Interculturalidad e infancia rural: trabajo y cuidado en La Araucanía, Chile

(analítico) Desde una mirada intercultural, se exploraron los significados de infancia en la agricultura familiar campesina, así como sus implicaciones en términos de trabajo y provisión de cuidados a niños y niñas. A partir de la tensión entre los significados universales de infancia basados en un enfoque de derechos y el trabajo en el campo del cual participan las personas desde temprana edad, se realizó un estudio cualitativo con diseño de teoría fundamentada y aplicación de entrevistas a mujeres cuidadoras y profesionales de programas de desarrollo rural en Chile. Se evidenció que a medida que la infancia aumenta en actoría social, disminuyen las prácticas de trabajo y se profundizan las de cuidado. Los resultados alientan a pensar en la proyección de una ontología de la niñez rural.

(analytical) Using an intercultural perspective, this study explores the meanings of childhood in the rural peasant population, as well as the implications of these meanings on the allocation of tasks and providing care to boys and girls. Taking into account the tension between universal meanings of childhood that draw on rights-based perspectives and the traditional practice of children working in agriculture, we conducted a qualitative study using a grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with women caregivers and staff who work in rural development programs in Chile. The study's results show that as childhood has had an increasing value with children becoming more and more recognized as social actors, traditional child work practices in agriculture have decreased and care practices have been strengthened. The author concludes that the results of the research have consequences when thinking about an ontology for rural children.

(analítico) A partir de uma perspectiva intercultural, exploramos os significados da infância entre famílias voltadas para agricultura familiar camponesa, bem como suas implicações em termos de trabalho e prestação de cuidados às meninos e meninas. Considerando a tensão existente entre os significados universais da infância a partir de uma abordagem de direitos e o trabalho no campo, no qual as pessoas se engajam desde muito cedo, realizamos um estudo qualitativo, com base na teoria fundamentada, onde realizamos entrevistas com mulheres cuidadoras e profissionais dos programas de desenvolvimento rural no Chile. Evidenciamos que à medida que a infância adquiriu um valor ao nível da atuação social, as práticas de trabalho diminuíram e as práticas de cuidado se aprofundaram. Conclui-se sobre as consequências dos resultados para pensar uma ontologia da infância rural.

Construção e validação de um instrumento de avaliação de cursos na modalidade a distância / Construction and validation of an evaluation instrument for distance learning courses / Construcción y validación de un instrumento de evaluación para cursos a distancia

Objetivos: construir, validar e aplicar um instrumento de avaliação de cursos de nível superior ofertados na modalidade a distância. Método: estudo metodológico. Para a elaboração do instrumento realizou-se revisão de literatura. A validação do pré-teste se deu pela triangulação de especialistas e a do conteúdo pelo Método Delphi. Para a análise da confiabilidade adotou-se a análise fatorial confirmatória e o coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman a partir da aplicação em dois cursos a distância. Resultados: a partir de onze referenciais (nacionais e internacionais) foram estratificados 70 critérios e agrupados em seis categorias que foram modificados na triangulação. Dois ciclos compuseram a Técnica Delphi com 17 especialistas inicialmente e alfa de Cronbach de 0,80 na segunda rodada. Na análise fatorial confirmatória, realizada com 221 participantes, inicialmente, não gerou índices satisfatórios, resultando na exclusão de questões. O novo modelo ajustado, produziu índices próximos aos ideais: CFI = 0,806; TLI = 0,770 e RMSEA = 0,088 com associação positiva entre as variáveis, e melhor média (p<5%) quanto à correlação entre os aspectos práticos e a indicação do curso pelos discentes. Conclusão: o estudo produziu um instrumento validado e com a confiabilidade aferida que pode ser aplicado em cursos com diferentes desenhos pedagógicos e não se limita a uma área específica, uma relevante contribuição para a educação superior.

Objectives: To construct, validate and apply an instrument of evaluation of higher education courses offered in distance learning modality. Method: Methodologi- cal study. For the elaboration of the instrument, a literature review was carried out. The pre-test was validated by expert triangulation and the content was validated by the Delphi Method. For the reliability analysis we adopted the confirmatory factor analysis and Spe- arman's Correlation coefficient from the application in two distance learning courses. Re- sults: from eleven references (national and international) 70 criteria were stratified and grouped into six categories that were modified in the triangulation. Two rounds compri- sed the Delphi Technique with 17 experts initially and Cronbach's alpha of 0.80 in the second round. The confirmatory factor analysis, performed with 221 participants, did not initially generate satisfactory indexes, resulting in the exclusion of questions. The new adjusted model produced close to ideal indexes: CFI = 0.806; TLI = 0.770 and RMSEA regarding the correlation between practical aspects and students' recommendation of the course. Conclusion: the study produced a validated instrument with gauged reliability that can be applied in courses with different pedagogical designs and is not limited to a spe- cific area, a relevant contribution to higher education.

