: A Systematic Review

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, la violencia de pareja es una importante causa de agresión contra las mujeres. Sus principales detonantes son el machismo, los celos y la infidelidad. Algunas investigaciones señalan que los "mitos románticos" podrían contribuir a esta violencia, al reafirmar roles de género desiguales y patriarcales. Método: El trabajo es una revisión sistemática cualitativa, orientada a sintetizar los estudios empíricos sobre el amor romántico en Colombia. Siguiendo el protocolo Prisma, la muestra estuvo conformada por los artículos de mayor impacto, publicados en bases de datos especializadas de ciencias sociales, con énfasis en la psicología, se seleccionaron 26 estudios. Resultados: Los resultados señalan que los mitos románticos se encuentran relacionados con la violencia de pareja. En particular, los celos y la infidelidad constituyen los detonantes prioritarios de la agresión. Conclusión: Se concluye que el marco de creencias sociales sobre el amor en la cultura colombiana es fuertemente patriarcal, marco que se sustenta en un relacionamiento desigual, dominador y controlador entre los sexos, conducente a la violencia en la pareja.

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, domestic violence is an important cause of aggression against women with machoism, jealously, and infidelity being the key triggers. Some research indicates that romantic love and related myths may be contributing factors towards the emergence or persistence of domestic violence, as they reaffirm unequal and patriarchal gender roles. Method: This work is a systematic review aimed to synthase the empirical studies about romantic love in Colombia. Following the Prisma protocol, the sample was made up of high-impact articles published in specialized databases about social science with a focus on psychology and 26 were selected. Results: The results pointed that in the Colombian context, the romantic myths are found related to domestic violence, and jealousy and infidelity appearing as signs of aggression. Conclusion: It is concluded that the background of the social beliefs about romantic love in the Colombian culture is highly patriarchal, holding is an unequal, dominating and controlling relationship between the sexes that conduces the gender violence in relationships

Conocimiento y mitos del preservativo interno en población de 15 a 25 años, Región Metropolitana / Knowledge and myths of the internal condom in the population aged 15 to 25, Metropolitan Region

INTRODUCCIÓN: El preservativo interno, de vagina o femenino, es un método de barrera fabricado principalmente de poliuretano, que tiene una longitud de la funda de 17 cm y un diámetro de 7,8 cm. Se usa para tener prácticas sexuales seguras, ya que, al igual que el condón de pene, evita la gestación y disminuye el riesgo de adquirir una infección de transmisión sexual. OBJETIVO: Analizar conocimientos y mitos sobre el preservativo interno en personas de 15 a 25 años de las provincias de Santiago, Melipilla y Talagante, de la Región Metropolitana, Chile, en 2021. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo descriptivo transversal con una muestra de cinco mujeres y cinco hombres, con un total de 110 participantes. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo como resultado que tan solo un 5% de los encuestados (6/110) ha utilizado el preservativo interno; en contraste, el de pene ha sido utilizado por el 79% de las personas participantes (87/110). Respecto a los mitos, un 55% de la población (60/110) afirma que al usar ambos preservativos aumenta su efectividad. CONCLUSIONES: Es posible concluir que factores como la edad y el nivel de educación sexual influyen en los conocimientos y mitos que giran alrededor del preservativo interno.

INTRODUCTION: The internal, vaginal or female condom is a barrier method made mainly of polyurethane, which has a sheath length of 17 cm and a diameter of 7.8 cm. It is used to have safe sexual practices, since, like the penis condom, they prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection. OBJECTIVE: To analyze knowledge and myths about the internal condom in people between 15 and 25 years of age in the provinces of Santiago, Melipilla and Talagante of the Metropolitan Region, Chile, in 2021. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 5 females and 5 males, with a total of 110 participants. RESULTS: It was obtained as a result that only 5% of the respondents (6/110) have used the internal condom; in contrast, the penis condom has been used by 79% of the participants (87/110). Regarding myths, 55% of the population (60/110) affirm that using both condoms increases their effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to conclude that factors such as age and level of sexual education influence the knowledge and myths that revolve around the internal condom.

Knowledge, Awareness and Health Seeking Behaviour among Hepatitis patients attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi

Introduction: People living with Chronic Viral Hepatitis in India often lack awareness about risk factors and prevention. Objective: Objective of this article is to assess the health seeking behaviour of viral hepatitis infected patients attending super specialty hospital in Delhi. Methods: Total 389 patients attending a super specialty hospital in Delhi were interviewed. Results: The first point of contact for the treatment of hepatitis was a private practitioner (71%). Before coming to ILBS, 77.4% visited a private practitioner, followed by (42.7%) Govt. facilities (PHC/CHC/DH/Medical College), 12% visited a AYUSH doctor, about 10% visited either a Vaidya or a Hakim. About 40% believed that HBV is curable and 36.2% respondents thought that HCV is curable. Our findings show that 7.2% respondents have been vaccinated for HBV infection in the past, 20.8% respondents have screened their families for Hepatitis B infections. Conclusion: Need to create awareness about myths, further screening of HBV and HCV infection, early diagnosis and treatment.

