Aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos e histológicos en pacientes con cáncer de colon de la provincia de Guantánamo / Clinical epidemiological and histologic aspects in patients with colon cancer from Guantánamo province: en

Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal es una de las neoplasias de mayor morbilidad y mortalidad a escala mundial. En Cuba ocupa la tercera causa de muerte por tumores malignos. El tamizaje temprano es importante para la prevención de la mortalidad y la supervivencia. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con neoplasia de colon según aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e histológicos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo de 110 pacientes con cáncer colorrectal, atendidos en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital General Docente Dr. Agostinho Neto de la provincia de Guantánamo, desde 2018 hasta 2020. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el grupo etario de 70-79 años (35,4 %) y el sexo femenino (56,4 %). La forma de presentación más frecuente fue el sangrado bajo (54,7 %) y la localización, el rectosigmoide (65,7 %). Los exámenes complementarios diagnósticos con mayor positividad fueron la colonoscopia (89,0 %) y la rectosigmoidescopia (65,4 %). El tipo histológico que prevaleció fue el adenocarcinoma bien diferenciado (61,9 %). Conclusiones: Debido a la gran morbilidad y mortalidad por neoplasia de colon es importante su prevención mediante el tamizaje en la atención primaria de salud, puesto que los afectados tienen grandes posibilidades de curación cuando se realiza un diagnóstico precoz del adenoma, que es la principal lesión precursora.

Introduction: The colorectal cancer is one of the neoplasms of more morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Cuba it occupies the third death cause due to malignancies. The early screening is important for the prevention of mortality and survival. Objective: To characterize the patients with colon neoplasm according to clinical, epidemiological and histologic aspects. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study of 110 patients with colorectal cancer was carried out. They were assisted in the Gastroenterology Service of Dr. Agostinho Neto Teaching General Hospital in Guantánamo province, from 2018 to 2020. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the 70-79 age group (35.4 %) and the female sex (56.4 %). The most frequent form of presentation was low bleeding (54.7 %) and the most frequent localization was the rectosigmoid (65.7 %). The diagnostic complementary exams with more positivity were the colonoscopy (89.0 %) and the rectosigmoidcopy (65.4 %). The histologic type that prevailed was the well differentiated adenocarcinoma (61.9 %). Conclusions: On account of the great morbidity and mortality due to colon neoplasm its prevention is important by means of screening in the primary health care, since those affected have big cure possibilities when an early diagnosis of the adenoma is carried out that is the main precursor lesion.

Cirugía Laparoscópica en el Cáncer de Colon, en el Hospital Oncológico Solca Quito / Laparoscopic Surgery in Colon Cancer, at the Solca-Quito Oncological Hospital

Introducción: La cirugía para el cáncer de colorrectal consiste en la resección en bloque del tumor y de ≥12 ganglios linfáticos regionales, debe incluir la ligadura alta del vaso principal del segmento. Este conjunto de técnicas pueden ser realizadas por vía laparoscópica y el objetivo del presente estudio es presentar los resultados de un centro único con el abordaje quirúrgico laparoscópico en un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de colorrectal. Métodos: En el departamento de Cirugía Oncológica del Hospital "Solón Espinosa Ayala" de Quito, durante el período Enero del 2009 a Septiembre 2012 se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se analizaron todos los casos de pacientes derivados del área con diagnóstico inicial de tumor de colorectal, a los cuales previo a realizarles marcadores tumorales, Tomografía de Tórax-abdomen, y a quienes se les realizó como método diagnóstico colonoscópico. Se excluyeron pacientes con neoplasias de origen secundario, con historias clínicas incompletas que imposibilitaron el análisis. Se estudiaron las variables sexo, edad, localización del tumor, diagnostico histopatológico y morbilidad perioperatoria. El análisis estadístico realizado fue descriptivo. Resultados: Se evaluaron 25 pacientes con diagnóstico tumor de mediastino, con una edad media de 61 años. Fueron 15 mujeres (60 %). El estudio histopatológico post-cirugía fue 10 casos (40 %) con adenocarcinoma moderadamente diferenciado, 7 casos (28 %) con adenocarcinoma bien diferenciado. La resección de ≥12 ganglios linfáticos regionales se realizó en 15 casos (75 %). En 13 casos (52 %) recibieron Adyuvancia. 1 caso requirió conversión a cirugía abierta. Morbilidad se presentó en 2 casos (8 %) con fístula y 1 caso (4 %) neumonía. Conclusión: El adenocarcinoma fue el tumor maligno más frecuente en esta serie. El manejo quirúrgico laparoscópico de tumores colorectales tuvo una baja tasa de complicaciones y un abordaje quirúrgico en el 75 % de los casos con resección de más de 12 ganglios peritumorales.