Objetivos: Construir, validar y aplicar un instrumento de evaluación de cur- sos de educación superior ofrecidos en la modalidad a distancia. Método: Estudio meto- dológico. Para la elaboración del instrumento se realizó una revisión bibliográfica. El pre- test fue validado por triangulación de expertos y el contenido fue validado por el Método Delphi. Para el análisis de fiabilidad adoptamos el análisis factorial confirmatorio y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman a partir de la aplicación en dos cursos a distancia. Resultados: a partir de once referencias (nacionales e internacionales) se estratificaron 70 criterios que se agruparon en seis categorías que se modificaron en la triangulación. Se realizaron dos rondas con la técnica Delphi con 17 expertos inicialmente y un alfa de Cronbach de 0,80 en la segunda ronda. El análisis factorial confirmatorio, realizado con 221 par-ticipantes, no generó inicialmente índices satisfactorios, lo que dio lugar a la ex- clusión de preguntas. El nuevo modelo ajustado produjo índices cercanos al ideal: CFI = 0,806; TLI = 0,770 y RMSEA = 0,088 con una asociación positiva entre las variables, y una media mejor (p<5%) en cuanto a la correlación entre los aspectos prácticos y la re- comendación del curso por parte de los alumnos. Conclusión: el estudio produjo un ins- trumento validado con confiabilidad medida, que puede ser aplicado en cursos con dife- rentes diseños pedagógicos y no se limita a un área específica, una contribución relevante para la educación superior.

Comparison of performance with hearing aid programmed to NAL-NL1 first-fit and optimized-fit

ABSTRACT Purpose The initial-fit provided by the hearing aid manufacturer's software is generally a display of measurement done in the ear simulators. The need for verification of hearing aid output and gain in the real ear using probe-microphone measurement to match the prescriptive target is highlighted. The objective of the study was to evaluate the difference in real-ear aided response (REAR), real-ear insertion gain (REIG), aided thresholds, articulation index (AI) and word recognition score (WRS) in quiet, with hearing aid programmed to NAL-NL1 first-fit and NAL-NL1 optimized-fit using the probe-microphone technique. Methods In a repeated measure experimental design, 11 participants with a mean age of 41.09 (SD=±9.95) years having moderate and moderately-severe sensorineural hearing loss were tested monaurally in two aided conditions, with a 16-channel hearing aid programmed for manufacturer's NAL-NL1 first-fit and optimized-fit to NAL-NL1 using probe-microphone verification. The REAR, REIG, aided threshold, articulation index and word recognition scores in quiet were obtained for both aided conditions. Results The REAR, REIG, aided threshold, AI and WRS in quiet were significantly better with the NAL-NL1 optimized-fit compared to manufacturer's NAL-NL1 first-fit. Conclusion The optimized-fit yields better audibility and improved word recognition in quiet. This supports best practice guidelines of many professional organizations regarding the use of probe-microphone measurement as the "Gold standard" for verification of hearing aid fitting, thereby providing better satisfaction and quality of life to hearing aid users.

Calidad de la leche cruda para consumo humano en dos localidades de Sucre (Colombia) / Quality of raw milk for human consumption in two locations in Sucre, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la calidad fisicoquímica, microbiológica y recuento de células somáticas de leches crudas que se distribuyen para consumo humano en diferentes barrios de Sincelejo y Corozal (Sucre). Materiales y métodos. Mediante un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se tomaron 97 muestras de leche cruda; se determinaron algunos parámetros fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos y recuento de células somáticas. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron de acuerdo a la normatividad vigente en Colombia. Resultados. La mayoría de los parámetros fisicoquímicos de las muestras de leche cruda evaluadas se encontraron dentro de los parámetros normales de la legislación colombina. El recuento estándar en placa y el recuento de células somáticas se encontraron por encima de lo permitido por la legislación. Se demostró la presencia de coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, antibióticos y adulterantes como sacarosa y almidones. Conclusiones. La leche cruda que se distribuye para consumo humano en Sincelejo y Corozal presenta buena calidad fisicoquímica pero deficiente calidad microbiológica; se hace necesario incrementar la vigilancia y exigir al eslabón primario de la cadena láctea la producción de leche de excelente calidad.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the physicochemical, microbiological and somatic cell count of raw milks marketed for human consumption in neighborhoods of Sincelejo and Corozal (Sucre). Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 97 samples of raw milk marketed for human consumption in different neighborhoods of Sincelejo and Corozal (Sucre). Physical-chemical, microbiological and somatic cell count parameters were determined. The data obtained were analyzed according to the regulations in normative measures in Colombia. Results. Most of the physical-chemical parameters of the raw milk samples analyzed were found within the normal range according to Colombian legislation. Mesophilic count and somatic cells count was found to be above what is allowed by the legislation. The presence of total and fecal coliforms, antibiotics and adulterants such as sucrose and starches were determined. Conclusions. Raw milks distributed for human consumption in Sincelejo and Corozal presents good physical-chemical quality but poor microbiological quality; it becomes necessary to increase surveillance and to demand the production of excellent quality milk in the primary sector in the dairy chain.