Percepción de riesgo, automedicación, mitos y creencias relacionados con COVID-19 entre jefes de hogar peruanos / Risk perception, self-medication, myths, and beliefs related with COVID-19 among Peruvian head of households

Resumen Introducción: A más de un año del inicio de la pandemia COVID-19, el número de contagiados y muertes aún presenta frecuencias que escapan al control de manejo hospitalario. Aunado al temor, se acrecentó la aparición de mitos, creencias, automedicación e inadecuada percepción de riesgo en la población. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de riesgo, automedicación, mitos y creencias de prevención respecto al COVID-19 en adultos jefes de hogar del distrito Gregorio Albarracín de Tacna en el 2020. Material y métodos: Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra representativa de 250 jefes de hogar, residentes en el distrito Gregorio Albarracín. Resultados: El promedio total del grupo en percepción del riesgo expresado en porcentaje fue de 60,96 % (59,81-62,11) de un total de probable esperado ideal de 100 %. La percepción de "estar en riesgo en la pandemia" es baja. Solo el 15,20 % acató el aislamiento domiciliario estricto cuando fue indicado. El 14,8 % se automedicaba y en este grupo, los productos usados fueron Ivermectina (48,6 %) y dióxido de cloro (45,9 %). Los mitos y creencias más frecuentes fueron "rociarse con alcohol o cloro mata el virus" y "los remedios caseros pueden curar o prevenir el coronavirus". Hubo diferencia según edad (p<0,05), nivel de instrucción (p<0,001). Conclusiones: La automedicación estuvo fuertemente asociada con elevada percepción de riesgo (p<0,001) y presencia de mitos y creencias (p<0,001). El nivel de instrucción estuvo altamente asociado con la presencia de mitos y creencias (p<0,001)

Abstract Introduction: More than a year after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of infections and deaths is still beyond the control of hospital management. In addition to fear, myths, beliefs, self-medication and inadequate risk perception in the population have increased. Objective: To identify the perception of risk, self-medication, myths and prevention beliefs regarding COVID-19 in adult heads of household in the Gregorio Albarracin district of Tacna in 2020. Method: A survey was administered to a representative sample of 250 heads of household residing in the Gregorio Albarracin district. Results: The total average of the group in risk perception expressed as a percentage was 60.96% (59.81-62.11) out of a total expected ideal of 100%. The perception of "being at risk in the pandemic" is low. Only 15.20% adhered to strict home isolation when instructed to do so. The 14.8% self-medicated and in this group, the products used were ivermectin (48.6%) and chlorine dioxide (45.9%). The most frequent myths and beliefs were "spraying with alcohol or chlorine kills the virus" "home remedies can cure or prevent coronavirus"; there were differences according to age (p<0.05) and educational level (p<0.001). Conclusions: self-medication was strongly associated with high-risk perception (p<0.001) and presence of myths and beliefs (p<0.001). Educational level was highly associated with the presence of myths and beliefs (p<0.001).

La Asimetría Cerebral, Retos para la Relación Neuropsicología y Educación / Brain Asymmetry, Relationship Challenges Neuropsychology and Education / Assimetria cerebral, desafios de relacionamento, neuropsicologia e educação

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo de la neurociencia en relación a la educación ha sido desafiante y sus avances. Objetivo: Analizar hermenéutica y sistemática la línea de desarrollo teórico en artículos cualitativos y cuantitativos publicados entre los años 1999 y 2020 de las relaciones entre la asimetría cerebral dentro de las disciplinas: la neuropsicología y la educación. Materiales y métodos: Análisis hermenéutico desarrollado bajo el esquema de la interpretación de los textos primarios y secundarios, evaluados desde la rigurosidad de la hermenéutica en sus cuatro formas de evaluación: "fijación del discurso"; "disociación mental e intención del autor"; "muestra de las referencias no ostensivas" y "universalidad del documento: ¿A quién está dirigido?". Resultado: La investigación sobre las asimetrías cerebrales (funcionales y anatómicas), especialmente en cuanto al uso de la mano contraria (izquierda o derecha) a la de su lateralidad y su diseminación ha sido limitada e históricamente polarizada haciendo más énfasis en asimetrías cerebrales entendidas desde la influencia fisiológica neurológica y en muestra de resultados desde la actividad cerebral en neuroimágenes. Conclusión: La neuropsicología y la educación en su trabajo sobre las asimetrías cerebrales han estado relacionados a los conceptos médicos: anatomía y fisiología. La "nueva visión" y el surgimiento de especialidades como la neuropsicología, creando la necesidad de dar respuesta a los procesos de aprendizaje y las conexiones existentes entre una y otra.

Abstract Introduction: The development of neuroscience in relation to education has been challenging throughout its development. Objective: To analyze hermeneutically and systematically the line of theoretical development in qualitative and quantitative articles published between 1999 and 2020 of the relationships between brain asymmetry within the disciplines: neuropsychology and education. Materials and methods: Hermeneutical analysis developed under the scheme of the interpretation of primary and secondary texts, evaluated from the scientific rigurosity of hermeneutics in its four forms of evaluation: "discourse fixation"; "Mental dissociation and intention of the author"; "Sample of nonostentatious references'' and "universality of the document: Who is it addressed to?". Result: Research on brain asymmetries (functional and anatomical), especially regarding the use of the opposite hand (left or right) to its laterality and its dissemination has been limited and historically polarized, placing more emphasis on brain asymmetries understood from the neurological physiological influence and the sample of results from brain activity in neuro-images. Conclusion: Neuropsychology and education in their work on brain asymmetries have been related to medical concepts: anatomy and physiology. The "new vision" and the unfolding of specialties such as neuropsychology, creating the need to respond to the learning process and the existing connections between one and the other.