Introduction: Surgery for colorectal cancer consists of resection in the tumor block and ≥ 12 regional lymph nodes, it must include the ligation of the main vessel of the segment. This set of techniques can be laparoscopically performed and the objective of this study is to present the results of a single center with the surgical laparoscopic surgical approach in a group of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Methods: In the Department of Oncological Surgery of the Hospital "Solón Espinosa Ayala" of Quito, a descriptive, retrospective study was carried out during the period from January 2009 to September 2012. All cases of patients with the initial diagnosis of colorectal tumor, previous examinations, tumor markers, chest-abdomen tomography, and those that have been developed as a colonoscopic diagnostic method will be analyzed. We excluded patients with neoplasms of secondary origin, with incomplete clinical histories that make analysis impossible. The variables sex, age, tumor location, histopathological diagnosis and perioperative morbidity will be studied. The statistical analysis performed was descriptive). Results: 25 patients with mediastinal tumor diagnosis were evaluated, with an average age of 61 years. There were 15 women (60 %). The postoperative histopathological study had 10 cases (40 %) with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, 7 cases (28 %) with well differentiated adenocarcinoma. Resection of ≥12 regional lymph nodes was performed in 15 cases (75 %). In 13 cases (52 %) they received adjuvant. 1 case required conversion to open surgery. Morbidity occurred in 2 cases (8 %) with fistula and 1 case (4 %) pneumonia. Conclusion: Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent malignant tumor in this series. Laparoscopic surgical management of colored tumors had a low complication rate and a surgical approach in 75 % of the cases with resection of more than 12 peritumoral lymph nodes.

Absceso de pared abdominal por tumor maligno de colon transverso / Abdominal wall abscess by malignant colonic tumor

Introducción: el cáncer de colon es uno de los tumores digestivos más frecuentes y mortales. Sus complicaciones pueden ser variadas y en ocasiones tener presentaciones raras o poco frecuentes. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con un absceso de pared abdominal secundario a la perforación de un tumor en colon transverso. Caso clínico: Masculino de 56 años, en estado séptico y una masa en cuadrante superior izquierdo. Se sometió a laparotomía exploradoray se encontró un tumor de colon transverso que penetraba hacía la pared abdominal e invadía el yeyuno proximal y epiplón mayor. Se realizó la resección del tumor, colon transverso y epiplón mayor, dejando márgenes positivos enyeyuno. Discusión y conclusiones: aunque no existe consenso acerca de esta complicación, los casos reportados en la literatura orientan acerca del abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico en caso de enfrentar esta complicación. Sin embargo, el escenario en un hospital de segundo nivel de atención se deben adecuar los recursos disponibles y la terapéutica a emplear, siempre pensando en ofrecer el mejor tratamiento posible para el paciente...(AU)

Introduction: colon cancer is one of the most frequent and mortal digestive tumors. Complications of this disease could be several and in a few cases, could be rare and infrequent. This article present a case of patient with an abdominal wall abscess due to a malignant transverse colonic tumor. Clinic presentation: male 56 years-old patient with sepsis and a mass in left superior quadrant on abdomen. The patient was underwent to exploratory laparotomy and findings were a large tumor in transverse colon with penetrance to abdominal wall, invasion to proximal jejunum, and greater omentum. Resection of tumor, transverse colon and greater omentum was done, leaving macroscopic margins on jejunum. Discussion and conclusions: it does not exist a consensus about this complication, but case reports in literature could orientate about diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. However, in second health level care hospitals, doctors must adapt resources to use the best therapeutic for these patients, always thinking in the best treatment for every patient...(AU)

Los ritmos circadianos en cáncer y la cronoterapia / The circadian rhythms in cancer and chronotherapy / Os ritmos circadianos em câncer e a cronoterapia

Los ritmos circadianos, períodos fisiológicos de 24 horas aproximadamente, coordinan la actividad temporal de la mayoría, si no, de todos los seres vivos del planeta. Uno de los procesos más importantes del cuerpo, la proliferación celular, también está regulado por el reloj biológico cuya alteración puede tener repercusiones directas en el desarrollo del cáncer. El concepto de cronoterapia ha surgido a partir de la evidencia que tanto la proliferación de las células, como los mecanismos responsables de la farmacocinética y la farmacodinamia de los antineoplásicos ocurren a horas específicas del día. En esta revisión se presentan las generalidades del ciclo circadiano y su relación con el ciclo celular y el cáncer. Además, se expone evidencia del uso de la cronoterapia en pacientes con leucemia linfocítica aguda y en estudios clínicos de cáncer de colon, endometrio y ovario con asignación aleatoria. Se concluye que la hora de administración de la quimioterapia debe tener en cuenta los ritmos circadianos de los pacientes. Se enfatiza en la necesidad de hacer estudios clínicos enfocados en la quimioterapia cronomodulada, con el fin de aumentar la tolerancia y efectividad de los medicamentos con los protocolos existentes.