Evaluación genómica en ganado Holstein Colombiano, usando genotipos imputados a densidad media / Genomic Evaluation of Colombian Holstein Cattle Using Imputed Genotypes at Medium Density

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la precisión y el sesgo de predicción de valores genómicos directos (VGD) usando genotipos imputados a densidad media, en características productivas y reproductivas en ganado Holstein de Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Fueron genotipificados 31 animales con el chip Illumina BovineLD, 64 con el chip Illumina BovineSNP50v2 y 48 con el chip Illumina BovineHD. La imputación se realizó usando dos paneles de SNPs (6K y 40K) a una densidad 44K, usando el programa FINDHAP.f90 v4. Los efectos de los SNPs fueron estimados mediante el método bayes C, usando genotipos de baja densidad (6K) y genotipos imputados a una densidad media (44_imputado). La precisión y el sesgo de los VGDs fueron determinados mediante validación cruzada. Las características evaluadas fueron: producción de leche (PL), porcentaje de proteína (PRO), porcentaje de grasa (GRA), puntaje de células somáticas (SCS), intervalo entre partos (IEP) y días abiertos (DA). Resultados. Las precisiones de VGD (rpVGD.EBV) en todas las características evaluadas oscilaron entre 0.19 y 0.24 y el sesgo (bVGD.EBV) entre 0.03 y 0.16 cuando se usó el panel 6K y usando el panel 44K_imputado las precisiones fueron mayores, oscilado entre 0.24 y 0.33 y sesgo entre 0.03 y 0.26. Conclusiones. La precisión de predicción de los VGDs fue mayor cuando se usaron genotipos imputados a densidad media, en comparación con la precisión de predicción obtenida empleando genotipos de baja densidad. Por lo cual, en este estudio se concluye que la imputación de genotipos es muy útil dado que aumenta la confiabilidad de la evaluación genómica.

ABSTRACT Objective. The goal of this study was to determine the accuracy and bias of direct genomic values (DGV) using imputed genotypes at medium density in yield- and reproduction-related traits for Holstein cattle from Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and Methods. A total of 31 animals were genotyped with the Illumina BovineLD chip, 64 with Illumina BovineSNP50v2 and 48 with Illumina BovineHD. Two SNP panels (6K and 40K) were imputed to a density of 44K using the FINDHAP.f90 v4 program. The effects of the SNPs were estimated using the Bayes C method, using low-density (6K) genotypes as well as medium-density imputed genotypes (44_imputed). The accuracy and bias of the DGVs were determined by cross-validation. The evaluated traits were: milk yield (MY), percentage of protein (PP), percentage of fat (PF), somatic cell score (SCS), calving interval (CI) and open days (OD). Results. When using the 6K panel, the accuracy values for DGV (rpDGV.EBV) in all the studied traits ranged from 0.19 to 0.24, and the bias (bDGV.EBV) from 0.03 to 0.16. In contrast, using the 44K_imputed panel generated higher accuracy values ranging from 0.24 to 0.33 and a bias ranging from 0.03 to 0.26. Conclusions. The accuracy of prediction the DGV was higher with genotypes imputed to medium densities when compared to the accuracy of prediction obtained using low-density genotypes. Therefore, in this study it is concluded that the imputation of genotypes is very useful, because it improves the reliability of the genomic evaluation.