Resumo Introdução: O desenvolvimento da neurociência em relação à educação tem sido desafiador e seus avanços. O objetivo é analisar hermenêutica e sistematicamente a linha de desenvolvimento teórico em artigos qualitativos e quantitativos publicados entre 1999 e 2020 das relações entre assimetria cerebral nas disciplinas: neuropsicologia e educação. Materiais e Métodos: Análise hermenêutica desenvolvida sob o esquema da interpretação de textos primários e secundários, avaliada a partir do rigor da hermenêutica em suas quatro formas de avaliação: "fixação do discurso"; "Dissociação mental e intenção do autor"; "Amostra de referências não ostensivas" e "universalidade do documento: a quem se dirige?". Resultado: as pesquisas sobre assimetrias cerebrais (funcionais e anatômicas), principalmente quanto ao uso da mão oposta (esquerda ou direita) à sua lateralidade e sua disseminação tem sido limitada e historicamente polarizada, dando mais ênfase às assimetrias cerebrais entendidas a partir da influência fisiológica neurológica e a amostra de resultados da atividade cerebral em neuroimagens. Conclusão: a neuropsicologia e a educação em seu trabalho sobre as assimetrias cerebrais têm sido relacionadas aos conceitos médicos: anatomia e fisiologia. A "nova visão" e o surgimento de especialidades como a neuropsicologia, criando a necessidade de responder ao processo de aprendizagem e às ligações existentes entre um e outro.

Mitos, crenças e atitudes sobre suicídio: visão de profissionais de segurança / Myths, beliefs and attitudes about suicide: safety professionals' view / Mitos, creencias y actitudes sobre el suicidio: opiniones de los profesionales de seguridad

O objetivo foi identificar percepções sobre o suicídio de profissionais militares (N=464) que atendem urgências de vítimas de Tentativa de Autoextermínio. Foram utilizados a Escala de Mitos, Crenças e Atitudes sobre Suicídio (EMCAS), Questionário Psicossocial de Valores e questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados apontaram, na EMCAS, que os participantes tinham algum nível de conhecimento sobre essa temática com base em evidências científicas. Dois fatores da escala de valores pessoais foram preditores de mitos e crenças sobre o suicídio: hedonismo/materialismo predisse negativamente, e bem-estar social foi preditor positivo. Os resultados podem contribuir para um melhor atendimento de pessoas que atentam contra a própria vida.

The objective was to identify suicide perceptions of military professionals (N=464) who attend to urgencies from victims of self-extermination attempt. The Scale of Myths, Beliefs and Attitudes about Suicide (EMCAS, in Portuguese), the Psychosocial Values Questionnaire and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used. The results, found by the EMCAS, showed that the participants had some level of knowledge of this topic based on scientific evidence. Two factors on the scale of personal values ​​were predictors of myths and beliefs about suicide: hedonism / materialism predicted negatively, and social well-being was the positive predictor. The results can contribute to a better care for people who attempt against their own lives.

El objetivo fue identificar las percepciones sobre el suicidio de profesionales militares (N= 464) que atienden emergencias de víctimas de intento de suicidio. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Mitos, Creencias y Actitudes sobre Suicidio (EMCAS), el Cuestionario de Valores Psicosociales y el cuestionario sociodemográfico. Los resultados mostraron, en EMCAS, una indicación de que los participantes tenían cierto nivel de conocimiento sobre este tema. Dos factores en la escala de valores personales fueron predictores de mitos y creencias sobre el suicidio: el hedonismo/materialismo predijo negativamente y el bienestar social fue un predictor positivo. Los resultados pueden contribuir a una mejor atención a las personas que atentan contra sus propias vidas.

Lições de um xamã Yanomami para a construção de uma identidade pós-antropocêntrica / Lessons from a Yanomami shaman for the construction of a post-anthropocentric identity / Lecciones de un chaman Yanomami para la construcción de una identidad post-antropocéntrica

O imaginário da cultura ocidental reserva à figura do humano um lugar excepcional e identificado com a totalidade cosmológica: a "humanidade" é dada como certa na construção da identidade, ao mesmo tempo em que se atribui aos seres não-humanos um estatuto de não-sujeitos. Este trabalho parte do pressuposto de que esta visão de mundo se ancora sobre uma estrutura fundamentalmente mítica, que tem como um importante representante a narrativa de criação do mundo da Bíblia Hebraico-Cristã. Sendo assim, este trabalho propõe uma análise das relações entre humanidade e animalidade expressas no Gênesis, primeiro livro da Bíblia, comparando-as com a forma como essas mesmas relações são expressas em um mito de criação ameríndio: A Queda do Céu: palavras de um xamã Yanomami, de autoria do xamã e líder indígena Davi Kopenawa. Os resultados são interpretados a partir de um diálogo entre antropologia do imaginário e psicologia cultural e sinalizam que, diferentemente do que ocorre na narrativa adotada pela cultura ocidental, na ameríndia a animalidade e humanidade figuram como partes de um mesmo todo, imanentemente presentes em todos os seres, de tal modo que o contato com ancestrais espirituais somente é considerado possível com a mediação animal - o que faz da "natureza" uma dimensão fundamental do "divino" na cosmologia Yanomami. Discutese as implicações destes achados com relação a um pressuposto fundamental do pensamento psicológico: a noção de humanidade.