Circadian rhythms, physiological periods of about 24 hours, coordinate the temporal processes of most, or maybe all, living beings on the planet. Cell proliferation, one of the most important events in the body, is also regulated by the biological clock, whose alteration may have a direct impact on cancer development. The concept of chronotherapy comes from evidence showing that both cell proliferation and the mechanisms responsible for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antineoplastic drugs occur at specific times of the day. This review presents an overview of the circadian cycle and its relation to cell cycle and cancer. Also, it presents evidence for the use of chronotherapy in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and in randomized clinical trials for colon, endometrial and ovarian cancer. As a conclusion, the time of chemotherapy administration should take into account the circadian rhythms of patients. We emphasize on the need to conduct clinical trials focused on chronomodulated chemotherapy, in order to increase the tolerance and effectiveness of drugs under the existing protocols.

Os ritmos circadianos, períodos fisiológicos de 24 horas aproximadamente, coordenam a atividade temporal da maioria, se não, de todos os seres vivos do planeta. Um dos processos mais importantes do corpo, a proliferação celular, também está regulada pelo relógio biológico cuja alteração pode ter repercussões diretas no desenvolvimento do câncer O conceito de cronoterapia há surgido a partir da evidência que tanto a proliferação das células, como os mecanismos responsáveis da farmacocinética e a farmacodinâmica dos antineoplásicos ocorrem a horas específicas do dia. Nesta revisão se apresentam as generalidades do ciclo circadiano e sua relação com o ciclo celular e o câncer. Ademais, se expõe evidência do uso da cronoterapia em pacientes com leucemia linfocítica aguda e em estudos clínicos de câncer de cólon, endométrio e ovário com designação aleatória. Se conclui que na hora de administração da quimioterapia deve ter em conta os ritmos circadianos dos pacientes. Se enfatiza na necessidade de fazer estudos clínicos enfocados na quimioterapia cronomodulada, com o fim de aumentar a tolerância e efetividade dos medicamentos com os protocolos existentes.

Incidence and epidemiological features of synchronous and metachronous colorectal cancer / Incidencia e perfil epidemiologico do cancer colorretal sincronico e metacronico

INTRODUCTION: patients with sporadic colorectal cancer or cases associated with syndromes are at risk of having synchronous or metachronous cancer. Although it is an important subject, Brazilian data on the subject are scarce. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the incidence and epidemiological features in patients with synchronous and metachronous colorectal cancer in a reference service of proctology in the Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: cross-sectional observational study, performed between January and July 2012, analyzing all patients admitted in the service that met the inclusion criteria. A retrospective review of records was performed, noting demographic variables, comorbidities and tumor-related variables. RESULTS: 150 records were analyzed, of which 53.3% were males and mean age was 63 (± 13.01) years old. The most frequently found tumor location was the sigmoid colon and high rectum (50.67%), followed by the lower rectum (36%). Adenocarcinomas were the most prevalent histological subtype (88%), followed by epidermoid tumors (1.33%). Hereditary syndromes were identified in five patients (3.33%), with four being Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and one hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Among the analyzed patients, four (2.67%) had synchronous and one (0.67%) had metachronous cancer. CONCLUSION: the incidence of synchronous and metachronous colorectal cancer was, respectively, 2.67% and 0.67%, results that corroborate those reported in international literature. (AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer colorretal esporádico ou associado a síndromes correm risco de apresentar lesões sincrônicas ou metacrônicas. Embora seja relevante, há escassez de informações sobre o tema na literatura nacional. OBJETIVO: avaliar a incidência e o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com tumor colorretal sincrônico e metacrônico em um serviço de referência em proctologia do Rio Grande do Sul. MÉTODO: estudo observacional transversal, realizado entre janeiro e julho de 2012, avaliando-se pacientes atendidos no serviço que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Revisaram-se os prontuários, registrando-se variáveis demográficas, comorbidades e variáveis relacionadas ao tumor. RESULTADOS: analisaram-se 150 prontuários, sendo 53,3% do sexo masculino com média de idade de 63 (+13,01) anos. A topografia mais incidente foi cólon sigmoide e reto alto (50,67%) seguido do reto baixo (36%). O adenocarcinoma foi o subtipo histológico mais prevalente (88%) seguido pelo epidermoide (1,33%). Síndromes hereditárias foram identificadas em cinco pacientes (3,33%), sendo quatro com polipose adenomatosa familiar e um paciente com câncer colorretal hereditário não polipose. Dos 150 pacientes, quatro (2,67%) apresentaram neoplasia sincrônica e um (0,67%) lesão metacrônica. Conclusão: a incidência de tumor colorretal sincrônico e metacrônico na população avaliada foi, respectivamente, 2,67% e 0,67%, resultados que corroboram achados da literatura estrangeira. (AU)