Effect of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block on perioperative inflammatory responses and postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block ( SGB) on perioperative inflammatory responses and postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients un-dergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Methods Fifty-five American Society of Anesthesiologists physical classⅠ-Ⅲpatients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, weighing 50-75 kg, undergoing elective gastrointestinal sur-gery, were divided into SGB group ( n=18) and control group ( C group, n=37) using a random number table method. Ultrasound-guided SGB was conducted with 0. 5％ ropivocaine 7 ml at the left C6 level in SGB group. The equal volume of normal saline was given under ultrasound guidance at the same site in C group. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at 5 min before SGB and 2, 4 and 24 h after SGB for deter-mination of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α) , interleukin ( IL)-1β and IL-6 concentrations by en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The increased level of leukocyte count ( leukocyte count at 24 h after SGB-leukocyte count at 24 h before SGB) was recorded. The recovery time of bowel sounds and anal or sto-ma exhaust time were also recorded. Results Compared with C group, the concentrations of TNF-αat 2 h after SGB and IL-1βat 2, 4 and 24 h after SGB were significantly decreased, the increased level of leuko-cyte count was decreased, and the recovery time of bowel sounds and anal or stoma exhaust time were short-ened in SGB group ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion Ultrasound-guided SGB can reduce perioperative inflammato-ry responses and promote the recovery of postoperative gastrointestinal function in the patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.

Evaluating the adjuvant effect of dexamethesone to ropivacaine in transversus abdominis plane block for inguinal herniorrhaphy / 实用医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the adjuvant analgesia effect of the addition of dexamethasone to ropiva-caine in a transversus abdominis plane(TAP)block after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Methods 100 adult male pa-tients who underwent open tension-free inguinal herniorrhaphy from August 2015 to June 2017,randomized into two groups equally. TAP block with ropivacaine with additional dexamethasone was experiment group(group D) and with ropivacaine was control group(group C). Before the operation,all the patients were performed TAP block by the same group of surgeons. Celecoxib(200mg,Q12h,po)was prescribed to all patients in 48 hours after oper-ation. VAS and clinical symptoms were recorded. The sum and time of celecoxib consumption were also recorded af-ter 72 hours postoperatively. The surveys about the Carolinas comfort scale(CCS)of all the patients one week after operation were collected. Results The averaged pain score in 48 hours after operation has no statistical signifi-cance. The occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting of group D is lower than group C,neither of them were statistically significant. The averaged CCS of group D was lower than group C;the difference was significant. Con-clusions Compared to single usage of ropivacaine in the single-shot TAP as a preemptive analgesia method for in-guinal herniorrhaphy,adding dexamethasone to ropivacaine didn′t show significance in analgesic intensity after in-guinal herniorrhaphy,though the adjuvant usage of dexamethasone reduced the sum and duration of other analgesic medications and enhanced the comfort of the patients after mesh-used herniorrhaphy.

Comparison of Criminal Characteristics in Depression Patients and Schizophrenics with Homicide Behavior / 法医学杂志

Objective T o explore the crim inal characteristics of forensic psychiatry expertise in depression patients and schizophrenics w ith hom icide behavior. Methods A total of 40 depression (depressive episode) patients and 50 schizophrenics w ith hom icide behavior w ere random ly assigned into the study group and control group, respectively. D ata of dem ographic and crim inal characteristic of the tw o groups w ere collected by a self-designed questionnaire, and then w ere com pared. Results T here w ere no statis-tical differences in age, education level and career betw een study and control groups (P>0.05). C om pared w ith the control group, the victim s in the study group w ere m ainly the patient's children and parents, and m ost offenders had suicidal behavior after hom icide (70% ). In study group, the m otives of crim e w ere m ainly extended suicide and indirect suicide, and m ost offenders had attem pted suicide (85% ) and dim inished capacity of crim inal responsibility (70% ), w hich in control group had no capacity of crim inal responsibility (56% ). E xcept for crim inal site, there w ere statistical differences in other crim inal charac-teristics betw een tw o groups (P<0.05). Conclusion T here are different crim inal characteristics betw een de-pression patients and schizophrenics w ith hom icide behavior in forensic psychiatry, and these characteris-tics should be considered w hen these tw o diagnoses are distinguished in forensic psychiatry expertise.

Improvement of the Timeliness Management of Finished Product Infusion Distribution in PIVAS of Our Hospital / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To improve the timeliness of finished product infusion distribution in pharmacy intravenous admixture service(PIVAS)of our hospital,and promote timely and rational drug use of patients. METHODS:The factors affecting the timeli-ness of finished product infusion distribution were analyzed in terms of personnel,software/hardware,and relevant measures were developed. The distribution of long-term medical orders'planning execution time and actual execution time in Jan.-Jun. 2015 (be-fore improvement) and Jan.-Jun. 2016 (after improvement) were summed up,as well as the average time in each link of PIVAS packing-delivery/infusion sending-clinical reception-actual execution time,and the effects were evaluated. RESULTS:For the per-sonnel,software/hardware and other aspects of the factors,measures were developed and implemented,including strengthening the communication of clinicians(issued medical orders)and nurses(performed medical orders)in related information,improving pro-fessional level and ability of pharmacists that reviewing medical orders in PIVAS,optimizing information system functions and im-proving related systems in PIVAS. Compared with the same period in 2015,peak time distribution was dispersed in medical orders' planning execution time and actual execution time in 2016. The average time of delivery/infusion sending-clinical reception de-creased by 10.13 min,and the time of each link in 2016 showed a slight downward trend month by month. CONCLUSIONS:The management improvement measures in PIVAS of our hospital have improved the timeliness of finished product infusion distribu-tion,and provided a guarantee for the timely treatment of clinical patients.