Western culture's imaginary positions human figure as exceptional and identified with cosmological wholeness: "humanity" is taken for granted in the construction of people's identity, while non-human beings are assigned a condition of non-subjects. This paper departs from the assumption that this worldview is supported by a fundamentally mythical structure, which has, as an important representant, world creation narrative expressed in the Hebrew-Christian Bible. Thus, this paper proposes an analysis of the relations between humanity and animality that are expressed in The Book of Genesis, first book of the Bible, comparing them with the way those same relations are expressed in an Amerindian creation myth: The Falling Sky: Words from a Yanomami shaman, from indigenous leader and shaman David Kopenawa. The results are interpreted from a dialogue between anthropology of the imaginary and cultural psychology and show that, unlike Western narrative, in Amerindian animality and humanity figure like parts of the same whole, immanently present in all beings: the contact with spiritual ancestors is only possible through animal mediation, which makes "nature" a fundamental dimension of the "divine" in Yanomami cosmology. I discuss the implications of these findings for a fundamental assumption of psychological thought: the notion of humanity

El imaginario de la cultura occidental reserva a la figura humana un lugar excepcional y identificado con la totalidad cosmológica: la "humanidad" se dá por certo en la construcción de la identidad de las personas, mientras que los seres no humanos están relegados a una condición de no sujetos. Este artículo parte del supuesto de que esta cosmovisión anclas en una estructura fundamentalmente mítica, que tiene como importante representante la narrativa de la creación del mundo presente en la Biblia Hebreo-Cristiana. Por ello, este trabajo propone un análisis de las relaciones entre humanidad y animalidad expresadas en Génesis, el primer libro de la Biblia, comparándolas con la forma en que estas mismas relaciones se expresan en un mito de la creación amerindio: La Caída del Cielo: palabras de un chamán Yanomami, de autoría del líder indígena y chamán David Kopenawa. Los resultados son interpretados desde un dialogo entre la antropología del imaginário y la psicología cultural y señalan que, a diferencia de la narrativa occidental, en la amerindia la "animalidade" y la "humanidade" figuran como partes del mismo todo, inmanentemente presentes en todos los seres, tal que el contacto con los antepasados espirituales solo se considera posible a través de la mediación animal, lo que hace de la "naturaliza" una dimensión fundamental de lo "divino" en la cosmología Yanomami. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos se discuten en relación con un supuesto fundamental del pensamiento psicológico: la noción de humanidad.

La concepción de la locura en el mundo aymara / The conception of madness in the yymara world / A concepção de loucura no mundo aymara

Los principios del pensamiento complejo que contempla la investigación consisten en enlazar, tejer conceptualmente y entablar diálogos de saberes a través de un recorrido histórico que permite una aproximación de la vida psíquica y la concepción aymara de la locura. Estos son transmitidos por discursos, mitos y ritos. Las investigaciones respecto a la locura privilegian estudios referidos a la medicina occidental, dejando de lado aspectos que aún perviven en el imaginario de los pueblos. Para esta investigación se utilizó el método etnológico y complementariamente el método analítico-interpretativo, junto al análisis de discurso y el método genealógico

The research works with the principles of complex thinking by linking and conceptually weaving them towards the establishment of dialogues of knowledge through an historical journey that allows an aproximation between psychic life and the Aymara conception of madness. The same dialogues of knowledge that are passed down by discurses, myths and rites. The research on insanity usually priviledges Western medicine studies, leaving aside aspects that still survive in people's mind and collective thinking. Both the ethnological method and the analytical-interpretive method were used in the development of the present reseach, as well as discourse analysis and the genealogical method.

Os princípios do pensamento complexo que a pesquisa contempla consistem em vincular, tecer conceitualmente, estabelecer um diálogo de saberes por meio de um percurso histórico que permite uma aproximação da vida psíquica e da concepção aimará de loucura, transmitida por discursos, mitos e ritos, As pesquisas sobre a loucura privilegiam os estudos relacionados à medicina ocidental, deixando de lado aspectos que ainda sobrevivem no imaginário dos povos. Utilizou-se o método etnológico e, adicionalmente, o método analítico-interpretativo, a análise do discurso e o método genealógico.