Arthroscopic treatment of avulsion fracture of tibial attachment of anterior cruciate ligament using double Endobutton plates / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To explore the feasibility and curative effect of arthroscopic treatment of avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) using Ethibood line plus double Endobutton plates. Methods From May 2014 to January 2016, 26 cases of acute ACL tibial attachment fracture were treated surgically. They were 16 males and 10 females, aged from 9 to 45 years ( average, 26. 6 years ) . By the Meyers-McKeeve classification, there were 17 cases of type Ⅱand 9 ones of type Ⅲ. In preoperative examina-tion, their Lachman test and Anterior Drawer Test were all positive. All their bone blocks were fixated using Ethibond line plus double Endobutton plates. Results Their operative time ranged from 50 to 70 min, averaging 57 min. On average, the 26 patients obtained a follow-up of 8 months ( from 6 to 13 months ) . X-rays at 3 months after operation showed all fractures united. At the last follow-up, their Lachman test and Anterior Drawer Test were all negative. The range of motion of the knee joint was larger than 120° in all; their Lysholm score of the knee joint averaged 90. 6 ± 2. 9 points, significantly higher than their preoperative value ( 43. 6 ± 4. 7 points ) ( t=7. 583, P=0. 026 ); their International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) scores averaged 93. 1 ± 4. 2 points, significantly higher than their preoperative value ( 46. 3 ± 5. 1 points ) ( t=8. 162, P=0. 021 ) . No such complications as reflexive neural dystrophy, avascular necrosis or weak knee extension occurred during follow-ups. Conclusion The avulsion fractures of ACL tibial attachment can be treated arthroscop-ically using Ethibood line plus double Endobutton plates, because this technique has such advantages as simple operation, limited invasion, good fracture reduction, strong fixation, and possibility of early functional rehabil-itation of the knee joint.

Effects of Anisodine Hydrobromide on Cell Apoptosis and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation Level in Brain Tissue of Model Rats with Acute Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of anisodine hydrobromide on cell apoptosis and extracellular signal-regulated pro-tein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation (p-ERK1/2) level in brain tissue of model rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS:Rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,positive control group(nimodipine 1.0 mg/kg),anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose,extreme low-dose groups(1.2,0.6,0.3,0.15 mg/kg),8 in each group. Suture method was used to establish the rat models with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rats were intrave-nously injected once in tail at 2nd of ischemia and 6th of reperfusion. Then adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enzyme activity,Ca2+content,cell apoptosis in brain tissue,p-ERK1/2 protein expression in brain tissue,and p-ERK1/2/total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) pro-portion in brain tissue of rats were detected after 22 h of reperfusion. RESULTS:Compared with sham operation group,ATP en-zyme activity in brain tissue of rats in model group was obviously decreased,Ca2+ content was obviously increased,density of cell apoptosis in brain tissue was obviously increased,with statistical significances(P<0.01). Compared with model group,density of cell apoptosis in brain tissue was obviously decreased in each administration group;Ca2+ contents in brain tissue of rats in positive control group,anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,low-dose groups were obviously decreased;and p-ERK1/2/t-ERK1/2 proportion in brain tissue of rats in anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,low-dose,extreme low-dose groups were obviously increased,with sta-tistical significances(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the other differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:An-isodine hydrobromide can inhibit the cell apoptosis in brain tissue of model rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,andthe mechanism may be related with activating ERK1/2 signal pathway and regulating ATP enzyme activity to decrease the Ca2+content in the brain tissue.