Mitos de violación, creencias que justifican la violencia sexual: una revisión sistemática / Rape myths, beliefs that justify sexual violence: a systematic review / Mitos do estupro, crenças que justificam a violência sexual: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen En investigación social existe una importante línea de estudios que intentan comprender el fenómeno de la violencia sexual. Un constructo que ha centrado el interés de no pocos investigadores corresponde al de "mitos de violación". Este concepto agrupa creencias erróneas respecto a la atribución de culpabilidad del agresor y la responsabilidad de la víctima en caso de violación sexual. El objetivo del presente artículo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios empíricos que reportan evidencia acerca de la relación entre la aceptación de mitos de violación y variables psicosociales. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost y JSTOR. Se seleccionaron estudios empíricos en español e inglés publicados entre los años 2009 y 2019. Se encontraron 96 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Dentro de los resultados el 63,4 % de las investigaciones se desarrollaron en Estados Unidos, 24,7 % en países de Europa y solo 1 % en América Latina. Los hallazgos muestran que los hombres son los que mantienen mayores niveles de aceptación de los mitos de violación en la mayoría de los estudios. Además, se encontraron relaciones con variables como violencia interpersonal y violencia sexual, rasgos de personalidad, variables ideológicas, psicosociales, sexuales y de género. Finalmente se discute sus implicancias y limitaciones.

Abstract In social research, there is an important line of studies that try to understand the phenomenon of sexual violence. A construct that has focused the interest of not a few researchers corresponds to that of "rape myths". This concept brings together a set of erroneous beliefs regarding the attribution of guilt of the aggressor and the responsibility of the victim in case of rape. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of empirical studies that have reported evidence about the relationship between the acceptance of rape myths and psychosocial variables. The databases consulted were, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, JSTOR. We selected empirical studies in Spanish and English that have been published between 2009 and 2019. We found 96 articles that met the selection criteria. Within the results, 63.4% of the studies have been developed in the United States, 24.7% in European countries and only one in Latin America (1.0%). The findings show that men maintain the highest levels of acceptance of rape myths in most studies. In addition, relationships have been found with variables such as interpersonal violence and sexual violence, personality traits, ideological, psychosocial, sexual and gender variables. Finally, its implications and limitations are discussed.

Resumo Na pesquisa social, há uma importante linha de estudos que tentam entender o fenômeno da violência sexual. Uma construção que tem focado o interesse de poucos pesquisadores corresponde à de "mitos do estupro". Esse conceito reúne um conjunto de crenças errôneas sobre a atribuição de culpa do agressor e a responsabilidade da vítima em caso de estupro. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos que relataram evidências sobre a relação entre a aceitação de mitos de estupro e variáveis psicossociais. As bases de dados consultadas foram: ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, JSTOR. Selecionamos estudos empíricos em espanhol e inglês que foram publicados entre 2009 e 2019. Encontramos 96 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de seleção. Dentro dos resultados, 63,4% dos estudos foram desenvolvidos nos Estados Unidos, 24,7% em países europeus e apenas um na América Latina (1,0%). Os achados mostram que os homens mantêm os mais altos níveis de aceitação dos mitos do estupro na maioria dos estudos. Além disso, têm sido encontradas relações com variáveis como violência interpessoal e violência sexual, traços de personalidade, variáveis ideológicas, psicossociais, sexuais e de gênero. Finalmente, suas implicações e limitações são discutidas.

Adesão aos mitos da conjugalidade por homens e mulheres: associações com qualidade e conflito conjugal / Adhesion to the myths of conjugality by men and women: associations with marital quality and conflict / Adhesión a los mitos de la conjugalidad por hombres y mujeres: asociaciones con calidad y conflicto conjugal

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a adesão de homens e mulheres a mitos conjugais, comparando os sexos e verificando associações com variáveis sociodemográficas, qualidade conjugal e estilos de resolução de conflitos. Participaram 65 casais heterossexuais, casados oficialmente (45,3%), em união estável (35,9%) ou namorando (18,5%). Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário sociodemográfico, questionário de mitos conjugais, Inventário de Estado Conjugal de Golombok e Rust e Inventário de Estilos de Resolução de Conflitos. Os resultados revelaram que houve adesão alta ou moderada aos mitos conjugais. Na amostra masculina, maior adesão foi associada à percepção de maior qualidade conjugal, maior uso de estratégia de submissão e menor envolvimento no conflito. Na amostra feminina, a adesão aos mitos correlacionou-se positivamente com as estratégias de resolução positiva dos conflitos e submissão e negativamente com o envolvimento no conflito. Discute-se a necessidade de considerar a adesão aos mitos da conjugalidade nas intervenções com casais (AU).

The purpose of this study was to identify the adhesion of men and women to conjugal myths, comparing the sexes and checking associations with sociodemographic variables, marital quality and style of conflict resolution strategies. Participated 65 heterosexual couples, officially married (45.3%), in a stable union (35.9%) or dating (18.5%). The instruments used were: sociodemographic questionnaire, questionnaire of conjugal myths, Golombok and Rust Inventory of Martital State e Conflict Resolution Style Inventory. The results revealed that there was high or moderate adhesion to the conjugal myths. For men, greater adherence was associated with perceived higher marital quality, greater use of submission strategy and less involvement in conflict. For women, adherence to myths was positively correlated with the strategies of positive resolution of conflicts and submission and negatively with involvement in the conflict. It is discussed the need to consider adherence to the myths of conjugality in interventions with couples (AU).

Este estudio analizó la adhesión de hombres y mujeres a los mitos conyugales, haciendo comparaciones entre los sexos y verificando las asociaciones con las variables sociodemográficas, la calidad conyugal y el estilo de resolución de conflictos. Participaron 65 parejas heterosexuales, en matrimonios oficiales (45,3%), unión de hecho (35,9%) y novios (18,5%). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: cuestionario sociodemográfico y de mitos conyugales, Golombok and Rust Inventory of Martital State e Conflict Resolution Style Inventory. Hubo adhesión alta o moderada a los mitos conyugales. Para los hombres, la mayor adhesión se presentó asociada a la percepción de más calidad conyugal y uso de estrategia de sumisión y menos implicación en el conflicto. Para las mujeres, la adhesión a los mitos se correlacionó positivamente con las estrategias de resolución positiva de los conflictos y la sumisión; y negativamente con la participación en el conflicto. Se discute la necesidad de considerar la adhesión a los mitos conyugales en las intervenciones con parejas (AU).

Snakebite and its management in rural West Bengal: The unspoken truth

Background: Snakebite is a common medical emergency in tropical India where agriculture is a major source of earning livelihood. Snakebite has a significant impact on human health and economy. The situation worsens when the majority of snakebite victims adopt harmful practices such as application of tourniquets due to prevalent myths and misconceptions. Objectives: The objective of the study was to study the socio-demographic profile of the study population, to estimate the prevalence of snakebite in the study area, and to assess the knowledge and treatment seeking behavior of the study population regarding snakebite and its management. Materials and Methods: A total of 135 households of Muchisa village of West Bengal were selected by consecutive sampling and one adult member of the household was interviewed with a pre-designed schedule. Results: Majority of the study population were in the age group of 30–60 years (69.5%), females (52.6%), and Hindu (74.8%). Nearly 59.1% (100) of the population were educated up to primary level. Nearly 15.56% of the study population in our study gave a history of snakebite. Nearly 81.1% of study population correctly differentiated between poisonous and nonpoisonous snakebites based on signs and symptoms of the victim. When asked about why snakebite, the villagers said that snakebite when they were touched (57.04%) or hit (33.33%). About 57.78% of the population believed that snakebite can be managed by traditional faith healers (Ojha). The majority preferred tying a tourniquet/similar material above the bite mark. Conclusion: It is essential to communicate about the appropriate management of a snakebite victim to the communities at risk of snakebite.

Mitos y realidades sobre alergia a vacunas / Myths and facts about vaccine allergy

Resumen En América Latina existen varios mitos sobre las vacunas convencionales, principalmente en pacientes con alergia alimentaria. Este artículo pretende revisar algunos de los mitos existentes, sus orígenes y proponer un abordaje clínico más adecuado. Así mismo, se propone unas directri ces acerca del manejo de los pacientes alérgicos que requieren ser vacunados. Finalmente, no se debería dejar de suministrar las vacunas a los pacientes con antecedentes de alergia alimentaria, donde la mayoría de veces se requiere el concepto del médico especialista en alergología. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 96-102).

Abstract In Latin America there are several myths about conventional vaccines, mainly in patients with food allergy. This article aims to review some of the existing myths, their origins and propose a more adequate clinical approach. Likewise, some guidelines about the management of allergic patients that require vaccination are proposed. Finally, in patients with a history of food allergy, where the concept of an allergy specialist is most of the time required, the supply of vaccines should not be interrupted. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 96-102).

Abuso online en el noviazgo y su relación con el abuso del móvil, la aceptación de la violencia y los mitos sobre el amor / Cyber dating abuse and its association with mobile abuse, acceptance of violence and myths of love

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la prevalencia y las diferencias en la frecuencia y cronicidad del abuso online en el noviazgo de acuerdo con distintas variables sociodemográficas. Además, se analiza su relación con los mitos del amor romántico, el abuso del móvil y la aceptación de la violencia. Usando una muestra de 1657 estudiantes universitarios, los resultados revelaron que el 43.3% de los encuestados fueron perpetradores y el 42% víctimas de al menos un comportamiento de abuso online en el noviazgo durante los últimos doce meses. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el abuso online de acuerdo con el sexo, la edad, la orientación sexual, ingresos medios anuales familiares y el nivel educativo de los padres. Final mente, los resultados revelaron una relación significativa entre el abuso online en el noviazgo con el abuso del móvil, los mitos del amor romántico, y la aceptación de la violencia.

Abstract The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence, and the differences in the fre quency and chronicity of cyber dating abuse according to different sociodemographic variables. Additionally, the relationship of cyber dating abuse with the myths of romantic love, mobile abuse and acceptance of violence was analyzed. Using a sample of 1,657 university students, the results revealed that 43.3% of the respondents were perpetrators and 42% were victims of at least one behavior of dating online abuse during the last 12 months. Significant differences were found in cyber dating abuse according to sex, age, sexual orientation, family income and parent's educational level. Finally, the results revealed a significant relationship between cy ber dating abuse, mobile abuse, the myths of romantic love, and the acceptance of violence.