Effects of Anisodine Hydrobromide on Cell Apoptosis and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation Level in Brain Tissue of Model Rats with Acute Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of anisodine hydrobromide on cell apoptosis and extracellular signal-regulated pro-tein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation (p-ERK1/2) level in brain tissue of model rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS:Rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,positive control group(nimodipine 1.0 mg/kg),anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose,extreme low-dose groups(1.2,0.6,0.3,0.15 mg/kg),8 in each group. Suture method was used to establish the rat models with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rats were intrave-nously injected once in tail at 2nd of ischemia and 6th of reperfusion. Then adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enzyme activity,Ca2+content,cell apoptosis in brain tissue,p-ERK1/2 protein expression in brain tissue,and p-ERK1/2/total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) pro-portion in brain tissue of rats were detected after 22 h of reperfusion. RESULTS:Compared with sham operation group,ATP en-zyme activity in brain tissue of rats in model group was obviously decreased,Ca2+ content was obviously increased,density of cell apoptosis in brain tissue was obviously increased,with statistical significances(P<0.01). Compared with model group,density of cell apoptosis in brain tissue was obviously decreased in each administration group;Ca2+ contents in brain tissue of rats in positive control group,anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,low-dose groups were obviously decreased;and p-ERK1/2/t-ERK1/2 proportion in brain tissue of rats in anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,low-dose,extreme low-dose groups were obviously increased,with sta-tistical significances(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the other differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:An-isodine hydrobromide can inhibit the cell apoptosis in brain tissue of model rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,andthe mechanism may be related with activating ERK1/2 signal pathway and regulating ATP enzyme activity to decrease the Ca2+content in the brain tissue.

O protagonismo de jovens com doença renal crônica e a dádiva na construção da atenção à saúde / The leadership of youth with chronic kidney disease and the gift in the construction of health service

Esta pesquisa discute o adoecimento crônico na juventude no contexto das trocas sociais baseadas na teoria da dádiva. O objetivo é analisar os significados de ser jovem com doença renal crônica no universo das trocas sociais de bens de cuidado. De natureza qualitativa, a pesquisa foi realizada em um serviço de saúde especializado no atendimento aos jovens com doença renal crônica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram do estudo 11 usuários com idades entre 12 e 20 anos e quatro profissionais de saúde envolvidos no cuidado a esse grupo. Como referencial teórico-metodológico nos guiamos pela Sociologia Compreensiva de Schütz, que permite explorar as relações sociais a partir da experiência do sujeito. Os resultados apontam para a importância da troca simbólica entre o jovem e o serviço na constituição e vivência plena da juventude, e a relevância da perspectiva do jovem na construção do cuidado e da prática profissional dos cuidadores. A partir desse estudo, ficou evidente a importância de refletirmos sobre a ampliação do protagonismo juvenil desses jovens e, estimulados pelo serviço de saúde, tentarmos reconhecer esse grupo como potencial agente de sua própria saúde, bem como de outros sujeitos que compartilham o universo da doença crônica.

This research discusses the chronic illness process in young people in the context of social exchanges based on the gift theory. The objective is to analyze the meanings of being a young person with chronic kidney disease in the universe of social exchanges of care goods. The research, which is of a qualitative nature, was carried out in one health care unit spe cialized in dealing with young people with chronic kidney disease in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Eleven young people - aged between 12 and 20 years - and 4 health care professionals, involved in the care of this group, participated in this study. The refe rential methodological and theoretic system was guided by Schütz's Comprehensive Sociology that allows the exploration of the social relationship based on the experience of the subject. The results reveal the importance of the symbolic exchange between the young person and the health care ser vice in the constitution and full experience of being young, as well as the relevance of the young person's perspective in the construction of the care system and the health care providers' practice. With this study, the importance of enlarging young persons' role was obvious and, stimulated by the health care, we tried to recognize this group as a potential agent of its own health, as well as of other subjects that are also included in the context of a chronic disease.

Effects of probiotics on alcoholic liver injury in rats and its mechanisms / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the protective effects of probiotics on alcoholic liver injury in rats .Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the follow-ing three groups: control group , normal diet with nor-mal (5 ×108 CFU· kg -1· d -1) treatment group.Ex-cluding the rats in the normal control group , the other animals were initially received intragastric administra-tion with 56%( V/V) ethanol 5.5~11.0 mL· kg -1 · day -1 for 8 weeks.Then the rats’ faeces were collect-ed, and the liver and the small intestine were obtained for pathologic and ultrastructural observation .Serum ALT, AST and ALP was measured by method of bio-chemistry .Serum DAO and D-LA was measured by en-zyme linked immunosorbent assay .The expression of FOXO4 in small intestine was detected by immunohis-tochemistry .The intestinal flora genome DNA was ex-tracted from faeces and the sequence of 16 S rDNA was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technologies . Results Hepatic steatosis was obviously improved in probiotics treatment groups compared with ethanol-trea-ted group , and the ultrastructural such as mitochondri-al and rough endoplasmic reticulum pathological chan-ges was significantly alleviated . The ultrastructural changes in intestinal were better in probiotics treatment group than in the ethanol-treated group .And ethanol-induced rats ’ serum ALT, AST, ALP, D-LA and DAO levels showed a significant reduction in the probi-otics treatment groups compared with the ethanol-trea-ted group ( P<0.05 ) .The FOXO4 expression was in-creased obviously in the probiotics treatment groups compared with the ethanol-treated group ( P <0.05 ) . And the intestinal flora diversity was impacted after feeding alcohol , and probiotics had a certain regulative action in helping the intestinal flora back to normal state; At phylum level , the Firmicutes quantity was lower and the Bacteroidetes quantity was higher in eth-anol-treated group than those in the control group ( P<0.05 ) , and the conditions were improved after supple-menting probiotics .At genus level , the percent of ge-nus abundance was similar to normal control group in the probiotics treatment groups compared with the etha-nol-treated group .Conclusion Probiotics can relieve liver injury induced by alcohol in rats , and the mecha-nism may be related to the modulation of probiotics on the intestinal flora distribution and intestinal barrier .