A cross sectional study to assess the knowledge and response to dog bite among the urban and rural population of Hubballi taluk

Background: Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease of the central nervous system, most commonly caused by the bite of rabid dogs. Globally canine rabies causes 59,000 human deaths, over 3.7 million DALYs and 8.6 billion USD economic losses annually. These losses are due to a lack of knowledge about wound management and post-exposure prophylaxis. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge and practices following dog bite and its management among the urban and rural population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the field practice area of KIMS, Hubli. 120 households of the urban and rural locality were interviewed with a semi-structured pretested questionnaire.Results: Overall 89.16% of the study population was aware that the disease can be prevented by vaccination. 35% of the rural and 28% of the urban population believed that the disease can spread from person to person. The knowledge about the site and the number of doses of vaccine was poor among both the population. The harmful practices for treatment of bite were still prevalent among both rural (25%) and urban (8.3%) population.Conclusions: The knowledge about the dog bite management and Rabies prevention is insufficient among both populations. There are myths and misconceptions about the disease and wound management. Practices like application of harmful substances like lime, turmeric, mud are the problems hindering rabies prevention and control. Proper steps need to be taken up to control the canine rabies.

A study on awareness of HIV/AIDS among adolescent school girls in an urban area of North Bengal, India

Background: HIV/AIDS has recognized throughout the world as the important public health problem and adolescents are at greater risk of having this infection because of varying behavior pattern. Adolescents need correct information to prepare them to make better choices in sexual behavior. The present study was conducted to find out the existing knowledge regarding the causes, modes of transmission, prevention and social impact of AIDS.Methods: Setting based cross-sectional study done in the secondary and higher secondary students of Siliguri Girls School during July-September 2018. A self-administered, well designed pretested semi structured questionnaire with anonymity of the respondent was used for data collection with the help of interview.Results: 66.2% of girls knew sexual intercourse as the primary route of transmission whereas 22.9% knew airborne as the method. 60.8% of them thought isolation could prevent HIV/AIDS and safe sex can prevent transmission 59.4%. All the correct four routes of transmission were known by only 14.2% of students.12.55 of them knew about AIDS vaccine. Working with AIDS patient, using same toilet or sharing meals or swimming were the common myths among them to contract HIV/AIDS.Conclusions: Prevention being the only strategy available for HIV/AIDS is of utmost importance that knowledge regarding its various aspects should be dispersed among the adolescents through addition of chapter of AIDS and sex education in school curriculum.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión reducida de la Escala de Mitos sobre el Amor en una muestra de estudiantes colombianos / Psychometric properties of the reduced version of the Myths Scale toward Love in a sample of Colombian students

Resumen El objetivo del estudio es evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión reducida de la Escala de Mitos sobre el Amor en una muestra de estudiantes colombianos. Participaron 443 estudiantes con una edad media de 20.64 años. El análisis factorial confirmatorio reporta un ajuste adecuado para un modelo bifactorial. Las dos dimensiones coinciden con la literatura y tienen una fiabilidad apropiada: idealización del amor y vinculación amor-maltrato. Los resultados, al comparar las puntuaciones de mujeres y hombres, muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se concluye que el instrumento es válido y fiable para evaluar los mitos románticos en el contexto colombiano.

Abstract The main aim of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of the reduced version of the Myths Scale toward Love in a sample of Colombian students. The research sample consists of 443 university students and their mean age is 20.64 years old. The confirmatory factor analysis shows an adequate fit for a two-factor model. Both dimensions correspond to the literature and the reliability is appropriate: Idealized love and Relation between abuse and love. The results show statistically significant differences between men and women. In conclusion, this paper verifies the validity and reliability of this scale in the Colombian background.

Psicanálise e mitologia: Ifigênia (1977) / Psychoanalysis and mythology: Iphigenia (1977) / Psicoanálisis y mitologia: Ifigenia (1977) / Psychanalyse et mythologie: Iphigénie (1977)

Mitologia e psicanálise são áreas que se comunicam, considerando em especial o discurso que envolve as questões da angústia e da tragédia da condição humana. Ambas trabalham com a representação de aspectos inconscientes da mente. Neste artigo, desenvolvemos o tema através de uma breve análise do filme Ifigênia, cuja história baseia-se na tragédia grega de mesmo nome. Ifigênia é um filme grego, de 1977, dirigido por Michael Cacoyannis. O filme centra-se na vida trágica de Ifigênia, irmã de Orestes e Electra e filha do rei Agamêmnon - comandante das tropas gregas no cerco de Troia - e da rainha Clitemnestra. Indagamos, com base no conteúdo do filme, se não seríamos todos, em alguma medida, personagens de um mito, convivendo com a tensão de lidar com nossas contradições? A mitologia e a psicanálise se aproximam, assim, por considerarem a angústia como característica da condição humana, que alça, dos escombros, a matéria-prima com que tecemos a arte de viver.

Mythology and Psychoanalysis connect with one another, especially when it comes to their discourse on the issues of the anguish and the tragedy of the human condition. Both Mythology and Psychoanalysis deal with the representation of unconscious aspects of the mind. In this paper, we develop this theme through a brief analysis of the movie Iphigenia, which tells the story of Greek tragedy. Iphigenia is a Greek movie, directed by Michael Cacoyannis. It centers on the tragedy of Iphigenia, the daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra. Agamemnon was the commander of the troops of Troy, and Clytemnestra was Orestes's and Electra's sister. Inspired by the content of the movie, we wonder if we all would not be, to a certain extent, characters of a myth; characters, who live with the tension of dealing with our contradictions. Mythology and Psychoanalysis come close to each other as they understand anguish as typical of the human condition that reveals the raw material with which we weave our lives.