Effect of rosuvastatin on TLR4 signal pathway in rats with cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the influence of rosuvastatin on toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) , and its downstream nu-clear transcription factor NF-kappa B p65, IκBα, in-flammation factors TNF alpha in rats with myocardial hypertrophy induced by pressure overload .Methods Myocardial hypertrophy was induced by abdominal aor-tic constriction ( AAC ) .Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups(n=10):① sham-operated rats(S);②AAC rats(M);③AAC+rosuvastatin(10 mg· kg -1· d-1 ) rats.From 1 week pre-opertion to 4 weeks post-operation, three groups were performed by gavage ad-ministration with equal volume of rosuvastatin and vehi-cle.The rats underwent cardiac color Doppler exami-nation.The level of ANP,TLR4, NF-κB p65,IκBα, TNF-αmRNA and protein expression in myocardium were detected by real-time PCR, Western blot, immu-nohistochemical and ELISA respectively .Results The sizes of heart and cardiomyocytes and the expression of ANP mRNA and TLR4 signaling molecules were signif-icantly increased in group M , which could be blocked by rosuvastatin .TLR4 protein was positively related to ANP, NF-κB p65 and TNF-αrespectively .Conclusion Rosuvastatin prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload , which is associated with its inhi-bition of TLR4, NF-κB and TNF-αin myocardium ex-pression .

Curative effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine on the protection of intestinal barrier in severe a-cute pancreatitis / 中国医师杂志

Objective Dynamic observation of plasma endotoxin (ET),plasma TXA2 and PGI2 levels and clinical symptoms in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP),the protective effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine on the intestinal barrier in severe acute pancreatitis was studied.Methods The 60 cases of severe acute pancreatitis treated in our hospital from August,2014 to October 2015 were studied as the research object,and were randomly divided into the control group and the danchuan group.Two groups of patients received conventional treatment,such as diet,gastrointestinal decompression,early active fluid resuscitation,maintenance of stable electrolyte,anti infection,inhibition of pancreatic secretion,parenteral nutrition and other support treatment,Dan Chuan group on the basis of conventional treatment combined with 10 ml of compound Salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine injection of 5% glucose injection,250 ml intrave-nous drip,1 times a day.Two groups of patients with 14 days for a period of treatment,the clinical symp-toms of the two groups were observed after the end of treatment,the clinical symptoms and the changes of la-boratory index.Results ⑴In the group of Dan chuan,the time of patients relieve intestinal pneumatosis or intestinal obstruction,abdominal pain were less than the control group,the difference was statistically sig-nificant (P 0.05).Conclusions Salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine has a significant effect on severe acute pancreatitis.It can improve the intestinal microcirculation by correcting the balance between PGI2 and TXA2 ,and can promote the recovery of intestinal function,reduce the incidence of intestinal bacterial and endotoxin,and reduce the incidence of complications.

Effects of Calcitriol on Related Indicators in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of calcitriol on related indicators in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). METHODS:114 patients with CRF were randomly divided into observation group(57 cases)and control group(57 cas-es). Control group was given high-quality low-protein and low phosphorus diet,if necessary,phosphate binders,Calcium D3 tablet and other conventional treatment;observation group was additionally given 0.25 μg Calcitriol soft capsule,once a day. The treat-ment course for both groups was 8 weeks. Serum levels of inflammatory factors,alkaline phosphatase,hemoglobin,erythrocyte, serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels and adverse reactions in 2 groups before and after treatment were observed. RESULTS:Before treatment,there were no significant differences in the serum levels of inflammatory factors,alkaline phosphatase,hemoglobin, erythrocyte,senum creatininine and ureanitrogen between 2 groups(P>0.05). After treatment,serum inflammatory factors,alkaline phosphatase,serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels in 2 groups were significantly shorter than before,and observation group was lower than control group,the differences were statistically significant (P0.05). And there was no obvious adverse reac-tions between 2 groups during treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Based on the conventional treatment,calcitriol can reduce the levels of serum inflammatory factors and improve micro-inflammatory state and renal function in patients with CRF.

Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γagonist rosiglita-zone on intestinal injury in rats undergoing orthotopic autologous liver transplantation by inhibiting inflammatory response / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To investigate the effect of rosiglitazone , a peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ(PPARγ) agonist, on the expression of PPARγ, the activation of NF-κB and intestine injury in the rats undergoing ortho-topic autologous liver transplantation ( OALT ) .METHODS: Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group, sham group, OALT group and rosiglitazone (0.3 mg/kg, iv) pretreatment (ROS+OALT) group. The OALT model was established , and the intestinal tissues were collected 8 h after the liver reperfusion .The intestinal tis-sue sections were stained to visualize the damage .The expression of PPARγand NF-κB in the tissues, the concentrations of diamine oxidase (DAO) and fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) in the serum and the concentration of TNF-αand IL-6 in the tissues were measured .RESULTS:Compared with sham group , the intestinal mucosa of the rats showed obvious pathological injury after liver reperfusion in OALT group and ROS group , the Chiu’s scores of intestinal mucosa was signifi-cantly higher , and the serum concentrations of DAO and FABP 2 increased ( P<0.05 ) .After rosiglitazone pretreatment , the injury of intestinal mucosa of the rats was alleviated , the Chiu’s scores was lower and the serum concentrations of DAO and FABP2 decreased (P<0.05), the PPARγexpression was obviously up-regulated in the intestinal tissues, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB was reduced and the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-αwere decreased .CONCLUSION: During perioperative period of OALT in rats , the inflammatory responses are obvious .Furthermore, obvious intestinal injury oc-curs .PPARγagonist rosiglitazone obviously up-regulates PPARγexpression and inhibits the inflammation in the intestines , thus protecting against intestinal injury in rats undergoing OALT .

Preparation and Formulation Optimization of Hyaluronic Acid-methyl Collagen-terpolymer/Adriamycin Compound Membranes-loaded Tomtalum Stent / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To prepare Hyaluronic acid-methyl collagen-terpolymer (HEMA-MMA-MAA)/Doxorubicin com-pound membranes-loaded tantalum stent,and to optimize the formulation. METHODS:Electrostatic self-assembly reaction was ad-opted to prepare compound membranes using metal tantalum stent as carrier,hyaluronic acid,methyl collagen and terpolymer as ex-cipients. With 1 and 30 d accumulative release rate as index,orthogonal test was used to optimize mass concentrations of hyaluron-ic acid,methyl collagen and terpolymer,and validated. The drug release behavior in vitro were investigated. RESULTS:The opti-mal formulation was as hyaluronic acid 1 mg/ml,methyl collagen 4.5 mg/ml and terpolymer 100 mg/ml. 1 and 30 d accumulative release rates of prepared tantalum stent were 7.57%(RSD=2.3%,n=3) and 84.14%(RSD=2.1%,n=3),respectively. 20 d later,dissolution rate approximated to zero level rate of drug release. CONCLUSIONS:Hyaluronic acid-methyl collagen-terpoly-mer/Doxorubicin compound membranes-loaded tantalum stent with sustained-release property is prepared successfully.

The effects of High frequency two -way jet ventilation on the function respiratory and circulation of patients with Trachea and Carinal reconstruction / 中国基层医药

Objective To study the effects of High frequency two -way jet ventilation on the function respiratory and circulation of patients with Trachea and Carinal reconstruction.Methods Fifty patients with lung cancer,who were scheduled for elective trachea and carinal reconstruction,were intubated with double lumen tube following anesthesia induction and general anesthesia.High frequency ventilation was used on the healthful main bronchus during carinal reconstruction,a Hunsaker tube was inserted 3cm into the healthful main bronchus.HFTJV was applied with the respiratory rate of 120 /min,the ratio of inspiration and expiration E =1:1 and drive pressure of 0.2 -0.25Mpa.Blood gas analysis was made before the anesthesia,15 min following one -lung ventilation,10,20, 30 min following HFTJV and 15min following one -lung ventilation,respectively and monitor MAP,HR,SpO2 , PetCO2 .Results PaO2 in high frequency ventilation increased significantly compared with preoperative (78.0 ± 10.5)mmHg,was respectively (161.4 ±10.2)mmHg,(156.0 ±15.7)mmHg,(153.0 ±15.1)mmHg (P 0.05). Conclusion HFTJV is safe and reliable for Trachea and carinal reconstruction.