La mitología y el psicoanálisis son áreas que se comunican, especialmente teniendo en cuenta el discurso que envuelve los temas de la angustia y la tragedia de la condición humana. Ambos trabajan con la representación de aspectos inconscientes de la mente. En este artículo, desarrollamos el tema a través de un breve análisis de la película Ifigenia, que narra la historia de la tragedia griega. Ifigenia es una película griega, dirigida por Michael Cacoyannis. La película se centra en la tragedia de Ifigenia, hija del rey Agamenón, comandante de las tropas de Troya, y la reina Clitemnestra, hermana de Orestes y Electra. Nos preguntamos, a partir del contenido de la película, si no somos, en cierta medida, personajes de un mito, viviendo con la tensión de tener lidiar con nuestras contradicciones. La mitología y el psicoanálisis se aproximan cuando consideran a la angustia como una característica de la condición humana que hace resurgir, entre los escombros, la materia prima con la que tejemos el arte de vivir.

La mythologie et la psychanalyse sont des domaines qui se communiquent, étant donné en spécial le discours qui concerne les questions de l'angoisse et de la tragédie de la condition humaine. Les deux travaillent avec la représentation des aspects inconscients de l'esprit. Dans cet article, nous développons ce thème par une brève analyse du film Iphigénie, qui raconte l'histoire de la tragédie grecque. Iphigénie est un film grec, dirigé par Michael Cacoyannis. Le film se fonde sur la tragédie d'Iphigénie, la fille du roi Agamemnon - commandant des troupes de Troie - et de la reine Clytemnestre, sœur d'Oreste et Electre. Nous demandons, à partir du contenu du film, si nous n'étions pas, dans une certaine mesure, des personnages d'un mythe, vivant avec la tension de faire face à nos contradictions. La mythologie et la psychanalyse se rapprochent, en considérant l'angoisse comme une caractéristique de la condition humaine qui hausse des décombres les matières premières avec lesquelles nous tissons l'art de vivre.

Psicanálise e cultura pop: os mitos no contemporâneo / Psychanalyse et culture pop: les mythes dans la contemporanéité / El psicoanálisis y la cultura pop: los mitos en la contemporaneidad / Psychoanalysis and pop culture: myths in the contemporary era

Resumo O que a cultura pop tem a dizer sobre os sujeitos de nosso tempo? Neste ensaio, os autores propõem uma via de leitura das produções da cultura pop apostando que, na contemporaneidade, ela floresce, no território tradicionalmente reservado à mitologia, como enunciante dos modos de subjetivação. Retomando a abordagem psicanalítica dos mitos a partir de Freud e Lacan, observa-se que a função de recobrir o Real do desamparo, em um tempo que se crê racionalista, passa a ser desempenhada por ficções que deixam rastros e possibilitam, através da variância e da repetição, desvelar a estrutura subjacente que lhes engendra. Por fim, propõe-se que, se essas produções são consumidas com tamanha voracidade, é porque dizem algo sobre os sujeitos que a elas se lançam - ou seja, sobre a subjetividade desta época.

Résumé Qu'est-ce que la culture pop peut dire sur les sujets de notre temps ? Dans cet essai, les auteurs proposent une voie de lecture des productions de la culture pop en pariant que, dans la contemporanéité, elle fleurit dans le territoire traditionnellement réservé à la mythologie comme énonciateur des modes de subjectivation. Si l'on reprend l'approche psychanalytique sur les mythes à partir de Freud et Lacan, on observe que la fonction de recouvrir le Réel de la détresse, dans un temps qu'on croit rationaliste, est accomplie par des fictions qui laissent des traces et permettent, grâce à la variance et à la répétition, de révéler la structure sous-jacente qui les engendre. Enfin, on propose que, si ces productions sont consommées avec une telle voracité, c'est parce qu'elles disent quelque chose sur les sujets qui sur elles se lancent - c'est-à-dire sur la subjectivité d'une époque.

Resumen ¿Qué tiene que decir la cultura pop sobre los sujetos de nuestro tiempo? En este ensayo, los autores proponen una vía de lectura de las producciones de la cultura pop asumiendo que, hoy en día, ella florece, en el territorio reservado tradicionalmente a la mitología, como enunciante de los modos de subjetivación. Al reanudar el enfoque psicoanalítico de los mitos de Freud y Lacan, se observa que la función de recubrir lo real del desamparo, en un tiempo que se cree racionalista, pasa a ser desempeñada por ficciones que dejan huellas y hacen posible, a través de la varianza y la repetición, develar la estructura subyacente que las engendra. Por último, se propone que, si estas producciones se consumen con tanta voracidad, es porque dicen algo sobre los sujetos que a ellas se arrojan, es decir, sobre la subjetividad de esta época.

Abstract What does pop culture have to say about the subjects of our time? In this article, the authors propose a way of reading the productions of pop culture betting that, in the contemporaneity, it flourishes, in the territory traditionally reserved for mythology, as enunciator of the modes of subjectivation. In the psychoanalytic approach of myths from Freud and Lacan, the function of covering the Real of the helplessness, in a rationalist era, is played by fictions that leave traces and make it possible, through variance and repetition, to unveil the underlying structure that engenders them. Finally, it is proposed that if these productions are consumed with such voracity, it is because they say something about the subjects who are targeted - that is, about the subjectivity of this time.